MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

Research Article

Integron-plasmid mediated antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in clinical Salmonella enterica serovars in rural Western Kenya

David Miruka Onyango*, Rose Kakai, Waindi Eliud Nyandago, B. Ghebremedhin, W. Konig and B. Kong

Abstract: Integron-mediated antibiotic resistance is common among diverse Salmonella serovars. Phenotypic antibiotic resistance was correlated with the presence of intergron–mediated genes in 65 Salmonella typhimurium isolates using conventional microbiological methods and PCR gene amplification. The resistance genes detected in the 20 S. typhimurium isolates were mainly those identified as part of the chromosomal multiresistance cluster balPSE-1, blaTEM and aadA. The plasmid encoded sul 1/ 2 and aphA - 1, aac (6) -1 located on the chromosome were not observed, however strB and Grm genes were observed. Genes coding for PSE -1 was predominant in the isolates as compared to TEM. The two genes were distributed differently between the various resistance phenotypes as could be observed of variability in int gene. Pathogenicity also varied in relation to individual isolate antimicrobial mechanism profile. These findings demonstrate integron mechanism as a means of antibiotic resistance in the isolates.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Intergron–mediated, Salmonella typhimurium, multiresistance, pathogenicity.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of heat moisture treatment on the functional and tabletting properties of corn starch

B. Iromidayo Olu-Owolabi, T. Adeniyi Afolabi* and Kayode O. Adebowale

Abstract: The effect of heat moisture treatment on the functional and tabletting properties of corn starch BP was investigated. Corn starch was hydrothermally modified by heat moisture treatment (HMT) at 100°C, 16 h; 20% moisture level (HIC – 20), 25% moisture level (HIC – 25), and 30% moisture level (HIC – 30). The tablet formation properties were investigated using Heckel and Kawakita equation, while its tabletting properties were assessed using tensile strength, crushing strength, friability and disintegration time. The results reveal that HMT reduces the gelatinisation temperature and pasting properties of the corn starch. However, all the starches swell as the temperature is increased, HMT of the corn starch lowered the swelling power of the starch, while the solubility profile increased. The X-ray diffractometry study reveal that the native and HMT starches maintained the characteristic ‘A’ diffraction pattern of the cereal starch with strong peaks at 15.35, 17.15, 18.2 and 23.55 Å. The bulk density of the starch was in the order: HIC–30 ≈ HIC–25 > HIC–20 > NaIC, with reduction in the Carr’s index, compressibility index, and Hausner’s ratio after HMT treatment. The mean yield pressure, Py, (from Heckel analysis) which is inversely related to the ability of the materials to deform plastically under pressure, was relatively high after HMT of the corn starch. Also, the Pk values (from Kawakita analysis), which is related to the deformability of the individual powder increased after HMT of the corn starch compacts in the following order: NaIC[...] Read More.

Keywords: Heat moisture treatment, corn starch, tabletting properties, functional properties.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Integron and genotype patterns of quinolones-resistant uropathogenic ESCHERICHIA COLI

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Uropathogenic ESCHERICHIA COLI are the most common cause of urinary tract infections, and quinolones-resistant strains cause growing concern in developing countries. This study provides relevant data in relation to the molecular epidemiology of these isolates with respect to the distribution of integron among them and in doing so, to control the infections and adopt efficient strategies. This study was performed on 96 strains of E. COLI isolated from patients with community acquired urinary tract infections in Jahrom, Iran. Having determined the antibiotic susceptibility patterns, isolates were resistant to quinolones (Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin and Nalidixic acid) screened for integron classes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then the genetic patterns of the strains were compared by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Of the 96 samples, 30 were resistant to at least one of the above mentioned antibiotics. Integrons were detected in 20.8, 25 and 25% of the Nalidixic acid, Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin resistant isolates, respectively. By using pulsed field gel electrophoresis among the 30 samples, we obtained 30 genetic patterns. The patterns revealed no clonal relationships between the strains. The gene cassettes observed in class 1 and 2 integrons did not correlate completely with the quinolone resistance observed in these isolates.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Quinolones-resistant Uropathogenic Escherichia coli, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, integrons.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Medicinal properties of Commiphora gileadensis

David Iluz, *, Miri Hoffman, Nechama Gilboa-Garber and Zohar Amar

Abstract: Commiphora gileadensis is a plant that was cultivated in ancient times in the land of Israel, particularly in the oases of the Dead Sea Basin — Ein Gedi and Jericho. The plant, also known as balsam, was renowned for the expensive perfume that was produced from it, as well as for exceptional medicinal properties that were attributed to its sap, wood, bark, and seeds. This article presents the historical sources describing these health-related properties and preliminary laboratory studies demonstrating the pharmacological effects of balsam sap. Investigations of the antimicrobial activity of C. gileadensis showed the plant sap inhibitory effect against Bacillus cereus and the blocking of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectins. These results corroborate the historical sources crediting the usefulness of balsam sap as an antiseptic agent.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Commiphora gileadensis, balsam, resin, perfume, antimicrobial effects.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of the aqueous extract of Cassia arereh Del. stem-bark

S. I. Ngulde*, S. Sanni, U. K. Sandabe and D. Sani

Abstract: The phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial properties of the aqueous extract of Cassia arereh stem-bark were evaluated. The extract was subjected to qualitative chemical screening of active chemical constituents and disc diffusion method was performed to determine the antimicrobial properties. The results revealed the presence of tannins, phlobatannins, carbohydrate, saponin, flvonoids, terpenes and steroids while anthraquinones, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides were not detected. The extracts (100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/ml) inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aerogenosa and Enterobacter species. However, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Corynebacterium pyogenes and Candida albicans were resistant. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were 50 mg/ml for S. aureus and B. subtilis, and 100 mg/ml for P. aeurogenosa. It was concluded that the aqueous extract of C. arereh stem-bark contained active principles having antibacterial properties and thus support the folkloric use of the plant.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Phytochemical, aqueous extract, antimicrobial, Cassia arereh.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of essential oil of Chromoleana odorata (Asteraceae) from Ivory Coast, on cyclooxygenase function of prostagladin-H synthase activity

G. Bedi*, Z. F. Tonzibo, K. R. Oussou, C. Choppard, J. P. Mahy and T. Y. N’Guessan

Abstract: Aqueous extracts of Chromoleana odorata are commonly used in traditional medicine as anti inflammatory drug against pains or as cataplasm to stop hemorrhage in Ivory Coast. In this work, we want to test the volatiles as essential oil extracted from the fresh leaves of C. odorata, on the cyclooxygenase function of prostaglandin-H synthase (PGHS), a protein implicated in the inflammatory process. Our goal is to make up the in vivo therapeutic activity and understand the mechanism of its biologic activity. This essential oil is extracted from leaves of C. odorata by hydrodistillation to be submitted to in vitro test. The chemical constituents of the essential oil of C. odorata increase the activity of cyclooxygenase function of PGHS with an AC 50 value of 87.5 µg/mL. Studies are in progress to indentify all the constituents implicated in the activity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Chromoleana odorata, essential oil, cyclooxygenase, PGHS.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Medicinal plants of Azerbaijan flora used in the treatment of certain diseases

S. J. Ibadullayeva, S. E. Mamedova, Z. R. Sultanova, N. V. Movsumova and I. A. Jafarli

Abstract: During investigations conducted within two years (2007 - 2009) 30 natural cenopopulations that were found, confirmed medicinal plants that can be used in the treatment of pediatric diseases. It was systematically studied life forms and distribution of 50 families, 94 genera and 97 species of medicinal plants widely spread in Azerbaijan flora which are used in the treatment of pediatric diseases. It was determined that the majority of medicinal plants contains grasses (71%, 69 species). Among them, perennials are characterized with the highest number (48 species, 49.5%), annuals with medium (12 species, 12.4%) and biennials with the least number (9 species, 9.3%). Profoundly described plant resources and role in the medicine of species such as, Berberis vulgaris, Crataegus pentagyna, Althaea officinalis, Hippophae rhamnoides, Inula helenium, Vaccinium myrtillis and Vaccinium vitis idaea detected and confirmed the area of distribution of medicinal plants, their vegetation phase and collected parts with priorities used in the treatment of pediatric diseases.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Medical plants of Azerbaijan flora, systematic analysis, plant resources, pharmacological effect.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A novel pentacyclic triterpene glycoside from a resin of Commiphora glandulosa from Botswana

Daniel Motlhanka*, Peter Houghton, Ana Miljkovic-Brake and Solomon Habtemariam

Abstract: A novel ursane-type pentacyclic triterpene glycoside, 1b,2b,3b-trihydoxy-urs-12-ene-23-oic-rhamnoside was isolated from the resin of Commiphora glandulosa Schinz by bioassay guided fractionation. Crude aqueous and chloroform extracts of the resin as well as the isolated compound exhibited good in vitro antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis: NCTC 10073), (Clostridium perfringens: NCTC 8237), (Staphylococcus aureus: NCIMB 9518) and also drug resistant strains (S.aureus:XU212-tetracycline resistant strain), (S. aureus SA1199B-norfloxacin resistant strain). There was no observed antimicrobial activity against gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli: NCTC 9002), (Pseudomonas aeruginosa: NCIMB 10421), (Klebsiella aerogenes: NCTC 5055); and fungal strains (Candida albicans: NCPF 3179, Aspergillus fumigatus: NCPF 7097), Trichophyton tonsurans: NCPF 995). The structure of the isolated compound was elucidated on the basis of spectral data using13C-NMR, 1H-NMR and mass spectroscopy.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Commiphora glandulosa resins, antibacterial activity, novel pentacyclic triterpene, Botswana medicinal plants, antibacterial activity.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Formulations of sustained release metformin hydrochloride tablet using combination of lipophilic waxes by melt granulation technique

Kamlesh Jayantilal Wadher*, Rajendra Baliram Kakde and Milind Janrao Umekar

Abstract: Metformin hydrochloride is recommended globally as first line therapy due to its favorable profile on morbidity and mortality associated with type- 2 diabetes mellitus. However, limitations of multiple dosing and risk of triggering gastrointestinal symptoms make its dose optimization difficult. The present study was designed to develop the oral sustained release metformin hydrochloride tablet formulation using lipophilic waxes viz. hydrogenated castor oil, stearic acid and glyceryl monostearate either alone or their combinations. The in vitro dissolution study was carried out using USP 22 apparatus I, basket method. The drug release kinetics demonstrated that hydrogenated castor oil sustained the release of metformin greater than stearic acid and glyceryl monostearate when used alone. Combination of hydrogenated castor oil with stearic acid (1:1) sustained the drug release (75.69 ± 0.76%) greater than hydrogenated castor oil with glyceryl monostearate (86.45 ± 0.96%) and stearic acid with glyceryl monostearate (92.29 ± 0.76%) combinations. Kinetic modeling of in-vitro dissolution profiles revealed that metformin release ranges from diffusion controlled or Fickian transport to anomalous type or non-Fickian transport mechanisms. Applying Korsmeyer equation to in-vitro drug release data indicated that diffusion along with erosion could be the mechanism of drug release.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Hydrogenated castor oil, stearic acid, glyceryl monosterate, metformin matrix tablet, release kinetics.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation of piperdine from Piper nigrum and its antiproliferative activity

S. K. Reshmi, E. Sathya and P. Suganya Devi*

Abstract: Many plant- derived molecules have shown a promising effect in therapeutics. Among the plants investigated to date, one showing enormous potential is the Piperaceae. The present study aimed to extract the phytochemical compounds in different solvent system in Piper longum, Piper nigrum and Piper cubeba as well as testing their antibacterial and antitumour activity. HPTLC analysis of P. nigrum sample showed six alkaloid bands two alkaloid bands were similar to Piperine standard 1 and 2, the other alkaloid may be piperidine, piperettine and piperanine. P. longum sample contain three alkaloid bands one band was similar to Piperine standard 1, the other may be piperlongumine and piperlonguminine and no alkaloid band was found in P. cubeba. The anti bacterial activity was tested against gram positive and negative organism using agar well diffusion method. High activity was found in P. nigrum ethanol extract against the organism Salmonella Typhii. The alkaloid piperdine was purified by refluxion method to check the antitumour activity which shows 51.38% of inhibition at 5 µg/ml concentration that conforms the compound piperidine to be used as anticancer drug for further mechanistic works.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Alkaloids, piperine, HPTLC, antibacterial activity, purification, piperidine, HEp2 cell lines.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Healing the body and soul: Traditional remedies for â€œmagicalâ€ ailments, nervous system and psychosomatic disorders in Northern Peru

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Mal aire (bad air), mal viento (bad wind), susto and espanto (fright), mal ojo (evil eye) and envidia (envy) are seen as very common illnesses in Andean society. The Western concept of “psychosomatic disorders” comes closest to characterizing these illnesses. Treatment in many cases involves the participation of the patient in a cleansing ceremony. In addition, patients frequently receive herbal amulets for protection against further evil influences and for good luck. A total of 222 plant species belonging to 172 genera and 78 families were documented and identified as herbal remedies used to treat nervous system problems in Northern Peru. Most species used were Asteraceae, followed by Solanaceae and Lamiaceae. The majority of herbal preparations were prepared from the whole plant. In over 60% of the cases fresh plant material was used to prepare remedies, which differs slightly from the average herbal preparation mode in Northern Peru. Interestingly, only about 36% of the remedies were applied orally, while the majority was applied topically. Over 79% of all remedies were prepared as mixtures with multiple ingredients by boiling plant material either in water or in sugarcane spirit. Little scientific evidence exists to date to prove the efficacy of the species employed as nervous system remedies in Northern Peru. Only 24% of the plants found or related species in the same genus have been studied at all. The information gained on frequently used traditional remedies against nervous system disorders might give some leads for future targets for further analysis in order to develop new drugs addressing nervous system disorders.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, ethnobotany, mental health, neurologic disorders, psychopharmacology, etheogens.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Assessing the polyphenolic, nutritive and biological activities of acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts of Rumex sagittatus Thunb.

F. O. Jimoh, A. A. Adedapo* and A. J. Afolayan

Abstract: The nutritional, phytochemical and antioxidant activities of acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts of the leaves of Rumex sagittatus Thunb. were investigated using standard analytical methods in order to assess the therapeutical potential of the leaves of this plant. The proximate analysis showed that the leaves contained appreciable amount of ash, crude protein, lipids, fibre and carbohydrates. Elemental analysis in mg/100 g (DW) indicated that the leaves contained appreciable sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, phosphorus, copper, manganese and nitrogen. The chemical composition in mg/100 g (DW) showed the presence of alkaloid, saponins and phytate. The extracts also exhibited DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, which were comparable to that of ascorbic acid and BHT. Extracts also contained appreciable levels of polyphenolic compounds. In comparing the nutrient and chemical constituents with recommended dietary allowance (RDA) values, the results reveal that the leaves contain an appreciable amount of nutrients, minerals, and phytochemicals and low levels of toxicants.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antioxidant activities, Rumex sagittatus, nutritional value.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antihypercholesterolemia property and fatty acid composition of mardi-produced virgin coconut oils

Z. A. Zakaria*, Z. Ahmad, M. N. Somchit, A. K. Arifah, H. M. Khairi, M. R. Sulaiman, L. K. Teh, M. Z. Salleh and K. Long

Abstract: Virgin coconut oil (VCO), or in Malays known as ‘minyak kelapa dara’, has gain a lot of attention recently due to various medicinal values. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of feeding two types of VCOs, VCOA (produced via a standard drying method) or VCOB (prepared via fermentation process), that were produced by Malaysia Agriculture Research and Development Institute (MARDI) in lowering the plasma lipid parameter in rabbits. Nine groups of New Zealand White male rabbits (n = 6/group) were used in this study. Group 1 and 2 animals were treated with 0.9% normal saline, but fed either with a normal or cholesterol-added diet (negative control), respectively. Group 3 - 5 and 6 - 8 were given orally with the different volume (0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 ml/kg/day) of VCOA or VCOB followed by the cholesterol-added diet. Group 9 were treated with 5 mg/kg Atorvastatin and fed a cholesterol-added diet. All groups were treated for 8 weeks and blood samples were taken from the marginal ear vein prior to treatment (day 0), weeks 4 and 8 for the analysis of plasma. The rabbits fed with different volume of VCOs showed significant (P < 0.05) reduction in plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels compared to the control group in weeks 4 and 8. The triglycerides level increased significantly (P < 0.05) on week 4 before reduced on week 8, to a level that is still significant when compared to week 0. The HDL level also increased significantly (P < 0.05) on weeks 4 and 8 after treatment. Fatty acid analysis revealed the presence of all important fatty acids. Both VCOs showed insignificant effect on all parameters measured when compared together. In conclusion, the MARDI-produced VCOs appeared to possess great potentials as antihypercholesterolemic agent that required further in-depth study.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Virgin coconut oil, antihypercholesterolemia, atorvastatin.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of Euphorbia balsamifera leaves, stems and root against some pathogenic microorganisms

A.S. Kamba* and L. G. Hassan

Abstract: Plants and plant-based products are the bases of many of the modern pharmaceuticals we use today for various ailments. The objective of the study is to determine the bioactive chemical constituents and to evaluate extracts of Euphorbia balsamifera leaves, stem and root for in vitro antimicrobial activities by seagar dilution method. Phytochemical analysis of the crude extracts of the plant parts revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, steroid, terpenoid, flavonoids, cardic glycosides and balsam (gum). The extract of E. balsamifera leaves, stem and roots were mostly effective against the Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Klebsiella spp., Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) revealed four, three and two spots for ethanol, petroleum ether and chloroform extracts respectively using ethyl acetate: hexane solvent mixture. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the crude extracts were determined for the various organisms which ranged between 5.0 and 6.0 mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranged between 4.5 and 6.0 mg/ml. E. balsamifera could be a potential source of antimicrobial agents.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Euphorbia balsamifera, phytochemical screening, plant extracts and zone of inhibitions.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effects of short -term exercise on heart-rate blood pressure oxidative stress paraoxonase activity and lipid hydroperoxide

Selçuk Özda

Abstract: This study inquired the effects of short-term exercise on heart-beats, blood pressure, total anti-oxidative capacity (TAC), total oxidative stress (TOS), lipid hydro-peroxide (LOOHs) and Paraoxonase (PON) in football players. 22 male football players, who perform exercise regularly at least three times a week and two hours a day, participated in this study on voluntary basis. Heart-beats, systolic and diastolic blood pressures and blood samples were taken from the football players before and right after the short-term exercise. Their Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Total Oxidative Stress (TOS), Lipid Hydro-peroxide (LOOHs) and Paraoxonase (PON) levels were measured and assessed. It was found that football players displayed significant increase in heart -beats (p < 0.01) and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05), significant decrease in TAC values (p < 0.05), and significant increase in the oxidative status (TOS) value (p < 0.05) after the short-term exercise compared to the pre-exercise levels. No significant change was observed in diastolic blood pressure, lipid hydro-peroxide (LOOHs) and Paraoxonase (PON) levels. In this study, it was found that the balance shifted towards oxidative stress due to decreased antioxidants and increased oxidants after short -term exercise. In order to reduce such a high oxidative stress and to prevent athletes from its adverse effects, it necessary to have an antioxidant-rich diet before any exercise or to get antioxidant supplements.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Football, short-term exercise, oxidants, antioxidants.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of methionine on hepatic indices in male Wistar rat dosed to acetaminophen formulation

A. A. Iyanda*, J. I. Anetor, F. A. A. Adeniyi and C. I. Iheakanwa

Abstract: Studies’ reports in both humans and experimental animals have supported the use of methionine as an effective antidote to counteract the manifestation of hepatotoxicity, which is a common occurrence of acetaminophen at overdose levels of exposure. This study was embarked on to test the hepatoprotective effect of methionine in acetaminophen tablets, produced by a leading paracetamol brand in Nigeria especially in ameliorating the hepatocellular damage for which acetaminophen is noted for. Ten percent methionine was detected in this formulation using HPLC technique. Twenty male Wistar rats were used for this purpose, they were divided equally into four groups, and the first group served as the control and received 2 ml of physiologic saline per rat. The other three groups served as the test groups and received 100, 350 and 1000 mgkg BW of acetaminophen dissolved in 2 ml of physiologic saline per rat. The drug was introduced into the rats by intra-peritoneal route of administration. The study lasted for 48 h after which the animals were sacrificed and blood obtained by cardiac puncture. Results showed that all these hepatotoxic indices and liver function tests (aspartate and alanine amino transferases, alkaline phoshatase, total and conjugated bilirubin, total proteins, albumin and globulins) of rats in both 350 and 1000 mgkg levels were not statistically different compared to the controls (p > 0.05). The rats in the 100 mgkg set showed the same pattern except that total proteins and globulins were statistically increased in these rats compared to controls (p < 0.05). These results therefore, show that methionine containing acetaminophen in tablet form ameliorated the toxic effects of acetaminophen even at toxic level of 1000 mgkg level BW.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Hepatocellular damage, male Wistar rats, acetaminophen formulation.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Prohibitive effect of lactoperoxidase system (LPS) on some pathogen fungi and bacteria

Melda Sisecioglu, Ekrem Kirecci, Murat Cankaya, Hasan Ozdemir, Ilhami Gulcin,* and Ali Atasever

Abstract: Lactoperoxidase is a peroxidase enzyme found in milk. This enzyme has antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. It is fairly heat resistant and was widely used as an indicator of over pasteurization of milk. In the present study, bovine lactoperoxidase (LPO) was purified from skimmed milk using amberlite-CG-50-H+ resin, CM-sephadex-C-50 ion-exchange chromatography and sephadex-G-100 gel filtration chromatography. Enzyme activity was determined using 2, 2-azino-bis-diammonium salt as a chromogenic substrate at pH 6, and purification degree was controlled by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Antibacterial and antifungal activity of bovine lactoperoxidase was determined by disk diffusion method. Bovine LPO exhibited high antifungal and antibacterial activity in 100 mM thiocynate-100 mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) medium on some fungi (Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis and Saccharomyces boulardii) and bacteria (Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus intermedius), respectively. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of LPO system was compared to those of well known antibacterial and antifungal substances such as cefaclor, erythromycin, tetracycline and fluconazole. This study has investigated for the first time the antifungal and antibacterial effects of bovine LPO system on C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, S. boulardii, S. pneumoniae, S. epidermidis and S. intermedius.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Milk, enzyme, lactoperoxidase, LPO, antibacterial, antifungal.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of two sustained release formulations of diltiazem HCl

Muhammad Rafiq, Abdul Wahab*, Nisar-ur-Rehman, Abid Hussain and Said Muhammad

Abstract: In the present study, two sustained release solid and semi-solid matrices were developed using Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and Gelucire derivative, Gelucire 50/30. The purpose of the study was in vitro and in vivo correlation of these two sustained release formulations with SR capsules available in market and to know that for how long the preparation containing HPMC and Gelucire work in the body as compared to the product circulating in the market, so for this two formulations were developed such as solid matrices in tablets form and semi-solid capsules. For the preparation of solid matrices, direct compression method and for semi-solid, filling capsule technology were used. In vitro and in vivo study was perfomed and different parameters were studied such as Cmax, Tmax and AUC for all the three formulations. For determination of Cmax, Tmax ans AUC statistical models were used. In vitro study showed that more than 80% drug was released upto 12 h from all the three formulations and no significance difference was observed in release pattern while in vivo study showed prolonged release of the two test formulations after applying statistical models. The drug release from both test formulations was slow thereby providing a prolonged and controlled in vivo delivery of the drug. This proved the superiority of our test capsules and tablets over the reference capsules.[...] Read More.

Keywords: In vitro and in vivo correlation, deltiazem, kinetic models, statistical analysis.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effects of intestinal trefoil factor on PI3K and caspase-3/9 in newborn rats with necrotizing enterocolitis

Cai-Xia Yan, He-Sheng Luo, Bing-Hong Zhang*, Ri-Hong Zhao and Hai-Xia Zhang

Abstract: PI3K/Akt signal pathway was blocked by Wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), and the effects of intestinal trefoil factor (ITF) on PI3K and caspase-3/9 in newborn rats with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) were investigated to explore the protective mechanism of ITF against NEC. Experimental NEC was induced by exposure to hypoxia for 60 sec followed by cold stress at 4°C for 10 min. A total of 50 One-day-old Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups : group A, NEC+NS; group B, NEC+ITF; group C,NEC+ wortmannin; group D ,NEC+ wortmannin + ITF; group E , Normal control. The animals were euthanized at development of NEC, and at 96 h the intestinal tissue was harvested and examined for histological changes of NEC, and then the PI3K content and Caspase-3/9 activity were detected using ELISA and spectrophotometry, respectively. The PI3K content (pg/ml) in group A was slightly higher than group E (P0.05), but the PI3K content (pg/ml) in group B was significantly higher than the remaining groups (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Intestinal trefoil factor, necrotizing enterocolitis, PI3K/Akt signal transduction, Caspase-9, Caspase-3.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Microencapsulation and pharmacological evaluations for the anti-fertility effect of castor bean extract in female mice

Yi-ling Hou*, Xiang Ding, Shuang-quan Duan, Zhi-rong Yang and Ping Gao

Abstract: Castor Bean (Ricinus communis, Family Euphorbiaceae) ethanol extraction (CBE) possesses potent antifertility effect, but the absorption of it is limited. Therefore, this study was aimed to prepare CBE microparticles for targeted drug effect. Poly (toluene-2, 4-di-isocyanate and ethylene alcohol) (TDI-EA) microparticles loaded with CBE were prepared by Interracial polymerization, a semi-industrial technique capable of encapsulating fragile molecules maintaining their native properties. The effects of several parameters on the properties of the particles were investigated. Microparticles showed of CBE- TDI-EA microparticles following 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg with a content of 5 mg two mean diameters that were 4 and 120 m, separately, which are suitable for their absorption. Entrapment efficiency of CBEM in TDI-EA microparticles was 98.3%. The drug efficiency ranged from 73.26 to 100% depending on the drug consumption. The optimal growth suppression of the Kunming strain female mice vital organs could be achieved by oral application CBE in 6 mg microparticles while the Control Group showed the normal growth of the vital organs and CBE at the same concentration in solution form could not suppress the growth of the vital organs to the same extent. Finally, a bioassay demonstrated that the in vivo CBE microparticles have a strong depression of fertility without significant adverse reaction.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antifertility, castor bean extract, female mice, microencapsulation.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Cytotoxic activity of leaf and rhizome extracts of Alpinia scabra (Blume) NÃ¡ves, a wild ginger from Peninsular Malaysia

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The leaves and rhizomes of Alpinia scabra (Zingiberaceae) were investigated for their cytotoxic effect against selected human cancer cell lines, namely MCF7 (hormone-dependant breast carcinoma cell line), HT29 (colon carcinoma cell line) and SKOV-3 (ovarian cancer cell line) by using an in vitro neutral red cytotoxicity assay. The methanol extracts of both leaves and rhizomes did not show active cytotoxic activity against the selected cancer cell lines. The n-hexane extract of the leaves exhibited remarkable cytotoxic effect against SKOV-3 cells with IC50 value of 6.3 µg/ml while dichloromethane extract showed high cytotoxic effect against MCF7 and SKOV-3 with IC50 values of 6.7 and 5.9 µg/ml, respectively. The n-hexane and dichloromethane extracts of the rhizomes possessed high cytotoxic effect against SKOV- 3 cells with IC50 values of 8.3 and 7.0 µg/ml, respectively. This is the first report of the cytotoxic activity of A. scabra.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Zingiberaceae, Alpinia scabra, cytotoxic activity, cancer cell lines.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Polyphenolic fractions of Algerian propolis reverses doxorubicin induced acute renal oxidative stress

Mesbah Lahouel,*, Kheira Boutabet, Wided Kebsa and Mohamed Alyane

Abstract: The most important pharmacologically active constituents in propolis are flavanoids with a broad spectrum of biological activities varying with their chemical composition. Propolis chemical composition depends on the floral and geographical origin present at the site of collection and thus in the climatic characteristics. However, until now, no mitochondrial functions in relation to stress and apoptotic process were determined. We hypothesized that propolis effects could be due to a direct action on mitochondrial functions. We evaluated whether polyphenols compounds had preventive properties against renal oxidative stress induced by doxorubicin. We present here an analytical and pharmacological study of the eastern Algerian propolis using Thin layer Chrommatography (TLC), Ultra Violet-High Phase Liquid Chromatography (UV-HPLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The pharmacological study was carried out in vivo on wistar rat pre-treated with propolis extract 100 mg/kg/day for 7 days. Doxorubicin at 10 mg/kg of body weight was administered intravenously on day 7th. Serum creatinine concentration, scavenging effect of flavonoids, lipid peroxydation (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) concentration were measured. Chemical analysis allowed identification and quantification of the phenolic compounds including pinostrombin chalcone(38.91%), galangin(18.95), naringenin(14.27%), tectochrysin(25.09%), methoxychrysin(1.14%) and a prenylated coumarin compound suberosin (1.65%). The total flavonoid concentration in the propolis extract determined by aluminum chloride colorimetric method was 370 mg (quercetin equivalents QE) /g dry weight of propolis extract (QE/g DWPE). Data suggest protective effects of an Algerian propolis extract against doxorubicin-induced oxidative stresses. It restored the renal functions and clearly reduced the toxic effect of the drug.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Algerian propolis, chemical analysis, flavonoids, renal oxidative stress.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Recent progress in the chemo-enzymatic peptide synthesis

Feifei Chen, Fangkai Zhang, Anming Wang*, Haifeng Li, Qiuyan Wang, Zhaowu Zeng, Shuling Wang and Tian Xie

Abstract: Peptides are molecules of paramount importance in several fields, especially in health care and nutrition. They have many beneficial health effects, such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, neuroactive and immunoactive activity. Several technologies for their production are now available such as chemical synthesis, biosynthesis and chemo-enzymatic peptide synthesis. For combining the advantages of chemical and enzymatic synthesis methods, chemo-enzymatic peptide synthesis has been attracting the interest of researchers in the peptide synthesis. In this paper, new progress in this method was reported. Enzymes, solvent systems and possible mechanisms were presented. The main strategies of chemo-enzymatic synthesis of peptides and modification of enzymes by using different methods were also discussed.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Peptides, enzymes, solvent systems, chemo-enzymatic synthesis, genetic engineering, one-pot synthesis.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Hepatoprotective activity of Morus alba (Linn.) leaves extract against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats

M. G. Hogade*, K. S. Patil, G. H Wadkar, S. S Mathapati, P. B Dhumal

Abstract: The aim of the study is to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of Morus alba Linn. leaves extracts against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity. Leaves powder of Morus alba was successively extracted with petroleum ether extract (PEE), chloroform extract (CHE), alcoholic extract (ALE) and water extract (AQE) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity using Standard drug Liv-52. Preliminary phytochemical tests were done. The ALE showed presence of alkaloids, flavonoides, carbohydrates, tannins and steroids, while carbohydrates, flavonoides, alkaloids were present with AQE. The PEE, CHE, ALE did not produce any mortality. Carbon tetrachloride produced significant changes in biochemical parameters (increases in serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), alanine phosphatase (ALP) and serum bilirubin.) and histological (damage to hepatocytes) using Standard drug Liv-52. Pretreatment with ALE and AQE extracts significantly prevented the biochemical and histological changes induced by CCl4 in the liver. The present study shows that the ALE and AQE extracts possessed hepatoprotective activity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Carbon tetrachloride, hepatoprotective, leaves extracts of Morus alba Linn.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of intra-uterine injection of H2 receptor blockers on implantation in albino Wistar rats

Shyam S. Agrawal* and Sibi P. Ittiyavirah

Abstract: The role of histamine in various stages of female reproductive functions is now understood. The anti-implantation activity of various H2 receptor blockers had been established earlier by our laboratory. The present studies were conducted to evaluate the local effects of direct intra-uterine injection of H2 receptor blockers on implantation in albino Wistar rats. The individual administration of ranitidine, famotidine and roxatidine by direct intra-uterine injection on Day 4 of pregnancy in female albino Wistar rats produced 100% anti-fertility activity probably by acting on the H2 receptors on the blastocyst. Control group animals delivered normal litters. Unilateral injection of roxatidine inhibited implantation in the treated and contralateral uterine horns of rats indicating its systemic as well as local anti-implantation activity while ranitidine and famotidine showed only the local effects on the treated uterine horns suggesting the blockade of locally derived uterine histamine in implantation. Histopathological examination of uterus revealed the absence of morphological damage to the endometrial epithelium. It is concluded that, the intra-uterine application of H2 receptor blockers prevents conception in rats.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Anti-implantation activity H2 receptor blockers, ranitidine, famotidine, roxatidine, intra-uterine injection, implantation.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Medication prescription policy for Nigerian physiotherapists: perception of orthopaedic surgeons and neurologists on educational training and clinical management plans

Onigbinde Ayodele Teslim*, Raji Aderonke Oluwatomilayo, Soetan Oluyemisi Adebisi, Ibikunle Adeoye Folorunsho

Abstract: In Nigeria, general medical doctors objected to physiotherapists assuming the responsibility of being supplementary prescribers. It is unknown if Nigerian specialist doctors (Orthopaedic Surgeons and Neurologists) will have different opinion on supplementary prescription (SP) policy. 71 orthopaedic surgeons and 53 neurologists were recruited using purposive sampling technique. A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain bio-data, awareness on SP, knowledge about Clinical Management Plan and duration of educational training required. Descriptive and non-parametric inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The level of significance was set at 0.05. The number of specialist doctors who were aware of the prescription status of physiotherapists outside Nigeria as supplementary prescriber was significantly higher than those unaware (X2 = 9.96, P = 0.02),. A high proportion (62.3 - 98%) of the specialists had good knowledge of Clinical Management Plan as required in SP policy. About half of the Orthopaedic Surgeons opined that 24-30 weeks educational training would be adequate for physiotherapists who did not have previous pharmacology education while most neurologists opined that a period greater than 12 weeks would be sufficient as training duration for those with previous education. It was concluded that most specialist doctors were aware of the prescription status of physiotherapists outside Nigeria as supplementary prescribers. Both Orthopaedic Surgeons and neurologists understood what are required in drawing CMP with allied health professionals as required in the policy. A period greater than 12 weeks would be sufficient for educational training for those who had previous pharmacology education while 24-30 weeks would be adequate for those without previous formal education. Keywords: Drug prescription policy, Nigerian physiotherapists, orthopaedic surgeons, neurologists, educational training, clinical management plans.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Drug prescription policy, Nigerian physiotherapists, orthopaedic surgeons, neurologists, educational training, clinical management plans.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2014, 5(1), 1-6;

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