MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

Review

Iclal GEYIKLI,* and Muslum AKAN,

Abstract: Adipose tissue, in addition to storing energy, secretes numerous factors implicated in modulating insulin, sensitivity and energy balance, such as leptin, adiponectin, TNF- and resistin. Resistin, is a hormone that is produced by fatty cells, a recently described adipokine belonging to the cysteine-rich secretory protein family, was originally described as an adipocyte-derived polypeptide that links obesity and insulin resistance in mice. However, in humans, resistin is expressed at very low concentrations in adipose cells, but at high levels in mononuclear leukocytes, macrophages, spleen cells and bone marrow cells. In recent years, several studies have showed that resistin may play a role in cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and also inflammation and process of inflammation – related diseases. This review will summarize the results of studies related with resistin.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Adipose tissue, resistin, disease.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2019, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effects of acute twelve minute run test on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities

Nazmi Sarita *, Fatma Uyanik, Zuhal Hamurcu and Bekir Çoksevim

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 min run test on oxidative stress, some antioxidant enzyme activities, and muscle and DNA damage. Twenty two healthy and well trained male athletes were recruited to this study. The12 min run test, cooper test, was applied to the participating athletes. The blood samples were taken before, immediately after and 24 h after the run test, and sera and plasma were separated and then stored at –80°C until the analysis. Serum MDA and NO levels as the indicators of oxidative damage; serum SOD and CAT, plasma GPx activities as the indicators of antioxidant defense system; serum 8-OHdG as the indicator of DNA damage, CK and LHD enzyme activities as the indicators of muscle damage, and glucose level were measured. Serum SOD, NO, CAT, and 8–OHdG levels showed no significant changes before, immediately after and 24 h after the run rest. There was a significant decrease in serum MDA level immediately after exercise, which is returned to baseline level after 24 h–rest period (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antioxidant enzymes, exercise, oxidative stress, twelve minute run test.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2019, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial evaluation of Andrographis lineata Nees leaves and stem extracts

Chinnappan Alagesaboopathi

Abstract: The present investigation was designed to evaluate the antibacterial, antifungal properties and physiochemical screening of the various leaves and stem extracts of Andrographis lineata. Acetone, ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether and chloroform extracts of shade dried plant leaf and stem of A. lineata were tested for antibacterial, antifungal and phytochemical analysis. The antibacterial properties of various extracts of leaves and stem of A. lineata were assayed using the standard disc diffusion method, against five strains of bacterial species, namely, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Klebsiela pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among different solvent extracts studied, the methanol leaf extract showed highest antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus (19.41 mm); followed by petroleum ether extract (18.30 mm). The highest inhibition zone observed for acetone extract of A. lineata leaves against P. vulgaris was 17.40 mm followed by ethanol extract (16.10 mm). The highest activity of chloroform extract against K. pneumoniae was 14.07 mm. Phytochemical investigation confirmed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, gums and mucilages, triterpenoids, steroids, glycosides, phenolic compounds and tannins. The acetone leaf extracts of A. lineata showed highest antifungal activity against Penicillium pinophilum (13.40 mm). The methanol leaf extracts showed maximum activity against Aspergillus niger (12.15 mm). The petroleum ether leaf extracts showed highest activity against P. pinophilum (12.11 mm). The ethanol leaf extracts showed significant activity against Aspergillus flavus (11.24 mm). The chloroform leaf extracts showed higher activity against A. niger (9.75 mm). The leaf extract showed more inhibitory effect than the stem extracts. The present research justifies the claimed uses of this herb in the traditional system of medicine to treat different diseases.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Andrographis lineata, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, phytochemicals, agar well diffusion method.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2019, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Recent advances on supercritical fluid extraction of essential oils

Lili Xu, Xiaori Zhan*, Zhaowu Zeng*, Rong Chen, Haifeng Li, Tian Xie and Shuling Wang

Abstract: Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is one of the most commonly used extraction techniques in the course of analysis or preparation. It is environmentally friendly and has some advantages over other conventional extraction methods. This review covers the recent developments of SFE in the extraction of essential oils from the plant materials during the period 2005 to 2011, in particular some factors influencing SFE extraction yield, its characteristics and applications.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Supercritical fluid extraction, essential oils, review.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2019, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Gabaergic system role in aqueous extract of Valeriana officinalis L. root on PTZ-induced clonic seizure threshold in mice

Mir Hadi Khayat Nouri* and Ali Namvaran Abbas Abad

Abstract: Pharmacognosy studies have shown that Valeriana officinalis L. roots containing significant amounts of free amino acids such as GABA and other substances like valeric acid and isovalerate. In this study, anticonvulsant effects of V. officinalis (VO) roots aqueous extract, using standard methods of chemical seizure caused by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in mice was assessed. To evaluate mechanisms involved in VO anticonvulsant effects, diazepam and flumazenil were used. After determining the seizure threshold in the control group, different doses of VO (0.25, 0.5 and 1 g/kg) were intraperitoneally (IP) administered and their effects on the threshold of PTZ-induced seizure were studied. Diazepam (1, 2 and 3 mg/kg) and flumazenil (1, 2 and 4 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally and the seizure threshold was determined, after which the different doses of the VO drugs were evaluated. The results showed that PTZ-induced seizure threshold in control mice was 35.52 ± 0.87 mg/kg. VO and diazepam were increased and flumazenil were decreased the threshold of PTZ-induced seizure. Also results showed that diazepam and flumazenil, respectively increase and decrease the effect of VO on PTZ-induced seizure. Changes in seizure threshold in this study indicate that probably the mechanism of VO anticonvulsant effects is due to the inhibitory GABA system, but this issue needs further investigations.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Valeriana officinalis, root, diazepam, flumazenil, PTZ, clonic seizure threshold.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2019, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of tetrandrine on the expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in neovascularized cornea

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Abstract: This study investigated the effect of tetrandrine on the expressions of hypoxia inducible factor1 (HIF1 ) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in neovascularized cornea of rats following alkaline burn. A rat model corneal neovascularization (CNV) was established by alkaline burn. The expressions of HIF1 and VEGF before and after tetrandrine treatment were detected by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR) and slit-lamp biomicroscopy and photography were done to observe the neovascularization. Result showed the expressions of HIF1 and VEGF in the normal cornea were very weak or even absent. Following alkaline burn, the expressions of HIF1 and VEGF were markedly increased and mainly located in the neovascularized area and in the epithelial layer. After treatment with Tetrandrine, the density of neovascularization was significantly decreased, accompanied by remarkably decreased expressions of HIF1 and VEGF in the neovascularized corneal stroma. It is concluded that tetrandrine can effectively inhibit the neovascularization following alkaline burn in rats and reduce the expressions of HIF1 and VEGF in neovascularized cornea of rats following alkaline burn.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Tetrandrine, corneal neovascularization, hypoxia inducible factor-1 , vascular endothelial growth factor.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2019, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

In vitro antibacterial activities of crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the stem bark of Acacia mearnsii De Wild

O. O. Olajuyigbe and A. J. Afolayan*

Abstract: The antibacterial activities of both water and ethanol extracts of Acacia mearnsii de Wild against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were investigated. The two extracts were very active against the two groups of bacteria. While the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ethanol extract ranged between 78.1 and 625 µg/ml, the MIC for aqueous extract ranged between 156.3 and 625 µg/ml. The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of ethanol extract ranged between 156.3 and 625 µg/ml while that of aqueous extract was between 312.5 and 5000 µg/ml. Water appeared to be a good extraction medium and its extract could be as potent as alcoholic extracts.The MICindex showed that the two extracts were bactericidal at high concentrations and bacteriostatic at low concentrations. The strong bactericidal activities of the two extracts may be attributed to the presence of some secondary metabolites which are soluble in both ethanol and water. The antibacterial activity of the extracts indicated the great therapeutic potential of this plant and has justified its ethnomedicinal use against infectious diseases.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Acacia mearnsii, extracts, antibacterial, bacteriostatic, bactericidal.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2019, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of Sphenocentrum jollyanum (Menispermaceae) stem bark extract against CCl4- induced oxidative stress in rats

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Methanolic stems bark extract of Sphenocentrum jollyanum (SBSJ) was evaluated for hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) - induced hepatic damage in rats. The extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) was administered orally to the animals with hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 (30%, 1.0 ml/kg). In vitro antioxidant potential of the extract was evaluated by using superoxide (O2.-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radical scavenging assay. At a concentration of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, the extract showed a remarkable hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in a concentration dependant manner. This was evident from significant reduction (P< 0.05) in serum marker enzymes, aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and lipid peroxidation. It was also observed that the extract of S. jollyanum stem bark conferred a significant (P < 0.05) protection against CCl4 – induced total protein, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) depletion in the liver. The plant extract restored the activities of the marker enzymes to near normal. In vitro antioxidant assay showed that SBSJ inhibit superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide radicals with IC 50 values of 13.11 and 30.04 µg/ml, respectively. The present study indicated that methanolic extract of S. jollyanum possessed hepatoprotective activity against CCl4- induced liver damage and this effect may be due to its strong antioxidant property.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antioxidant, Spenocentrum jollyanum, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), hepatoprotective.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2019, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Celastrol attenuates atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E (apoE) knockout mice fed an atherogenic diet

Jun Cheng#, Zhuo Tian#, Jinping Li and Houyuan Hu*

Abstract: The study is aimed to investigate the effects of celastrol on the atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE-/-) mice fed an atherogenic diet. All mice were fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks. In the last 4 weeks, apoE-/- mice were randomly grouped to receive treatment with either celastrol (2 mg/kg/day in DMSO, i.p.) or vehicle DMSO (n=6 per group). Plasma lipids were determined enzymatically. The area of atherosclerotic lesions was measured by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), CD40 ligand (CD40L) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were assayed by immunohistochemistry. Celastrol inhibited the development of atherosclerotic lesions in apoE-/- mice. The expressions of MIF, MMP-9, CD40L and CRP in the artery wall were significantly reduced by celastrol. Meanwhile, the lipid profile in the mice was not improved. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that celastrol inhibits atherogenesis in celastrol-treated apoE-/- mice fed an atherogenic diet by inhibiting inflammation in the arterial wall without improving the lipid profile.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Celastrol, atherosclerosis, CD40 ligand, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, matrix metalloproteinase-9.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2019, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Assessment of wound healing potential of dermal patches

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: In this study, the wound healing activity of total aqueous extract and the mucilage of leaves of plant Cocculus hirsutus (L) Diels was evaluated on excision wound model. Dermal films were prepared using total aqueous extract, mucilage and polyvinyl alcohol as a polymer base. The prepared polysaccharide solutions of the total extract and the isolated mucilage were evaluated for its physiochemical properties and total bacterial count. The prepared dermal patches were subjected biodegradation studies. The results indicate statistically significant wound healing response of the dermal patch containing the aqueous extract and the mucilage of leaves of plant C. hirsutus when compared with control group and groups subjected to standard marketed medicated dermal patch. The cost effective factor and biodegradation of the prepared dermal wound healing patch was also found to be significant.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels, wound healing, excision wound model, Dermal patches.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2019, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effects of organophosphate insecticide, malathion on the liver and kidney of male Wistar albino rats by Î±-tocopherol and selenium

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Protection from effects of the organophosphate insecticide, malathion on the liver and kidney of male Wistar albino rats by -tocopherol and selenium was investigated. Significantly greater (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, vitamin E, selenium.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2019, 10(1), 1-6;

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Review

A review of the traditional medicinal uses of Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae)

Subrata Kumar Biswas*, Anusua Chowdhury, Joysree Das, S. M. Zahid Hosen, Riaz Uddin and Md. Shahedur Rahaman

Abstract: Kalanchoe pinnata (Family: Crassulaceae) is an important plant which has many traditional medicinal uses. The main objective of this literature review was to give advance information for the drug discovery research for K. pinnata. It was found that this plant showed various pharmacological activities such as anthelmentic, immunosuppressive, wound healing, hepatoprotective, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic, nephroprotective, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, analgesic, anticonvulsant, neuropharmacological and antipyretic. Anthelmentic activity was found due to the presence of tannins of the extract of K. pinnata and steroid glycosides such as bufadienolide showed wound healing activity. It was also found that the different flavonoids, polyphenols, triterpenoids and other chemical constituents of the plant were responsible for the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties. Quercetin had a marked protective effect on cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity and possessed potent oral efficacy against cutaneous leishmaniasis. The two new novel flavonoids such as 5I Methyl 4I, 5, 7 trihydroxyl flavone and 4I, 3, 5, 7 tetrahydroxy 5-methyl 5I-propenamine anthocyanidines could be responsible for the antimicrobial activity of K. pinnata. Five bufadienolides (1-5) isolated from the leaves of K. pinnata were potential cancer chemopreventive agents. Quercitrin, a flavonoid, is a critical component of K. pinnata extract against an extreme allergic reaction. This literature review gave the evidence-based information regarding the phytoconstituents and pharmacological activity of the medicinal plant, K. pinnata which could help researchers for more advanced qualitative research.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Kalanchoe pinnata, phytochemical, nephroprotective, immunosuppressive, neuropharmacological.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2019, 10(1), 1-6;

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