MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

Research Article

Impact of monocycle pulses on biomedical systems

Yafang Tan,*, Hongchun Yang, Jun Xu, and Xiaolin Yang,

Abstract: Based on multilayer dielectric model, for the spherical biological cell subjected to pulsed electric field (PEF), a simplified equivalent circuit was presented. According to a mathematical analysis of a monocycle electric pulse (MEP), the relationship between a given pulse duration and a center frequency was established and its main energy was concentrated on the center frequency. Thus the transmenbrane potential of external and inner membranes induced by the MEP with various durations was simply calculated by using a harmonic function with different center frequency and the equivalent circuit equations. Furthermore, the threshold electric intensities and window effect of the electroporation with different pulse duration were discussed assuming that the external and inner membranes would breakdown under certain potential values. In view of current difficulty in developing the high peak power PEF devices and the advantage of the MEP in living cell's electroporation effects, an experimental scheme was presented in which a Gaussian pulse was generated by a photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS) and a MEP was produced through a Blumlein transmission line (BTL). Keywords: Monocycle pulse, transmenbrane potential, electric intensity threshold, window effect, monocycle pulse generator.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Monocycle pulse, transmenbrane potential, electric intensity threshold, window effect, monocycle pulse generator.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2022, 13(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Examining the effects of regulatory policies on drug quality in Sudan: Perspectives from importers

Gamal K. M. Ali and Abdeen M. Omer*

Abstract: The strategy of price liberalisation and privatisation had been implemented in Sudan over the last decade, and has had a positive result on government deficit. The investment law approved recently has good statements and rules on the above strategy in particular to pharmacy regulations. Under the pressure of the new privatisation policy, the government introduced radical changes in the pharmacy regulations. The 2001 Pharmacy and Poisons Act and its provisions established the Federal Pharmacy and Poison Board (FPPB). All the authorities of the implementation of Pharmacy and Poisons Act were given to this board. This article provides an overview of the impact of the pharmaceutical regulations on the quality of medicines on the Sudanese market from the perspective of the pharmacists working with drug importing companies. The information necessary to conduct the evaluation was collected from 30 pharmacists who are the owners or shareholders in medicines’ importing companies. The participants were selected randomly. 89% of respondents considered the medicines on the Sudanese market are generally of good quality. The design of the research itself may be considered inadequate with regard to selection process. However, the authors believe it provides enough evidence, and the current pharmaceutical regulations have some loopholes. The Pharmacy, Poisons, Cosmetics and Medical Devices Act-2001 and its regulation should be enforced. The overall set-up including the Act itself needs to be revised. Keywords: Counterfeits Medicines, Drug Importers, and Quality of Medicines, Regulatory Authorities. [...] Read More.

Keywords: Counterfeits Medicines, Drug Importers, and Quality of Medicines, Regulatory Authorities.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2022, 13(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The influence of aerobic exercise on health-related physical fitness and lipid profiles in obese female adolescents

Özcan Saygın* and Mehmet Ali Öztürk

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 week aerobic exercise program on health related fitness components and blood lipids in obese girls. In this study, a total of 40 girls were recruited as exercise group (n = 20) and control group (n = 19). Participants joined sessions for 60 min per day, 3 days per week for 12-week. There were significant differences in weight, body mass index (BMI), flexibility, sit-ups, hand grip for both hands, VO2max, skin fold measurements (thigh, triceps, biceps, abdomen, suprailiac, subscapula, chest, body fat percent, heart rate, high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL),, total cholesterol, and triglyceride between pre-test and post test scores in the exercise group (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Blood lipids, flexibility, muscle strength, body mass index (BMI), max. VO2, aerobic exercise.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2022, 13(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Hematological changes in high-performance athletes following zinc supplementation

Yahya Polat

Abstract: The purpose of the present study is to determine the effect of eight weeks zinc supplementation on the erythrocyte and leukocyte counts and other hematological parameters in male kick boxers. Twenty-four subjects were included in the study. They were equally divided into three groups as follows: Group EZ, training and receiving 2.5 mg/kg zinc supplement per day; Group SZ, receiving the zinc supplement but no training and Group E, who exercised but received no supplement. Erythrocyte, platelet and leukocyte counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin and the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were determined in blood samples taken from each participant at rest and exhaustion. The erythrocyte count of Group EZ was significantly higher than in the E and SZ groups, p < 0.001. The number of leukocytes was higher in the two groups that trained. The hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were increased in the EZ group (p < 0.05).The platelet number increased with exhaustion in the E and EZ groups (p < 0.001). The MCV values were lower in group EZ as compared to the other two groups. The E and EZ subjects had higher neutrophil counts (p < 0.05).These results suggest that the combined effects of exercise and zinc supplementation have a positive effect in the hematological parameters of athletes, which may result in better performance and increased endurance.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Kick boxers, male athletes, exhaustion, zinc-supplementation, blood parameters.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2022, 13(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Evaluation of Iranian traditional cheese-derived Lactobacillus plantarum for gastric ulcer treatment in rats

Mitra Heydari Nasrabadi, Helia Aboutalebi*, Maryam Tajabadi Ebrahimi and Farima Zahedi

Abstract: Probiotics are living organisms which upon ingestion in certain numbers exert health benefits beyond inherent basic nutrition. The lactic acid bacteria are one of the most significant groups of probiotic organisms. These bacteria are commonly used in fermented dairy products and have been advocated for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of a probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from Iranian traditional cheese on gastric ulcer. Gastric ulcers were induced by luminal application of acetic acid (60% v/v) in rats. L. plantarum was given intragastrically at 1010 CFU/day for three, five, seven and fourteen consecutive days after ulcer induction. L. plantarum significantly reduced gastric ulcer area as compared to control and negative control groups. Neutrophils were strongly increased on day three and decreased on days five, seven and fourteenth after ulcer induction in treatment groups. Macrophages and fibroblasts significantly increased on three and five days after ulcer induction and decreased on days seven and fourteenth. These finding suggested that L. plantarum isolated from Iranian traditional cheese enhanced gastric ulcer healing via stimulating immune system and fibroblast increasing.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lactobacillus plantarum, probiotic, gastric ulcer, healing.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2022, 13(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Exploring the therapeutic potential of catechin-enriched green tea extract for managing inflammation and microbial infections

Y. F. Wang, S. H. Shao, P. Xu, X. Q. Yang and L. S. Qian*

Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the mechanism of green tea in treating a broad spectrum of human diseases and to develop a safe and effective agent for antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory application. Catechin-enriched green tea extract (CEGTE) was prepared containing 83.15 ± 0.79% of total catechins. In vitro antimicrobial and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects were investigated and safety was evaluated in vivo with relevant positive controls. CEGTE was found to have significant bacteriostatic effects in all the bacteria isolates tested and inhibitory effects on influenza virus A3 (H3N2) and coxsackie virus B4. CEGTE showed inhibitory effects both on carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats and xylene-induced ear edema in mice and exhibited an inhibitory response against acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. The oral LD50 of CEGTE in both Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and imprinting control region (ICR) mice was determined to be greater than 20000 mg/kg body weight. The bacterial Ames test and mammalian micronucleus and sperm abnormality assay in mice showed no mutagenic properties with CEGTE. CEGTE can be applied as a safe and effective antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent with advantages over medicines which treat bacterial and viral infection or inflammation alone.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Catechin-enriched green tea extract (CEGTE), antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, safety evaluation.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2022, 13(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Toxicity Assessment and Blood Glucose Regulation by Cissampelos mucronata Leaf Extracts in Wistar Rats with Streptozocin-Induced Diabetes

Tanko, Y. *, Yaro, A. H., Isa, A. I, Yerima, M., Saleh, M. I. A. and Mohammed, A.

Abstract: Preliminary phytochemical screening of the ethanol leaves of Cissampelos mucronata revealed the presence of reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, resin, tannins, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, glycerin and steroids. The median lethal dose (LD50) in rats is greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight intaperitoneally. The hypoglycemic effect of ethanol extract of C. mucronata was also investigated in Streptozocin - induced diabetic rats. Single intraperitoneally administration of the extract at the doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg. There was a significant decreased (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cissampelos mucronata, hypoglycemic activity, streptozocin, diabetes.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2022, 13(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Formulation and Pharmacological Assessment of Indomethacin Tablets Using Solidified Reverse Micellar Solutions: Implications for Pain Management

Salome Amarachi Chime*, Ikechukwu V. Onyishi, Mumuni A. Momoh and Anthony A. Attama

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vivo the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and ulcerogenic properties of indomethacin tablets based on solidified reverse micellar solution (SRMS). SRMS consisting of mixtures of phospholipid (Phospholipon® 90H) and triglyceride (Softisan® 154) were prepared in the ratios of 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2, respectively. SRMS based tablets containing 75 mg of indomethacin each were prepared using validated plastic mould. The physicochemical properties of the tablet formulations were studied using both official and unofficial tests. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic/antinociceptive and ulcerogenic properties of indomethacin tablets based on SRMS were studied. The results showed that the physicochemical properties of the tablet formulations were significantly affected by the composition/ratio of the lipid matrix used. The softening time in SIF ranged from 53.7 ± 0.5 to 102.6 ± 0.5 min. Results of analgesic/antinociceptive properties showed that indomethacin tablets formulated with the SRMS 1:1 had an increase in pain reaction time at 7 h significantly (p < 0.05) different from the results exhibited by tablets formulated with the lipid matrices, SRMS 1:2 and 2:1 and the reference, which showed a decrease in pain reaction time at 7 h. Indomethacin tablets based on SRMS had good anti-inflammatory properties and also inhibited the ulcerogenicity of indomethacin by 70 to 80%. Therefore, indomethacin tablets based on SRMS could be used for improved oral bioavailability of indomethacin and to enhance patient’s compliance due to inhibition of gastric irritation effect of this drug.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), solidified reverse micellar solutions (SRMS), tablets, ulcerogenicity, antinociception, lipids.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2022, 13(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Evaluating the Efficacy of Xylazine, Ketamine, and Atropine in Sheep for Veterinary Pharmacology Instruction

Rogelio Cruz Cruz*, Armando Cuesta Guillen and Daniel Hussien

Abstract: The current research was conducted with the objective of developing a practical laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology course, specifically for the purpose of evolving a practical part of the theory in the chapter of general anesthetics. The practice of the evaluation of drugs acting on the central nervous system in this discipline has difficulty with the choice of experimental model, because sometimes there are no laboratory animals such as rats, mice or rabbits; however, it is possible to use larger animals such as sheep. In this paper, we demonstrated that sheep is a suitable experimental model for demonstrating the action of drugs that produce sedation and anesthesia. The effects by the action of xylazine, ketamine and atropine can be produced in about 60 min which corresponds to time allotted in a teaching practice. Therefore, the authors recommended other sister colleges in Ethiopia and elsewhere in the world to use sheep as experimental model for demonstration of general anesthesia for their students.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Anesthetics, drugs, central nervous system, sheep.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2022, 13(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Chemical Composition and Antifungal Properties of Mentha piperita Essential Oil: Insights from Capillary Gas Chromatography Analysis

M. Moghtader

Abstract: The antifungal activity of Mentha piperita L. essential oil and its comparison with synthetic menthol on Aspergillus niger growth have been determined in vitro. The chemical compositions of essential oil of M. piperita provided from the aerial parts of plants grown in a village in Kerman Province in June 2012 were determined. The sample was cleaned and then dried in the shade. Essential oil was made by hydro-distillation method and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) using flame ionization (FID) and capillary gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The main oil content from the plants of M. piperita was 3.26% (v/w). Twenty three (23) compounds were identified in the essential oil of M. piperita, making 96.25% of the total oil. The major components were menthol (38.33%), menthone (21.45%) and menthyl acetate (12.49%). For study of antifungal activity, the essential oil was tested against A. niger (strain PTCC = 5223) by disc diffusion method via average inhibition zone. The results showed that essential oil from M. piperita at 1 and 1/2 oil dilutions exhibited a strong antifungal activity than gentamycin (8 mg/ml) antibiotic on A. niger and exhibited a strong synthetic menthol at 10% dilution. The relative high amount of menthol and menthone in the M. piperita essential oil showed that they could display antifungal activity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mentha piperita L., Aspergillus niger, menthol, antifungal activity.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2022, 13(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Understanding the Knowledge Gap in Antimalarial Treatments: A Study of Self-Medication Trends Among Women in Nigeria

Jombo G. T. A.*, Mbaawuaga E. M. , Denen Akaa P., Alao O. O., Peters E. J., Dauda M. A., Okwori E. E., Akosu T. J., Etukumana E. A. and Yaakugh J. B

Abstract: Correct knowledge of current antimalarial drugs available for malaria treatment by Nigerians has a significant impact on the overall success of the ongoing national malaria control programme. This is as a result of a large segment of the communities, who more often than not, rely on self medications or as care givers influence the choice drugs for malaria treatment for their wards. The study was therefore set up to ascertain the types of drugs used for self medication of malaria among adult women in Makurdi city. The study was cross-sectional in nature involving adult women who were selected from households using systematic sampling methods. Quantitative information such as age, educational level, marital status, occupation and knowledge of malaria were obtained using structured and semi structured questionnaires, while qualitative information was obtained using focussed and in-depth group discussions to complement quantitative data. Those aware of existence of malaria were 97% (2,013/2075) with no significant age difference (P > 0.05) while 3.0% (62/2,075) with no knowledge of malaria all had no education (P < 0.001). There was a strong correlation between low economic status, low educational level and unemployment, and self medications for malaria (RR = 1.4 - 1.55). Several drugs with no antimalarial properties were mentioned by the respondents with the factors earlier stated still playing significant roles; and little or no mention was made of the artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) by the same group (P < 0.05). There should be a renewed sensitization and public awareness about the current trend in the control of malaria with special emphasis on the use of ACT; also introduction of home managers of malaria for commencement of intermittent preventive treatment should be considered a priority.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Drugs, self-medication, malaria, adult women.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2022, 13(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Factors Influencing Potential Drug-Drug Interactions in Pulmonology Patients: Age, Hospital Stay, and Polypharmacy

Mohammad Ismail, Zafar Iqbal*, Muhammad Bilal Khattak, Arshad Javaid and Tahir Mehmood Khan

Abstract: The objective of the study was to identify prevalence, types and predictors of potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) in pulmonology ward and to report common interactions. Medical records of 400 randomly-selected patients were reviewed for pDDIs using Micromedex Drug-Reax software. Logistic-regression was applied to determine predictors of pDDIs. We identified 126 interacting-combinations that encountered in total 558 pDDIs with median number of 01 pDDI per patient. Overall 45% patients had at least one pDDI; 24.25% were having at least one major pDDI, and 36% patients had at least one moderate pDDI. Among 558 identified pDDIs, most were of moderate (53.6%) or major severity (34%); good (74.2%) or fair (16.3%) type of scientific-evidence; and delayed onset (70%). Top 15 common pDDIs included 6 major, 7 moderate and 2 minor interactions. There was significant association of the occurrence of pDDIs with patient with age of 60 years or more (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Drug-drug interactions, potential drug-drug interaction, prescriptions screening, drug related problems, clinical pharmacy.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2022, 13(1), 1-6;

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