MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

Research Article

Antimicrobial properties of protein extracts from wild mushroom fungi and native plant species against hospital pathogens

Michael Hearst, David Nelson, Graham McCollum, Linda M. Ballard, B. Cherie Millar, Sara Moore, Stephen McClean, John E. Moore, and Juluri R. Rao,*

Abstract: Protein extracts of either native or exotic rare mushroom fungi and plants that are normally known for novel therapeutics including immune modulation were investigated for their potential antimicrobial effects. Data obtained using the Kirby-Bauer’s disc-diffusion assay methods showed that a number of locally sourced wild mushroom fungi (e.g. Ganoderma resinaceum, Russula fragilis and Inocybe grammata) had proteins with inherent antimicrobial properties against a number of typical hospital pathogens. The wild type fungus Mycena pura exhibited strong antagonism against Escherichia coli, an organism often commonly associated with nosocomial infections both locally and worldwide. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of protein extracts revealed unique protein banding patterns for the exotic fungal species and possessed significant inhibitory effects against a range of nosocomial pathogens including MRSA, Salmonella, Candida and Aspergillus species. This small-scale study revealed the occurrence of wild fungal peptides of potential therapeutic significance and antimicrobial potential for exploitation in complementary therapies in clinical and veterinary medicine.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Exotic fungi and medicinal plants, antibacterial activity.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

In vitro assessments of antibacterial potential of Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari. gum extract

Kalpesh B. Ishnava, Yogesh N. Mahida and J. S. S. Mohan*

Abstract: The potential antibacterial efficacy of guggul gum was checked against six Gram- positive and four Gram-negative bacterial strains. The antibacterial activity was assessed by agar well diffusion and two fold serial broth dilution methods. Gram-positive bacterial strains were found to be the most susceptible organisms compare to Gram-negative towards guggul gum extract once. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) noticed in concentration range of 0.5 - 2 mg/ml. The bioautography was performed to localize active compound present in crude as well as eluted fraction. Compound 5(1-methyl, 1-amino ethyl)-5- methyl-2-octanone, identified which possessed antibacterial activity by various spectrometric method. The extract of guggul gum possesses significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Commiphora wightii, guggul gum, antibacterial activity, bioautography, 5(1- methyl, 1-amino ethyl)-5-methyl-2-octanone.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Analyses of antisickling potency of Carica papaya dried leaf extract and fractions

Ngozi Awa Imaga* and Olusegun A. Adepoju

Abstract: Carica papaya dried leaves have been indicated in sickle cell anemia management by local indigenous folk and in recent scientific research. In this research, dried C. papaya leaves were extracted using the soxhlet extraction method with 5 different solvents to give five different fractions namely hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. This research examined the crude extract and the various leaf extract fractions of C. papaya L. (Caricaceae) for possible in vitro antisickling activities on Hbss red blood cells obtained from non-crisis state sickle cell patients involving the use of positive (p-hydroxybenzoic acid 5 µg /ml) and negative (normal saline) controls for the antisickling experiments. Pretreatment of SS cell suspensions with C. papaya leaf extract and fractions all inhibited formation of sickle cells under severe hypoxia at varying degrees, with only 0 - 5% sickle cells in the crude extract at 60 min compared with untreated SS cell suspensions which had over 80% sickle cells. Analysis of two different concentrations of C. papaya crude extract (10 and 5 mg/ml) showed the 10 mg/ml extract as the concentration with highest antisickling effect. Butanol extract showed the highest antisickling activity at 10 mg/ml concentration, while the ethyl acetate extract had the highest antisickling activity at 5 mg/ml concentration. These results further indicate the possibility of C. papaya leaf extract as potential phytotherapy for sickle cell anemia.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antisickling, sickle cell disorder, C. papaya, fractionation.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Chemical composition and immunological activities of polysaccharides isolated from the malian medicinal plant Syzygium guineense

Parakashtha Ghildyal , Tom Erik Grønhaug, Anders Rusten, Mona Skogsrud, Bent Rolstad, Drissa Diallo, Terje Einar Michaelsen, Marit Inngjerdingen* and Berit Smestad Paulsen

Abstract: In Mali and other West African countries, the leaves of the tree Syzygium guineense are utilized in the traditional medicine against various ailments such as wound healing, ulcers, diarrhoea, rheumatism and infections. The immune modulating activity may in part be conferred by pectic polysaccharides, which is a major constituent of the plant cell wall. Previous studies on pectic polysaccharides from the leaves of Malian medicinal trees have shown that they posses several immunological activities. In the present study, we have isolated and characterised two immunologically active polysaccharide fractions from the leaves of S. guineense. One of the fractions contained an arabinogalactan type II polysaccharide, called Sg50A1, while the other polysaccharide fraction was a mixture of oligosaccharides of the pectic type, called Sg50A2. Both polysaccharides had high complement fixing ability, as well as the ability to stimulate nitric oxide release from macrophages, up-regulation of CD86 on dendritic cells, and proliferation of B cells. Sg50A1 and Sg50A2 also stimulated the secretion of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines from both B cells and dendritic cells. Collectively, these results indicate that the presence of arabinogalactan structures within the polysaccharides is important for immunological activity and that plant-derived polysaccharides may be able to influence inflammatory processes.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Pectic polysaccharides, arabinogalactan, Syzygium guineense, immunomodulation.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Bioautographic determination of the antistaphylococcal components of the stem bark of Parkia biglobosa (JACQ) BENTH (MIMOSACEAE)

Udobi Chinweizu Ejikeme*, Onaolapo Ademola Josiah and Abdulsalaam I. A

Abstract: Bioautography, a scientific method which combines chromatography with bioassay was used to attempt to determine the bioactive components in the methanolic extract of the stem bark of Parkia biglobosa. Results obtained confirmed 4 compounds of different Rf values. Each of them showed activity against Staphylococcus confirming previous results reported and the method also showed the components were acting in synergy. Pseudomonas and Bacillus subtilis were not as susceptible as Staphylococcus to the components. P. biglobosa remains a hopeful source of compounds that can be effectively used against even resistant Staphylococcus.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bioautography, methanolic, Parkia, Staphylococcus, synergy.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Pharmacological and toxicological evaluation of Rhizophora mangle L., as a potential antiulcerogenic drug: Chemical composition of active extract

Luz María Sánchez Perera*, Arturo Escobar, Caden Souccar, Ma. Antonia Remigio and Betty Mancebo

Abstract: Rhizophora mangle L. is a vegetal species widely distributed in Cuba and other Caribbean countries. This species is characterized by several ethnobotanical activities as antiseptic, astringent, as well for treating skin ulcers. In the present work, we describe a pharmacological, toxicological and chemical evaluation of this plant by its use in human medicine for the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers. The acute gastric ulcer’s models were: acute gastric ulcers induced by ethanol; indomethacin; pyloric ligation; stress and immobility in cool in mice. The antisecretor effect of the extract was evaluated by pyloric ligation model. Other pharmacological tests were planned with the freeze - dried extract of R. mangle, as part of the evaluation on other systems to known secondary or adverse effects. These tests included the activity of the antiulcer active extract on intestinal transit, activity over arterial pressure, ileum activity and absorption of glucose in gut. The chemical profile of this extract by fatty acids was studied by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Some toxicological studies (genotoxicity) were carried out. The aqueous extract of R. mangle bark showed gastroprotective, antisecretor effects, and it induced a recovery of PGE2 levels in doses-dependence manner comparable of knowledge antiulcerogenic medicaments. No effect was observed by arterial pressure in rats and the intestinal transit was inhibited by R. mangle. The intestinal motility was stimulated. Antiulcer active extract inhibit the glucose absoprtion in gut. This extract presented 4% of saturated and not saturated long chain’s fatty acids (C10:0 at C24:0). No toxicological signs were obtained by this extract.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Rhizophora mangle L., antiulcer, intestinal transit, arterial pressure, ileum activity, absorption of gluocose in gut, chemical composition, genotoxicology.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Acylated triterpenoidal saponins and cytokinins from Gleditsia aquatica

Ehab A. Ragab*, Mohammed Hosny, Hazem A. Kadry and Hassan A. Ammar

Abstract: Two new bisdesmosidic triterpenoidal saponins acylated with one and two monoterpenoid units; aquaticoside A and B (1 and 2), two new cytokinins, aquaticine A and B (3 and 4), and one known cytokinin; adenosine (5), were isolated from the fruits of Gleditsia aquatica. Their structures were established by means of extensive 1D and 2D NMR studies and chemical degradation. Cytotoxicities (ED50) of various extracts and isolated pure saponins (1 and 2), were measured against various tumor cell lines. The isolated pure saponins (1 and 2), showed the most potent cytotoxicities with ovary adenocarcinoma (MDAH 2774, NIH: OVCAR-3), uterus mesodermal tumor (SK-UT-1), skin malignant melanoma (G-361) and colon colorectal adenocarcinoma (LS 174 T) cell lines.[...] Read More.

Keywords: NMR, acylated triterpenoidal saponins, cytokinins, Gleditsia aquatica.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

TLC phytochemical screening in some Nigerian Loranthaceae

O. M. Wahab, A. E. Ayodele* and J. O. Moody

Abstract: The phytochemical screening of specimens of the family Loranthaceae collected from the field was carried out with a view to ascertaining chemical constituents present and determining their importance in the taxonomic delimitation of the taxa. Thirty field collections from various localities were screened for secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, anthraquinones, terpenoids and ketones using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Most of the samples tested slightly positive for alkaloids, anthraquinone-related compounds, terpenoids and terpenoid-related compounds but ketonic compounds were of rare occurrence in all the samples. The chemical profile was useful in separating the collections of Phragmanthera from the other two genera while the collections of Globimetula were found embedded in Tapinanthus. The secondary metabolites obtained however showed the relative affinity of the Nigerian species of Tapinanthus. It is concluded that chemical characters may only be used as supporting evidence in the identification and delimitation of the taxa.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Loranthaceae, mistletoes, Nigeria, taxonomy, phytochemistry.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Physico-chemical analysis of XIMENIA AMERICANA.L seed oil and structure elucidation of some chemical constituents of its seed oil and fruit pulp

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: In this study, fixed oil was extracted from the seeds of XIMENIA AMERICANA. The study covered the percentage yield, physical and chemical properties of the extracted oil. The highest oil obtained was 51% w/v. The physical properties of the oil were found to be reactive index (1.477), density (0.9376 g/ml), boiling point (157°C) and viscosity 42 at 70°C and 227.58 at 25°C. The chemical properties of the oil were : iodine value (47.59), acid value (0.2805), peroxide value (30), saponification value (11.43), ester value (9.82), and the ratio value (35.009). The molecular weight of the major component of the oil was 604. The major component of the oil (C40H76O3) was identified as methyl-14,14- dimethyl – 18-hydroxy heptatriacont-27,35-dienoate [CH3OCO(CH2)12C(CH3)2(CH2)3CHOH(CH2)8CH=CH(CH2)6CH=CHCH3]. A compound was isolated from the fruit pulp, and purified using column and thin layer chromatography, with a molecular weight of 578, molecular formula (C35H62O6) and was identified as dimethyl - 5- Methyl – 28,29 - dihydroxy dotriacont-3,14,26 - triendioate. These compounds were not reported before from X. AMERICANA seeds or fruit pulp[CH3OCOCH2CH=CHCH(CH3(CH2)8CH=CH(CH2)10CH=CH(CHOH)2(CH2)2COOCH3].[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ximenia americana, seeds, oil, fruit pulp.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

In vitro evidence of anti-infective activity of crude aqueous extract obtained by boiling ripe stem-bark of Bridelia ferruginea Benth

H. O. Dada-Adegbola*, O. A. Oluwatoba, O. E. Adebiyi and A. N. Odikagbue

Abstract: The prevalence of multiple antibiotics resistance has prompted efforts to explore for more efficacious antimicrobial agents. The extract obtained by boiling the bark of Bridelia ferruginea Benth. is used traditionally for treating oral thrush called ‘Efu’. For this reason the in-vitro effectiveness and range of activities of crude extract obtained by boiling, ripe-stem-bark of Bridelia ferruginea have been carried out. The extract was tested against various microorganisms collected from clinical specimens. Bacterial isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, and other Candida species were tested for susceptibility using 0.5 McFarland turbidity standards of pure isolates on Mueller Hinton agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar. Ditches of 6 mm diameter were made on the media and 0.1 mls (9 drops) of the extract was added to each. For bacterial isolates, 3 or 4 standard antibiotic discs were added for comparison. The zone of inhibition around the extract ranged between 10 - 24 mm in diameter for bacterial and 14 - 25 mm for Candida (fungus). These results led to validate the activity both for fungal and bacterial agents of the crude extract obtained by boiling of the ripe stem bark of B. ferruginea as used traditionally.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bridelia ferruginea, boiling, fresh, stem bark, Candida, bacteria.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Argyreia speciosa Linn. f. : Phytochemistry, pharmacognosy and pharmacological studies

Ashish J. Modi*, S. S. Khadabadi, U. A. Deokate, I. A. Farooqui, S. L. Deore and M. R. Gangwani

Abstract: Many herbal remedies have been employed in various medical systems for the treatment and management of different diseases. The plant, Argyreia speciosa Linn. f. (Syn: Argyreia nervosa) belongs to family convolvulaceae has been used in different system of traditional medication for the treatment of diseases and ailments of human beings. It is reported to contain various alkaloids, glycosides, falconoid glycoside and steroids. It has been reported as antimicrobial, antidiarrhoeal, hepatoprotective, nootropic, anticonvulsant, central nervous system, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, nematicidal, aphordiasic, immunomodulatory, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Many isolated constituents from A. speciosa lack the reports of pharmacological activities, which support its further pharmacological studies.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Argyreia speciosa, pharmacognosy, pharmacology, traditional uses.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Pharmacognostic study of male leaves of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. with special emphasis on microscopic technique

Saurabh Singh, Lalit Machawal* and M. G. Chauhan

Abstract: Today sophisticated modern research tools for evaluation of the plant drugs are available but microscopic method is one of the simplest and cheapest methods to start with for establishing the correct identity of the source materials. Pharmacognostic investigation of the fresh, powdered and anatomical sections of the leaves of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. was carried out to determine its macro-and microscopical characters and also some of its physical constants. Externally, the leaves possess a cordate base, a sinuate and dentate margin, acute to acuminate apex and both surfaces are very rough with rigid hairs surface. Internally, its shows the presences of an anomocytic stomata, unicellular, both glandular and simple covering trichomes are scattered as such throughout or attached with the cells of the epidermis. Majority of the glandular trichomes are with 4 to 5 celled uniseriate stalk and unicellular head very few are short and with uni- to bi-cellular stalk and uni- to multi-cellular head especially from that of petiole region. Simple covering multicellular uniseriate thick walled trichomes are of various sizes and usually of the cells of both simple and glandular trichomes are often embedded with cystolith. Phytochemical studies of the powdered leaves revealed the presences of alkaloids, resins, glycosides, flavonides and some carbohydrates. The pharmacognostic profile of the leaves will assist in standardization for quality, purity and sample identification.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Trichosanthes dioica, pharmacognostic standardization, male leaf morphology.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Hypotensive effects of 3, 4- dihydroxybenzyaldehyde isolated from the stem bark of Musanga cecropioides

B.A. Ayinde*, E.K.I. Omogbai and D.N. Onwukaeme

Abstract: Previous works on the stem bark of Musanga cecropioides R. Brown (Moraceae) reported the hypotensive effects of aqueous extract at 10 - 40 mg/kg. This present work was carried out to examine the hypotensive effects of 3, 4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde isolated from the stem bark. Using pentobabitone sodium anaesthetized normotensive rabbits; the effects of the compound on blood pressure were tested at doses of 2.5 - 10 mg/kg. Also, the probable mechanism of action of the compound was examined using atropine, promethazine and the direct effect of the compound on isolated heart. At 2.5 mg/kg, the compound lowered the arterial blood pressure by 12.61 ± 2.45 mmHg. The blood pressure was further lowered by 17.88 ± 0.73 mmHg at 10 mg/kg. The hypotensive effect of the compound was observed to be unaffected by prior administration of either atropine (0.5 mg/kg) or promethazine (0.25 mg/kg). Similar to the mechanism of action of the crude aqueous extract, 3, 4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde induced negative inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart as it dose-dependently reduced the force and rate of contractions of the heart from 0.5 - 2 mg/ml. The reductions observed at 1 mg/ml were effectively reversed by 10 g/ml adrenaline. However, the effects of 2 mg/ml were not reversed by administration of the adrenaline. The compound seems to be one of the constituents responsible for the hypotensive effect of the aqueous extract of M. cecropioides stem bark earlier reported.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Hypotensive effects, Musanga cecropioides, stem bark, 3, 4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Rivea hypocrateriformis

M. R. Brahmbhatt*, J. M. Patel , V. B. Patel and A. K. Saluja

Abstract: The ethanolic extract of the leaves of Rivea hypocrateriformis obtained by soxhlet extraction method was evaluated for analgesic action by Radiant Heat Tail Flick method and was tested for anti-inflammatory action by carrageenan induced paw edema. The ethanolic extract in doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg of Body weight showed 64.83 and 100% inhibition of paw edema, respectively at the end of three hours compared to that of standard Ibuprofen (87.04%). In the Radiant Heat Tail Flick model, the ethanolic extract at high dose 400 mg/kg of Body weight increased the pain threshold significantly after 30 min, 1, 2 and 4 h of administration. The ethanolic extract showed dose-dependent action in all the experimental models. The results were analyzed for statistical significance using two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnel’s test. A P value < 0.05 is considered significant.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Carrageenan induced paw edema, ethanolic extract Rivea hypocrateriformis, Tail flick method.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Chemical composition and antioxidant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic activities of the essential oil of Thymus Fallax Fisch. Mey

Ismihan Goze*, Ahmet Alim, Senay Akkus Cetinus, Nedim Durmus, Nilufer Vural and Hamdi Murat Goze

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate radical scavenging, antimicrobial and antiospasmodic activities in vitro and the composition of Thymus fallax Fisch. Mey. (labiatte) essential oil. The oil of T. fallax was analyzed by the GS-MS method. The sample was subjected to screening for possible antioxidant activity by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and -carotene-linoleic acid assays. Antimicrobial activities of the essential oil were determined on 9 micro-organisms using the agar-disc diffusion method. In rat ileum, direct effect of T. fallax essential oil was investigated on spontaneous contractions. GS/MS analysis of the oil resulted in the identification of 18 compounds, representing 92.41% of the oil; carvacrol (46.15%) was the main component. The essential oil exhibited strong antioxidant activity. It has antimicrobial activity on 8 of 9 microorganisms using the agar-disc diffusion method. T. fallax oil exhibited spontaneous contractions in rat ileum at 100% level at 0.1 mg/mL level. The essential oil of T. fallax has a strong antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antispazmodic activities as studied in our laboratory settings. T. fallax may therefore be regarded as a resourceful plant that can be used in the pharmaceutical and food industries.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Thymus fallax, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-spazmodic activity.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Total phenolics and antioxidant activity of Tridax procumbens Linn.

J. D. Habila*, I. A. Bello, A. A. Dzikwi, H. Musa and N. Abubakar

Abstract: Traditional medicinal plant, Tridax procumbens was analyzed for reducing power ability as an antioxidant using the 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and for total phenolics using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The results of the analysis show that T. procumbens has a percentage antioxidant activity (AA %) of 96.70 which was observed to be higher than those of gallic (92.92%) and ascorbic acids (94.81%) used as standards. The reductive potential determination shows that T. procumbens has a very significant reductive potential of 0.89 nm at the same concentration with gallic acid whose reductive potential was 0.99 nm. The total phenolic determination shows that T. procumbens has a phenolic content of 12 mg/g GAE. The results of this analysis revealed the fact that plants are rich sources of natural antioxidant.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antioxidant activity, DPPH, Folin-Ciocalteu, medicinal plants, Tridax procumbens.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Review

Cosmeceuticals: A review

Bello Shaibu Oricha

Abstract: Cosmeceuticals are the latest addition to the health industry and are described as cosmetic products with drug-like activities. The term cosmeceutical was coined by Kilgman but these lines of product became popular in 1996 and have an expanding market that has rapidly reached Africa. Many scientists and health consumers in Africa may not be conversant with this line of products. They may therefore, be under-researched or over-utilized. This paper is to briefly, expand the recent knowledge about cosmeceuticals.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Kilgman, cosmeceuticals, health industry.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Comparing different sedation medications using generalized estimating equations approach

M. A. Cengiz*, T. enel, Y. Terzi, N. Murat and N. Sava

Abstract: Generalized estimating equations (GEE) provide an applicable approach to modelling repeated and clustered data that are often encountered in medical application. This approach is very useful especially when response variables are correlated and categorical, covariates are time-depended, there are a large number explanatory variables and missing data. In this study, using this approach we focus on modelling repeated sedation measurements obtained during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computerized tomography (CT) for children.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Sedation, midazolam, generalized linear models.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the methanol seed extract of Carica papaya in mice and rats

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The methanol seed extract of Carica papaya (CPE) was investigated for antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in mice and rats. The brine shrimp lethality test of the extract showed LC50 of 106.94 ppm at 95% confidence interval. The extract (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (p < 0.05) increased pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time by more than 280% compared with the control. Like pethidine (9.1 mg/kg, i.p.), CPE (10 and 20 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the paw licking time in early (0 - 5 min) and late (25 - 30 min) phases of formalin-induced nociception. This antinociceptive effect was more in the late phase than early phase. Also, CP (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the number of acetic acid-induced abdominal contortions by 25, 60, and 64%, respectively. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg, p.o.), CPE (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, p.o.) showed a typical biphasic anti- inflammatory effect in carrageenin-induced paw oedema in rats. The anti-inflammatory effect though moderate, was dose-dependent and higher in 2 h than 4 h after administration of the phlogistic agent. In conclusion, CPE contains potent bioactive compounds (alkaloids, flavonoids and polyphenols) which showed antinociceptive effect probably mediated centrally and peripherally; and also involving mild anti-inflammatory mechanisms.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Carica papaya, brine shrimps, antinociception, anti-inflammatory.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of light irradiation on the antimicrobial activity of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (lam) methanolic extract

Olayemi Modupe Adegbolagun* and Oluwasola Omotayo Olukemi

Abstract: The effect of light irradiation on the antibacterial potentials of methanol root extracts of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Linn) was evaluated against some clinical isolates of gram-positive and gram -negative microorganisms using the agar diffusion methossd. The methanol extracts were exposed to three different sources of radiations: sunlight (28 days), tungsten lamp (72 h) and photoreactor (1 h, 365 nm) after which their antibacterial activity was determined. The colour of the extract monitored by colour visualization and TLC revealed significant colour changes for each treatment; yellow to very light yellow (sunlight and tungsten) while the photoreactor irradiated sample did not show appreciable colour change. The antibacterial activity of the extracts generally reduces significantly (p < 0.05) after exposure to the varied radiations. The results in this study indicate a possible compromise of the antimicrobial quality of herbal preparations containing Z. zanthoxyloides; this highlights the need for appropriate storage of such herbal products.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, radiation, antimicrobial activity, herbal products.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Plasmid DNA analysis and conjugative study of antibiotic resistant Salmonella typhi and paratyphi to ten selected antibiotics in Zaria, Nigeria

Adeshina Gbonjubola Olusesan*, Osuagwu Nonyelum, Okeke Claire-Lorentz Ebere and Ehinmidu Joseph Olorunmola

Abstract: The antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi isolates to ten selected antibiotics, plasmid DNA profiles and conjugative ability in Zaria, Nigeria were investigated. Blood samples collected from presumptive typhoid fever patients in the different locations were cultured for Salmonella species and identified by standard procedures. Susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory concentration determination were performed using appropriate microbiological methods. Conjugative experiment was carried out with multiple antibiotics resistant isolates of Salmonella species. The resistant test bacteria strains were subjected to DNA isolation and characterization. Susceptibility study of test bacteria to ten selected antibiotics showed high percentage resistance to nine antibiotics such as Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Augumentin, Chloramphenicol, Co -trimoxazole, gentamicin, Nitrofurantoin and Tetracycline (40 - 100%). Antibiotics resistance profile of S. paratyphi isolates were observed to be considerably higher than S. typhi isolates. The result of conjugation studies of multiple antibiotics resistant Salmonella species with Ofloxacin sensitive Escherichia coli ATCC 25722 showed that eight of the 18 Ofloxacin resistant Salmonella species isolates possess transferable resistant trait. The multiple antibiotics resistant (MAR) of test bacteria showed transferable plasmid sizes of 23.13 and 0.145 kb conferring resistance to the ten selected antibiotics. The findings from the plasmid analysis showed that the antibiotic sensitive S. typhi strains could acquire the R-plasmid from any resistant enteric bacteria such as E. coli, to undergo a suitable adaptation for survival in the changing antibiotic environment.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Plasmid, antibiotics, resistance, Salmonella species.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Challenges of DOTS implementation strategy in the treatment of tuberculosis in a tertiary health institution, Ilorin, Nigeria

S. I. Bello

Abstract: Despite the fact that Directly Observed Treatment Strategy (DOTS) short course has recorded significant improvement in the tuberculosis (TB) disease detection, treatment and control in Nigeria, neither the set target for the TB detection rate nor the cure rate has been achieved nationwide, as several challenges detract its effective implementation. The objective of this study was to examine the challenges of DOTS implementation strategies in the treatment of TB patients with the view to determine factors militating against its effective implementation. Majority (75.3%) of the patients were within the age bracket of 16 - 45 years, while half (52.8%) of the patients that received proper counseling on medication at the hospital did not adhere to anti-TB drug dosage regimen. However, dark urine features prominently (72.1%) as side effects of anti-TB drugs among the patients followed by nausea and vomiting (25.4%), impaired vision (1.8%) and yellowish eyes (0.7%). There is a positive effect of finance on the TB patients and only very few patients could afford to purchase anti-TB drugs during stock-out due to financial constraints. Patients’ defaulted rates were 22.3 and 14% among the males and females respectively. Low treatment failure rates of 7.2 and 7.9% were also recorded in both men and women respectively. For effective DOTS strategy in eliminating TB nationwide, there is dire need for holistic approach in reaching all the patients with high-quality health care services even in the remote areas. Also, literacy level and social economic status of Nigerian citizens should be improved to enhance effective DOTS implementation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Tuberculosis treatment, DOTs strategy, Nigeria.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Evaluation of the antidiarrhoeal effect of Lannea welwitschii Hiern (Anacardiaceae) bark extract

Amole Olufemi Olatokunboh*, Salahdeen Hussein Mofomosara and Onyeahialam Anthony Ekene

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance encompasses the aqueous bark extract of Lannea welwitschii (Hiern), LW is used in Traditional African Medicine (TAM) for the treatment of diarrhea. However, the scientific basis for this usage has not been established. To evaluate the antidiarrhoel activity of LW using various pharmacological methods. The intestinal transit, castor oil induced diarrhea, enteropooling and gastric emptying methods were used in this study. LW (50 - 400 mg/kg per oral (p.o)) produced significant (P < 0.05) dose dependant reduction in propulsive movement in both the normal and castor oil induced intestinal transit tests in mice. Peak effect was elicited at 200 mg/kg but this effect was lower than that produced by morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c). The effect of LW on castor oil induced intestinal transit was antagonized by isosorbide dinitrate, IDN (150 mg/kg, P.O.), but not by yohimbine (1 mg/kg s.c.) LW produced a significant decrease in the frequency of defecation, severity of diarrhea and protection from diarrhea in mice treated with castor oil. Also, LW at the dose of 400 mg/kg, significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the castor oil induced intraluminal fluid content. The acute toxicity tests carried out showed a well tolerated effect of the drug via the oral route, a dose of 20 g/kg produced no death in the animals. The LD50 was 631 mg/kg given i.p. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones and reducing sugars. The results obtained in this study suggest that the aqueous bark extract of L. welwitschii possesses antidiarrhoel property due to inhibition of gastrointestinal propulsion and fluid secretion possibly mediated through inhibition of the nitric oxide pathway. This justifies the use of the plant extract in TAM for the treatment of diarrhea.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lannea welwitschii, diarrhea, antidiarrhoeal activity, intestinal transit, enteropooling, gastric emptying.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Biological activity of progesterone-dihydropyridimidine derivative on perfusion pressure and coronary resistance in isolated rat heart

Figueroa Valverde Lauro*, Guillermo Ceballos-Reyes, Francisco Díaz-Cedillo, Abelardo Camacho-Luis, Maria López Ramos and G. Maldonado-Velazquez

Abstract: Experimental studies suggest that progesterone can regulate blood pressure. Nevertheless, there is scarce information about the effects of progesterone and its derivatives at cardiovascular level. In addition, to date the cellular site and mechanism of action of progesterone at cardiovascular level is also unclear. In order, to clarify on those phenomena, we evaluated the effects of progesterone and progesterone-dihydropyridimidine derivative on perfusion pressure in isolated rat heart using Langendorff flow model. Our results demonstrated that progesterone- derivative at a concentration of 10-9 mM, significantly increase the perfusion pressure (p = 0.006) and coronary resistance (p = 0.005) in isolated heart. The activity exerted by progesterone-dihydropyridimidine derivative on perfusion pressure [10-9 to 10-4 mM] was blocked in presence of indomethacin [10-6 mM] and PINANE TXA2 [10-6 mM]. These data suggest that activity induced by progesterone-derivative on perfusion pressure and coronary resistance involves the thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthesis and secretion.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Progesterone-dihydropyridimidine derivative, Langendorff, perfusion pressure.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effects of corn peptides on exercise tolerance, free radical metabolism in liver and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity of mice

Fusheng Miao*, Wenqian Yu, Yaoguang Wang, Meijuan Wang, Xiangyan Liu and Fenglin Li

Abstract: In order to carry out research on the effects of corn peptides on exercise tolerance, free radical metabolism in liver and serum Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activity of mice, sixty Kun-Ming male mice were randomly divided into two experimental groups, that is , Group (20 mice) and Group (40 mice). Group was a quiet group in which the mice were not trained; Group was a trained group in which the mice were trained. Either group was divided into control group and administered group. The control groups were administered with 1.5 ml distilled water by gavage every morning. The administered groups were administered with 1.50% corn peptides solution at the same dose for 28 days. The trained groups were trained to swim for 4 weeks and then were forced to swim without a load until being exhausted. The time of swimming to exhaustion and the Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Malondialdehyde (MDA) of liver and serum GPT were measured. The results indicated that corn peptides could significantly increase the body exercise tolerance, have a potent function of anti-lipid peroxidation injury and could reduce the body damage caused by endogenous free radicals produced in the movement. In addition, corn peptides had obvious protective effects on the body's liver cell membrane.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Corn peptide, exercise tolerance, free radicals, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Efficacy and safety of long-acting risperidone on early onset schizophrenia in adolescent patients

Liming Ruan, Shaohua Hu, Manli Huang, Jianpo Hu and Wei Cai*

Abstract: The present study is aimed at evaluating the efficacy and safety of long-acting risperidone on early onset schizophrenia in adolescent patients. A total of 31 adolescent patients (13 - 18 years) with schizophrenia met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for schizophrenia and their symptoms were stable when orally taking risperidone or olanzapine. They were admitted into a 24 week, open-label study on the long-acting risperidone. Risperidone was administered every 2 weeks at a dose of 25, 37.5 and up to a maximum dose of 50 mg. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) and the Extrapyramidal symptom rating scale (ESRS) were used to assess the improvement in the symptoms. Improvements in the symptoms of schizophrenia occurred in patients treated with long-acting risperidone at week 6 and continued throughout the study with significant reduction in total PANSS score at week 24 ( -4.2 ± 0.2, P < 0.01). At the same time, 51.6% of patients were rated as clinical improvement at the end of study. Among these 31 cases, the most frequently reported adverse events were depression (12.9%), anxiety (9.7%), headache (9.7%) and insomnia (6.4%). ESRS scores were reduced during the treatment with long-acting risperidone. The mean decrease in serum prolactin and body weight was 13.1 ng/ml and 4.5 kg, respectively. Intramuscular administration of long-acting risperidone was safe and well tolerated in adolescent patients. Long-acting risperidone also could improve the symptoms of schizophrenia in adolescent patients.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Long-acting risperidone, early onset schizophrenia, oral risperidone, olanzapine, adolescents.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of crude and fractionated extracts of Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC. (Cactaceae)

K. S. Sim, A. M. Sri Nurestri * and A. W. Norhanom

Abstract: The total phenolic content of the extracts of Pereskia bleo were assessed by the Folin-Ciocalteau’s method while the antioxidant activities were determined by three different assays, namely scavenging activity on 1,1- diphenyl-2 -picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, reducing power assay and ß-carotene method. In the present study, the ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest total phenolic content (40.12 mg of GAEs/g of extract) and showed the strongest antioxidant activity in the ß -carotene bleaching assay significantly. Whilst, the hexane extract showed significantly the highest antioxidant activity when determined by scavenging effect on DPPH radicals (EC50 210 µg/ml) and the reducing power assay.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Pereskia bleo, Cactaceae, antioxidant activity, phenolic content.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Safety research on community pharmacies in Kocaeli

Ozlem Nazan Erdogan* and Safiye Kaya

Abstract: The aim of this research was to understand the precautionary measures of pharmacies in terms of safety issues of service. There are 322 community pharmacies in Kocaeli. Cluster sampling was used to select the community pharmacies included into the study. Four of eight regions were selected to this end. Throughout December 2005, face-to-face questionnaires were administered in 156 of 247 community pharmacists in four regions. Two thirds of community pharmacists (33.3%) have described the service area as unsafe. Eighty-eight (88) pharmacists who had inadequate safety measures in their pharmacy indicated 122 reasons. Cost accounted for 64% of these reasons, lack of necessary regulations for 31%, lack of managerial direction for 21%. Pharmacists who had not experienced any threat to security of life and property (n = 47, 40.2%) used a higher ratio of new technology methods (safety measures alarm systems to inform the police and private security firms, sensors on windows and doors, digital video recording systems). Traditional safety measures taken by pharmacists were cameras, window-guards, guns and other objects used as weapons (such as metal bars) and never being alone on night duty. 64% of pharmacists explained their safety measures against earthquake as fixing shelves to the wall. It is understood that in 56% of community pharmacies, there was no provision made for drugs which need to be kept cold during power outages. Thus, In-services needs have to be made and provided for pharmacist regarding safety issues.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Safety, management, security system, community pharmacy, drug.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Synthesis and antimicrobial screening of peptidyl derivatives of bromocoumarins/methylimidazoles

Rajiv Dahiya*, Rita Mourya and Subhash Chand Agrawal

Abstract: In this investigation, it was of interest to synthesize novel series of peptide analogs of 3-bromocoumarins and 2-methylimidazoles. Substituted coumarinyl-oxyacetic acids 1, 2 were synthesized by alkylation of corresponding hydroxycoumarins with chloroacetic acid. The imidazolyl derivatives 13, 14 were prepared by interaction of 2-methylimidazole with substituted/unsubstituted anthranilic acids. Coupling of compounds 1, 2, 13 and 14 with different amino acid methyl ester hydrochlorides, dipeptide, tripeptide and tetrapeptide methyl esters afforded novel coumarino/imidazolopeptide derivatives 3-10 and 15-22. Selected peptide ester derivatives were further hydrolyzed by using lithium hydroxide to afford corresponding acid derivatives 11, 12 and 23, 24. The antibacterial and antifungal effects of synthesized peptide derivatives were studied against eight pathogenic microbes. Among the tested compounds, 19, 22 and its hydrolyzed analog 24 exhibited good antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum audouinii, and compounds 8, 10 and 12 displayed good antifungal activity against Candida albicans with minimum inhibitory concentration of 6.25 g/ml.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bromocoumarin, methylimidazole, anthranilic acid, peptide coupling, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Gastroprotective effect of Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats

Mahmood Ameen Abdulla*, Khaled Abdul-Aziz Ahmed, Fouad Hussain AL-Bayaty and Yaghma Masood

Abstract: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the gastroprotective activity of the Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Six groups of Wistar rats were pre-treated, respectively, with distilled water; omeprazole 20 mg/kg; and 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg P. niruri leaf extract 30 min before oral administration of absolute ethanol to generate gastric mucosal injury. After one hour later, the rats were sacrificed and the ulcer areas of the gastric walls were determined. Gross evaluation has revealed that the negative control rats exhibited severe mucosal injury, whereas, pre-treatment with P. niruri leaf extract resulted in significantly less gastric mucosal injury and flattening of the mucosal folds. Histological studies of the gastric wall revealed that negative control rats suffered very severe damage of gastric mucosa, along with edema and leucocytes infiltration of the submucosal layer compared to rats pre-treated with P. niruri leaf extract where there was marked gastric protection along with reduction or inhibition of edema and leucocytes infiltration of the submucosa. The present finding suggests that P. niruri leaf extract promotes ulcer protection as ascertained by the comparative decreases in ulcer areas, inhibition or reduction of edema and leukocyte infiltration of the submucosa.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Phyllanthus niruri, rat, gastroprotection, ulcer.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Anti-helicobacter pylori and protective effects of aqueous Fumaria vaillantii L extract in pylorus -ligated, indomethacin- and toxic-induced ulcers in rats

Rifat-uz-Zaman* and Attiq-ur-Rehman

Abstract: This paper evaluated anti-ulcer, anti-secretory and anti-helicobacter pylori effects of folkloric medicinal plant, Fumaria vaillantii L, in rats. Different toxic agents; ethanol (80%), NaOH (0.2 mol/L), NaCl (25%) and indomethacin (30 mg/kg, body weight) were used to produce acute gastric ulceration in rats. Anti-secretory studies were undertaken by using pylorus-ligation, Shay rat technique. F. vaillantii L aqueous extract (Aq-FV) was used in three doses (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg bodyweight). Aq-FV was further tested for anti-H. pylori activity. Extract significantly attenuated gastric mucosal damage induced by toxic agents and indomethacin in rats. Aq-FV restored partially mucus secretion in indomethacin model. In pylorus-ligated rats, Aq-FV significantly reduced the basal gastric acid secretion, acidity and ulceration. Aq-FV possesses significant and more potent anti- ulcer and cytoprotective activities against experimentally-induced gastric ulcers in comparison to Omeprazole. Extract showed significant but less potent anti-H. pylori activity in comparison to Clarithromycin. Evaluation agreed with the folkloric use of F. vaillantii L as anti-ulcer and anti-secretory tool.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Fumaria vaillantii L, cytoprotection, gastric ulcer, gastric secretion, gastric wall mucus, anti-helicobacter pylori.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Identification and spectrophometric determination of hydroquinone levels in some cosmetic creams

P. O. Odumosu* and T. O. Ekwe

Abstract: Hydroquinone, a dihydroxylated benzene derivative is used therapeutically as a topical agent for the treatment of certain skin conditions. Ten (10) cosmetic creams containing hydroquinone were randomly sampled based on consumer demand from the open market in Jos, Plateau State. The labels on the packages noticeably did not indicate the levels of hydroquinone present. The creams were subjected to colour and chromatographic test for identification, as well as assay by UV spectrophotometry. All ten (10) creams sampled, gave positive results to the test for hydroquinone. The level of hydroquinone was below 2% for seven of the creams, between 2 - 5% for two and above 5% for one. (The upper limit for cosmetic creams is 2 and 5% for therapeutic use). This study shows that despite the potential health hazards of hydroquinone, cosmetic products containing this agent are available for sale in the open market with inadequate warning on the labels.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Spectrophotometric analysis, hydroquinone, cosmetics.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Evaluation of response to loading doses of clopidogrel therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

Kheria Saade, *Manal El-Hamamsy, Mona Hamdy, Ahmed Magdy Mohamed

Abstract: Clopidogrel resistance plays a key role in ischemic recurrence after Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The cytochrome P450 (CYP)–dependent conversion of Clopidogrel to its active metabolite may contribute to the variability in antiplatelet effect of Clopidogrel. To evaluate the response to 600 mg Clopidogrel loading dose versus 300 mg loading dose in patients undergo PCI. A total of 51 patients categorized to two groups: Group I consisted of 11 males (64.7%) and 6 females (35.3%) received 300 mg loading does, while Group II consisted of 28 males (82.4%) and 6 females (17.6%) received 600 mg Clopidogrel loading does. Detection of Clopidogrel response was assessed by measuring of the platelet aggregation percentage and CYP2C19 *2 assay in both groups. Clopidogrel resistance was defined by an arbitrary cut off value of ˂10% with respect definition as compared to control value. The percentage of Clopidogrel response among the studied patients was 29.2% for 300 mg Clopidogrel and 70.8% for 6oo mg Clopidogrel loading dose. In non or poor response to Clopidogrel group 10 patients (37%), were resistance to 300mg dose and 17 patients (63%) were resistance to 600mg Clopidogrel dose. Clopidogrel resistance groups were more likely have CYP2C19 genotype (CYP2C19*1.CYP2C19*2) (GA). There were highly significant association between good response group, non and poor response groups as regarding to genotype CYP2C19*1, CYP2C19*1 (GG) carriers and CYP2C19*1, CYP2C19*2 (GA) carriers. Platelet aggregation after 600mg Clopidogrel in both CYP2C19*1, CYP2C19*1 (GG) carriers and CYP2C19*1, CYP2C19*2(GA) carriers is statistically non significant with basal aggregation, before PCI and after PCI, while significant with day after PCI and highly significant with inhibition percentage before PCI. Platelet aggregation after 300mg Clopidogrel in both CYP2C19*1, CYP2C19*1 (GG) carriers and CYP2C19*1, CYP2C19*2(GA) carries is a statistically non significant with basal aggregation, before PCI, day after PCI, and after PCI, while significant with inhibition percentage before PCI. There was no variable individual response to the anti platelet effect of the standard dose (300mg) and higher loading dose (600mg) Clopidogrel therapy, but a variable individual response to Clopidogrel between patients carries CYP2C19*1.CYP2C19*2 (GA) genotype and carries CYP2C19*1.CYP2C19*1 (GG) genotype. Keywords: Clopidogrel, loading dose, cardiology, clinical pharmacy[...] Read More.

Keywords: Clopidogrel, loading dose, cardiology, clinical pharmacy

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Pharmacological justification for the ethnomedical use of Datura Stramonium stem-bark extract in treatment of diseases caused by some pathogenic bacteria

M. H. Shagal*, U.U. Modibbo, and A. B. Liman

Abstract: Phytochermical screening and antimicrobial activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extract of the stem-bark of Datura stramonium was carried out. The extraction with the two solvents (water and ethanol) was carried out at room temperature. The phytochemical investigations include saponins, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and glycosides. The antimicrobial activity was investigation on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella spp, Eschericia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Neisseria gonorrhea. The results revealed the presence of saponins, steroids, alkaloids, and glycosides in both the extracts. Flavonoid was present only in the ethanol extract. The antimicrobial activity revealed that ethanolic extract showed more antibacterial activity than the aqueous extract. It showed some activities against all the tested bacteria except Neisseria gonorrhea. The aqueous extract only showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Keywords: Datura stramonium, alkaloids, Microbes, antimicrobial activity, ethanolphytochemical screening.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Datura stramonium, alkaloids, Microbes, antimicrobial activity, ethanolphytochemical screening.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of ethanolic extract of ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE leaves on haematological and biochemical parameters of albino rats

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Medicinal plants are used in the treatment and management of most diseases worldwide. One of such diseases is diabetes. It is a metabolic disorder characterized by lack of insulin or inadequate supply of insulin. It affects one quarter of the world’s population as reported by World Health Organization. ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE parts are used in the management of diabetes hence the need to study its effect on the biochemical and haematological parameters. The ethanolic extract of A. OCCIDENTALE leaves at 2000, 4000 and 6000mg/kg B.W were administered on albino rats for a period of 42 days (i.e. 6 weeks) and haematological and biochemical parameters investigated. The packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cell values fluctuated during the study period. However, there was no significant difference compared to the control. There was initial increase in white blood cell values for all the groups but fluctuated for the remaining period of study. The liver enzymes (ALT and AST) and protein levels significantly decreased. However, the creatinine and urea levels increased during the study period. The results indicate that A. OCCIDENTALE leaves at doses examined had significant (P[...] Read More.

Keywords:

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Screening of Annona squamosa extracts for antibacterial activity against some respiratory tract isolates

*M. Yusha’u, D. W. Taura, B. Bello, N. Abdullahi

Abstract: Annona squamosa (L.) leaves were extracted with ethanol using percolation method and the extract obtained was partitioned in chloroform and distilled water at a ratio of 1:1 using 30ml volume. The extract and fractions were tested for antibacterial activity against clinical respiratory tract isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus species, Pseudomonas species, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and α-haemolytic Streptococci using disc diffusion and micro-broth dilution techniques. The extract and fractions were also screened for the presence of plant secondary metabolites using standard procedures. Sensitivity test results showed that water fraction of the plant was active on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae (10 mm) at 50µg/disc concentration while ethanolic extract of the plant was active against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Proteus species at 200µg/disc concentration with zone diameter formed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (11 mm) being wider than that formed in response to standard Augmentin disc (06 mm). The results of phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, reducing sugars, steroids and tannins in either the ethanolic extract, fraction(s) or both. Keywords: Screening, Annona squamosa, Extracts, Biological activity, Disc diffusion, Broth dilution, Bacteria, Clinical isolates, Secondary metabolites.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Screening, Annona squamosa, Extracts, Biological activity, Disc diffusion, Broth dilution, Bacteria, Clinical isolates, Secondary metabolites.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Testicular toxicity of B-success herbal supplement in male albino rats

Ejeatuluchukwu Obi, Afonne Onyenmechi Johnson, Orish .E. Orisakwe*

Abstract: The effects of B success, a herbal supplement on the reproductive organs of male albino rats were investigated. The herbal product was given orally to three dose groups of five male rats each, namely 315, 630, 945mg/kg/body weight (b.w) for 90 days and were fed AD LIBITUM with rat chow, the control group received only deionised water. Afterwards, the rats were bled-sacrificed. The testes were excised and weighed, and their protein and DNA determined. Also epididymal sperm count (ESC), testosterone and lead in blood were determined. There was a significant decrease (p≤ 0.05) in absolute and relative weights, DNA and protein levels of the testes, and in ESC and testosterone in all the treated animals when compared with the control. Testicular tissues of all the treated animals showed dose dependent spermatocytic arrest. The present work suggests that the high lead content of B Success herbal supplement may be responsible for the testicular toxicity of this herbal supplement.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Testis, lead, B Success, herbal supplement, spermatocyte, testicular toxicity.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antimicrobial activity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) oil against microbes of environmental, clinical and food origin

Bhoj Raj Singh*, Vidya Singh, Raj Karan Singh and N. Ebibeni

Abstract: Out of the 1114 strains belonging to 29 genera and 105 species of microbes (molds, yeasts and bacteria) isolated from different sources [clinical cases, environment (water, air, soil, droppings of lizards and birds), food and healthy animals], 38.2% were sensitive to lemongrass oil discs containing 50 µg oil/disc. All molds, yeasts, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Morganella morganii, most of the Bacillus spp. strains (84.3%), aeromonads (78%), Edwardsiella spp. (73.9%), 53.6% pseudomonads, 53.1% streptococci and 50% of Budvicia aquatica and Leminorella ghirmontii strains were sensitive to lemongrass oil (LGO). On the other hand, all Hafnea alvei, Laclercia adecarboxylata, Xenorhabdus luminescens and majority of Salmonella enterica (98.3%), Citrobacter spp. (93.7%), Providencia spp. and Kluyvera cryocrescens (83.3%), Enterobacter spp. (78.2%), Proteus spp. (78%), Escherichia spp. (77.7%), enterococci (73.7%), Serratia spp. (75%) and Erwinia ananas (75%), Pragia fontium (70.6%), staphylococci (69.8%) and Klebsiella spp. (62.7%) strains were resistant to LGO. MIC of LGO for sensitive strains (tested against discs containing 50 µg LGO) varied from 1 µg to 32 µg /ml while none of the resistant strains had MIC[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lemongrass oil, Antimicrobial activity, Microbes

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Review

Antitubercular drug discovery: the molecular modification as promise tool

Luiz Antonio Dutra, Thais Regina Ferreira de Melo, Chung Man Chin, Jean Leandro dos Santos

Abstract: Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by etiologic agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. “It has been reported that rates of incidence is increasing and each year around 8.9-9.9 million new cases are detected”. The current TB therapy presents several problems such as long-term therapy, drug resistance, no-compliance to therapy and few therapeutic sources to treat the disease. The discovery of new drugs safer and more efficient is urgent. The molecular modification is an important tool that allows discovering new compounds that can be win these challenges. In this work, we summarize the main strategies useful to obtain a new anti-tubercular drug. Keywords: Tuberculosis; antitubercular drugs; new drugs; molecular modification.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Tuberculosis; antitubercular drugs; new drugs; molecular modification.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Clinicopathologic and epithelial regression study in cutaneous warts of bovines infected by papillomavirus

Rachel Siqueira de Queiroz Simões Marins*; Prof. Carlos Eurico Pires Ferreira

Abstract: Multiple tumor samples were collected from 32 bovines (BOS TAURUS TAURUS x BOS TAURUS INDICUS), of both sexes, bearers of pedunculated cutaneous flat and/or mixed papillomatosis. The samples were fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin solution and submitted to histothecnique by inclusion in paraffin for hystopatologic analysis and used in the preparation of an autogenous inactivated vaccine for treatment. The objective of the present work is to show the clinical pathological finding and the classic cytomorphologic alterations associated with the infection of bovine papillomavirus and to accompany the epithelial lesion regression after three doses of vaccine. This vaccine program applied was effective not presenting any new injury in the 16 animals vaccined after the experimental period.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Inactivated autogenous vaccine associated with hemotherapy and application of Thuya occidentalis in the homeopathic treatment of canine oral papillomatosis - a case report

Dra. Rachel Siqueira de Queiroz Simões Marins*

Abstract: Oral mucosal tropism also has been documented in humans, canines, primates and wild mammals. The effectiveness of combined therapy has shown greater success in the treatment of cutaneous papillomatosis and oral mucosal lesions. Autogenous vaccine, homeopathy and immunotherapy have been employed in the treatment of the cutaneous lesions and oral mucosal papillomatosis in different species. In the present study, we reported about papillomavirus clinical infection in canines. Based in the clinical analysis, the surgical removal from warts lesions biopsies on the oral mucosal of the canines was carried out. Oral biopsy specimens were confirmed papilloma by the histological examination and the canines were treated by electrocautery. One of them, showed warts again and association of therapy was indicated. Inactivated autogenous vaccine derived from fresh warts, immunotherapy and homeopathy with Thuya occidentalis by orally was applied. The regression of warts was observed after the application of combined treatment and the animal presented no new injuries during the two years of monitoring the clinic case. Keywords: canine papillomavirus, oral mucosa lesions, homeopathy, hemotherapy, autogenous vaccine.[...] Read More.

Keywords: canine papillomavirus, oral mucosa lesions, homeopathy, hemotherapy, autogenous vaccine.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of crude extracts of blighia unijugata on histology of the liver and kidney of adult wistar rats

Aquaisua N. Aquaisua, Rosemary B. Bassey*, Bassey M. Ikpeme, Enobong I. Bassey

Abstract: Reports have been made that the ingestion of unripe Blighia sapida (ackee) fruits may be responsible for poisoning resulting in a substantial number of unexplained deaths. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Blighia unijugata, a sister specie of Blighia sapida on the histology of the liver and kidney. Twenty male rats were divided randomly into four groups of five rats each. Group 1, the control received daily oral dose of distilled water. Group 2, 3 and 4 were administered 424 mg/kg, 849 mg/kg and 1273 mg/kg of Blighia Unijugata respectively for 4 weeks. Phytochemical screening of Blighia Unijugata was done. Weekly body weight of the rats was taken throughout the duration of this experiment. The organs were processed for histology. The preliminary phytochemical screening of Blighia unijugata extract showed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinones. There was a statistically significant increase in the body weight of animals in control group and in the animals dosed with 849 mg/kg BU. No histopathological changes were observed in the liver and kidney when compared to control. Therefore, Blighia unijugata is not toxic to the liver and kidney of Wistar rats.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The effect of aqueous seed extract of persea americana (avocado pear) on serum lipid and cholesterol levels in rabbits

*Nwaoguikpe. R . N and Braide. W

Abstract: The research work focused on the effect of aqueous extract of the seed of Persea americana (Avocado) on the cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins levels in the blood of rabbits. A total of thirty rabbits were used of ten in each of groups A, B and C. Group A served as control. The test groups (B and C) were fed ad libitum with starter finish before and after administration of the extracts (w/w) by intubation. Two concentrations of the extracts of 100mg/kg body weight and 200mg/kg bodyweight were administered to groups B and C animals respectively. After two months of feeding, the animals were sacrificed and their serum samples used for the various determinations.. Results showed that for cholesterol, the mean cholesterol levels for the control group A and test groups B and C were: 1.54±0.07, 1.30±0.06 and 0.93±0.03 mmol/L respectively. The triglyceride concentrations were as follows: 1.69±0.03, 0.96±0.1 and 0.65±0.02 mmol/L. For the low density lipoprotein (LDL), the values were: 0.84±012, 0.81±0.02and 0.72±0.01mmol/L.The total lipid concentrations were as follows: 4.01±0.01, 2.62±0.00 and 2.40±0.01mmol/L.Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of the following and values expressed in percentage (%): tannins 21.66±0.0, saponins 51.0±0.0,flavonoids 21.0±0.0, alkaloids 9.43±0.2 and cyanogens glycosides 4.86±0.10 mg . The result of this work shows that the extract of the seed of Persea americana reduced the cholesterol, triglyceride, the LDL cholesterol and the total lipid levels significantly in the sera of the test animal and the effect of the extract was concentration dependent. Moreover, this seed often thrown away as waste, may prove to be an effective remedy for the management of atherosclerosis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia and other abnormalities of lipid metabolism in humans. The extract of Persea americana could be of immense therapeutic relevance in the management of hypertension and other cardiovascular episodes.[...] Read More.

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Research Article

Ethil-cyanoacrylate use for skin closure in patients subjected to laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: One of the main factors limiting the use of cyanoacrylate is its high cost. Despite the relatively small amount of literature on this subject, we have been able to demonstrate their safe use in skin closure. Objective: To compare the cyanoacrylate adhesive with the usual techniques of skin closure with surgical thread, assessing its final aesthetic effect and possible complications. Materials And Methods: We studied 126 patients from the Department of General Surgery, Hospital Regional de Mato Grosso do Sul in the period from February to October 2009. All patients were randomized immediately before starting the surgery and were divided into two groups: Group 1: 64 patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy and skin closure with surgical thread - Group 2: 62 patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy and skin closure with cyanoacrylate adhesive low cost - Superbonder ®. Results: We evaluated 126 patients, mostly female (N = 113).The mean age was 45 years, ranging between 19 and 83 years. Only group 1 had infection (N = 3) and dehiscence (n = 1) surgical wound. Group 2 had 2 cases of seroma versus 1 patient in group 1. The operative time was shorter in group 2 - on average 80.9 minutes versus 94.14 minutes in group 1. Conclusion: The use of ethyl cyanoacrylate (Superbonder ®) had lower rates of infection and wound dehiscence when compared to with nylon 4-0, in addition to shorter operative time. Costs were higher, but still within the acceptable, which makes this a good choice for adhesive skin closure in laparoscopic surgery elective. Keywords: cyanoacrylates, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, sutures, skin.[...] Read More.

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Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Impact of a community pharmacist-based diabetes management program on clinical outcomes measures

Lee Y.L, Rosnani H, Syed A.S.S, Syed W.G*, Yelly O.S, Usman H.U

Abstract: This is a prospective pre-post study which was carried out to assess the impact of a community pharmacist-based diabetes management program on clinical outcomes measures. Forty seven outpatients from the Government polyclinic were initially enrolled for this study but only 30 stayed on till the end of the program which was for duration of 3 months. Subjects were followed-up on 4 visits, whereby the community pharmacist provided a structured, standardized diabetes education program which involved counseling and education. Each session lasted about 1 hour on a one to one basis. Lifestyle behaviours such as physical activities, smoking and alcohol consumption were also evaluated. Compliance, awareness and also their knowledge on diabetes were assessed. A Likert-type patient satisfaction survey was also conducted. At the end of the study, HbA1c was significantly reduced by 1.2% (p< 0.001), post-prandial 2 hours blood glucose reduced by 3.34mmol/l (p< 0.001), total cholesterol decreased by 0.37mmol/l (p[...] Read More.

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Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Formulation development, optimization and evaluation of once a day occuserts of brimonidine tartrate

Dipti H. Patel*, Manish P. Patel, Madhabhai M. Patel

Abstract: Brimonidine Tartrate is a highly selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist which reduces intra-ocular pressure (IOP) by reducing aqueous humour production and increasing aqueous humour outflow via the uveoscleral pathway. The objective of the present work was to develop ocular inserts of Brimonidine Tartrate and evaluate their potential for sustained ocular delivery. Matrix-type ocular inserts were prepared by solvent casting technique-employing mercury as substrate and characterized in vitro by drug release studies using a flow-through apparatus that simulated the eye conditions. Nine formulations were developed, which differed in the ratio and weight of polymers carbopol 934P and HPMC-K15M. All formulations carried PEG-400 (30 % w/w) plasticizers. The optimized formulation was subjected to interaction studies, all physico-chemical study, sterility test, in vivo studies, and stability studies to assess the effectiveness of the formulation. Cumulative drug released from the formulation ranged from 90-98% within 24 hours. On the basis of in vitro drug release studies, the formulation with Carbopol-934: HPMC K15M (80:20) was found to be better than the other formulations and it was selected as an optimized formulation. On the basis of interaction studies, all physico-chemical study, sterility test, in vivo studies, and stability studies, it can be concluded that this ocular insert formulation provided the desired drug release in vitro for one day and remained stable and intact at ambient conditions. Keywords: Brimonidine Tartrate; ophthalmic inserts; in vitro release studies; in vivo studies.[...] Read More.

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Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Preparation and evaluation of polymer-clay nanocomposite as an adjuvant in pharmaceutical formulas of tablets containing drugs with low water-solubility

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Polymer (PVP K-30) - organophilic clay nanocomposites were prepared, via solution, in which the influence of time from the mixing of the starting materials was studied. With the help of X-ray diffraction techniques (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), it was possible not only to elucidate the formation of polymeric nanocomposites, but also their process of formation, which occur in short spaces of time. The material resulted in a differential combination of substances with different aspects of functionality in Pharmaceutical Technology, and which resulted in favorable results regarding feasibility as an adjuvant in pharmaceutical formulas, helping the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals with low solubility in water, for both immediate release tablets as well as modified release tablets.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nanocomposite, PLN, PVP, pharmaceutical formula, tablet

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of dried root ethanolic extract of Strophanthus sarmentosus p. Dc (apocynaceae)

Esther O. Agbaje and Oluwole A. Ajidahun

Abstract: Despite the progress made in medical research in the past decades, the treatment of many diseases including inflammatory diseases is still problematic. Conventional drugs used to ameliorate these conditions are either too expensive or toxic, there is therefore an urgent need to search for newer, cheaper and safer medications. Strophanthus sarmentosus (SMS) is an indigenous plant used in traditional medicine in West Africa for the treatment of inflammatory diseases among other uses. The present study was designed to explore its therapeutic benefits in inflammation, nociception and pyrexia. Analgesic effect of the ethanolic extract of dried SMS root (50, 100 and 200 mg kg-1) was evaluated in mice using acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate models, while the efficacy of the herbal drug was compared with 150 mg kg-1 acetylsalicylic acid, 0.5 mg kg-1 piroxicam and 5 mg kg-1 morphine respectively. Anti-inflammatory activity of SMS was also investigated using groups of oedema-induced rats separately treated with 1 % w/v carrageenan in normal saline and xylene. The effects of 10 mg kg-1 indomethacin and 1 mg kg-1 dexamethasone were also evaluated as respective standard drugs for the two models. The antipyretic effect of SMS was lastly studied using d-amphetamine and Klebsiella-induced pyretic tests with 150 mg kg -1 acetaminophen serving as the comparative agent. Acute toxicity test was conducted on the herbal decoction via both oral and intraperitoneal routes to obtain its LD50. The extract dose-dependently and significantly (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antiinflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, medicinal plant, mice, rats

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effectiveness of phytogenic fly repellant product against dipteran flies

B. W. Naraladker, B.S. Khillare, S.T. Kalwaghe, GM. Chghure, K, Ravikanth and S. Maini*

Abstract: A study was conducted in the livestock dairy farm reported with the history of culicoides fly menace during summer season,the farm was treated with the herbal fly repellant product (AV/FRC/18) (supplied by M/S Ayurvet Limited, Baddi, H.P., India) recommended as 1 part with 20 parts of water for application on animal body and 1 part with 40 parts of water for application on drainage channels and animal premises ion the shed. The herbal fly repellant product was assessed for oviposition deterrent activity, ovicidal and larvicidal effect and for its efficacy to minimize the count of larval and adult culicoides in the drainage channel around cattle shed after application of AV/FRC/18. The product was found to be quite efficacious as a fly repellant for livestock dwellings, has a good larvicide potential in addition to ovicidal and oviposition deterrent activity. It has not been found to cause deleterious or adverse effects such as irritation, loss of production, mortality etc. on the experimental animals, rather it is safe for animal usage and for application in animal premises. The product is not having any residual effect, hence it is declared safe for usage. Keyword: Fly, larvicidal, deterrent, dipteran, repellant, herbal, ectoparasitic.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Fly, larvicidal, deterrent, dipteran, repellant, herbal, ectoparasitic.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Comparing the efficacy of alcohol isopropyl and ethanol on the reduction of contamination of medical check-up devices in children ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)

Jokar A* and Mohebbi Z.

Abstract: Using alcohols have been recommended for disinfecting and prevention of infections. The present study has been carried out with the aim to determine and compare the efficacy of alcohol Isopropyl and Ethanol (alcohol Ethylic) in reducing contamination of medical check-up instruments. This semi-experimental study has been carried out to compare the influence of two types of alcohols on the medical check-up instruments of NICU and children ward. Before using instruments, their culture samples were prepared and then were disinfected by alcohol Isopropyl 70.0% and again their culture samples were taken. Thereafter, the same procedure was carried out for Ethanol 70.0% with the interval of 4 weeks. Finally, the culture results were surveyed and compared in each stage. The results of cultures before disinfecting the instruments showed the existence of micro-organisms like Staphylococcus, Escherichia-Coli (E-Coli), Pseudomonas and Interobacterococci. Also, the results of cultures of instruments which were disinfected by Ethanol showed the existence of two types of positive micro-organisms (Staphylococcus and E-Coli) while these results were negative after using alcohol Isopropyl. Using some of antiseptics at intensive and other wards of hospitals can be considered from the view points of economic, rapid efficacy, non-requirement of long time or requiring specific conditions so as to be successful in controlling the nosocomial infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Comparison, Efficacy, alcohol Isopropyl, Ethanol, contamination, check-up instruments.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Patterns of prescription of antimicrobial agents in the department of otorhinolaryngology in a tertiary care teaching hospital

Farhan Ahmad Khan*, Sheikh Nizamuddin Mohammad Tariq Salman

Abstract: This study was carried out to study the pattern of antimicrobial prescription in OPD and IPD of the department Otolaryngology in a tertiary care teaching hospital of North India. This was a prospective study conducted at the Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre, over a period of 12 months. All the patients who attended the ENT OPD and IPD were included. Out of 4800 patients, only 2600 patients were included in the study, 60% (n=1560) were males and 40% (n=1040) were females. Maximum no. of patients were in the age group 16-35 years 60% (n=1560) while the geriatric group (76-85 years) comprised the lowest 1.9% (n=50). 55% (n=1430) of patients were diagnosed with ear, 30% (n=764) with throat and 15% (n=296) with nose disorders. The most frequently prescribed antibacterials were β-Lactams (75.68 %) followed by Aminoglycosides (9.43%). Among the penicillin group the commonest drug prescribed was a combination of amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid (9.58 %), in Cephalosporins was Cefixime (37.98%) and in Aminoglycosides was Gentamicin (6.25%). Further, 69.11% of the patients received single antibacterial drug and the average number of antibacterial agents prescribed per patient per course was found to be 1.38. It was also observed that 75.43% of the antibacterials were prescribed by oral route. In the concomitant medications antihistaminic were prescribed in 11.53%, Proton Pump Inhibitors in 20.38 % cases and NSAIDS in 7.26% cases. The average number of drugs used in each prescription was 2.70. All the drugs were prescribed with trade names. The average cost per prescription per day in OPD & IPD patients were Rs.45 and Rs.185 respectively. Out of 2600 patients; culture sensitivity tests were performed for only 71 patients (inclusive of OPD and IPD). Of which only 43 patients depicted a positive culture sensitivity tests. Our study showed that antimicrobials were mostly prescribed in patients of ear diseases while it was least in throat disorders. Proton Pump inhibitors was the most common concomitant drug used. The cost of treatment in IPD patients were 4.11 times more than the OPD patients. Keywords: Antibacterial agents, drug utilization, ENT infections, prescribing pattern, pharmacoepidemiology.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibacterial agents, drug utilization, ENT infections, prescribing pattern, pharmacoepidemiology.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Preliminary toxicity and phytochemical studies of the aqueous extract of Ficus platyphylla in female albino rats

Chinenye J. Ugwah-Oguejiofor*, Shaibu O. Bello, Emmanuel U. Etuk, Vincent U. Igbokwe, Oguejiofor M. Ugwah, Raymond U. Okolo

Abstract: Ficus platyphylla Del. Holl. known as gutta percha tree, grows widely in the Northern part of Nigeria. It has been used traditionally to promote fertility. The present study was aimed to investigate the safety of Ficus platyphylla. Phytochemical, acute and repeat dose toxicity studies were conducted on aqueous extract of the leaves, seeds and bark of Ficus platyphylla. A Limit dose of 3000mg/kg of the aqueous extract was administered orally to female albino rats in sequence to test for acute toxic effect. A dose of 700mg/kg was administered orally daily for 28days to another group of female albino rats to ascertain the repeat dose effect. The control group of female albino rats received 5ml/kg of distilled water (diluent of the aq. extract) for 28days.Phytochemical studies revealed that the extract contains saponins (1%), tannins (16.75%), flavonoids (24.3%), volatile oils, glycosides (2.47%) and steroids. The acute toxicity results showed that the extract has LD50 above 3000mg/kg and repeat dose toxicity studies of the extract revealed possible damage to the glomeruli of rat kidney. Though the extract is relatively safe, its prolong use may carry risk of renal damage. Keywords: Toxicity, Ficus platyphylla, Albino rats, Phytochemical studies.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Toxicity, Ficus platyphylla, Albino rats, Phytochemical studies.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The comparative effects of chronic consumption of kola nut (COLA NITIDA) and caffeine diets on exploration, anxiety and fear in Swiss white mice

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the comparative effects of chronic consumption of kola nut (COLA NITIDA) and caffeine-diets on exploration, anxiety and fear related behaviours in Swiss white mice. The study was carried out on 30 adult Swiss white mice of both sexes weighing 15.0 to 30.0g using the open field apparatus, the light/dark transition box and the elevated plus-maze. The frequency of rearing for mice fed kola nut diet did not differ significantly compared to control, this was significantly lower (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Kola nut, caffeine, exploration, anxiety and fear.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Comparative study between effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on acetic acid- induced ulcerative colitis in rats

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Accumulating data suggest the involvement of renin angiotensin system (RAS) in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential protective and therapeutic effects of captopril and valsartan on acetic acid induced- ulcerative colitis in rats. The results were assessed by macroscopic and microscopic examinations of colonic tissues as ell as by biochemical measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor- beta1 (TGF-β1), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), reduced glutathione (GSH) and platelet activating factor (PAF) levels in colonic tissues. Oral treatment with captopril or valsartan in a dose of 30 mg kg-1 body weight, starting one day before induction of colitis and continuing for 1 week (prophylactic groups) or starting one week after induction of colitis and continuing for another one week (therapeutic groups), significantly reduced MDA, TNF-α, PAF, TGF-β1 and significantly increased colonic GSH in colonic tissues as compared to acetic acid control groups. Captopril and valsartan attenuated the macroscopic and microscopic colonic damage induced by acetic acid. No significant difference between the effect of either drug could be detected other than the significant decrease in ACE activity in colonic tissue exerted by captopril and not by valsartan, These results suggest that either captopril or valsartan may be effective in prophylaxis as well as in treatment of ulcerative colitis through targeting RAS. Keywords: Ulcerative colitis, captopril, valsartan, angiotensin converting enzyme, reduced glutathione, tumor necrosis factor alpha, transforming growth factor beta.[...] Read More.

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Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Thermosensitive poloxamer-based injectables as controlled drug release platforms for veterinary use: Development and in-vitro evaluation

Bermudez J.M.* and Grau R.

Abstract: The aim of this work was to explore the potential of combining two different poloxamers (P407 and P188) with κ-carrageenan and sodium chloride for their utilization in the design of thermosensitive injectable depot systems for drug release. These delivery platforms were designed by combination of two different poloxamers (P407 and P188) with κ-carrageenan and sodium chloride. The addition of 10-15% w/w P188 in the poloxamer solution containing 28% w/w P407 allowed optimal gelation temperatures (24-28 °C) and a quick gelation process (30 s). The addition of 0.1% w/w of κ-carrageenan increased 3-fold the gel strength and did not change gelation temperature, compared with P407/P188 (28/15% w/w) alone. On the other hand, sodium chloride increased the gel strength and decreased the gelation temperature as a function of its concentration. In IN-VITRO release experiments, κ-carrageenan decreased the release rate of progesterone and reduced significantly the gel erosion in 48 h. This study demonstrates that addition of κ-carrageenan and sodium chloride into poloxamers blends can be considered a useful tool to design thermosensitive platforms, if added in suitable amounts. In conclusion, this system offers a promising alternative to development of injectable depot controlled drug release platforms for veterinary use. Keywords: Drug delivery, In situ forming gel, injectable depot, poloxamer; veterinary use[...] Read More.

Keywords: Drug delivery, In situ forming gel, injectable depot, poloxamer; veterinary use

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Arterial oxygen saturation and heart rate during a meal in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Rachel de Aguiar Cassiani, Carla Manfredi dos Santos, José Antonio Baddini Martinez, *Roberto Oliveira Dantas

Abstract: Patients with chronic pulmonary diseases may have difficulties with breathing during meals. Our objective in this investigation was to evaluate oxygen saturation and heart rate during a meal in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We evaluated 16 patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a stable phase of the disease and 15 healthy volunteers. The oxygen saturation and heart rate were measured by pulse oximetry for 10 minutes before the ingestion of a solid meal with 1800 calories, during the ingestion, and 10 minutes after the ingestion. Mean oxygen saturation was always lower in patients than in the normal volunteers. Healthy volunteers had no significant change in mean oxygen saturation during the meal, but oxygen saturation decreased after the meal (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, oxygen saturation, heart rate, swallowing, digestion, respiration

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Computational simulations integrating inhibition kinetics of tyrosinase by oxalic acid

Li Yan, Shang-Jun Yin, Daeui Park, Yue-Xiu Si, Zhi-Jiang Wang, Hae Young Chung, Jun-Mo Yang, *Guo-Ying Qian, *Yong-Doo Park,

Abstract: Tyrosinase inhibition studies are important for agricultural and medicinal applications. Computational predictions and enzymatic assays via kinetics may be used to detect effective inhibitors of tyrosinase. We predicted the 3D structure of tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus, used a docking algorithm to simulate binding between tyrosinase and oxalic acid (OA), and studied the reversible inhibition of tyrosinase by OA. Simulations were successful (binding energies for Dock6.3 = -18.76 and AutoDock4.2 = -2.47 kcal/mol), suggesting that OA interacts with the LYS224 residue that is predicted by both programs. OA inhibited tyrosinase in a mixed-type manner with a Ki = 3.16 ± 1.8 mM and IC50 = 8.0 ± 0.5 mM. Measurements of intrinsic and ANS-binding fluorescences showed that OA induced changes in the active site structure. Our results suggest that the strategy of predicting tyrosinase inhibition based on carboxyl groups and orientation may prove useful for the screening of potential tyrosinase inhibitors.[...] Read More.

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Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Review

Peptide nucleic acid: Current perspectives and application for future therapeutics

Manoj G Tyagi

Abstract: Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mimic based on a polyamide backbone first synthesized and reported by Peter Nielsen in 1991. PNA shows remarkable hybridization properties and has many exciting applications. It is chemically and biologicaly stable and can readily conjugate with peptides and other useful molecules. The search for new chemical modification of the PNA is a very active field of research and new structures are continuosly proposed. Conjugation of an oligonucleotide to some peptides that can move through the cell membrane would facilitate the passage of this conjugate across for delivery into the cell’s cytosol. Oligonucleotides can also be conjugated to lipids to yield derivatives with lipophilic properties that are capable to pass across the cell membrane. Thus, PNA can have multiple roles to perform in molecular biology, antigene therapy, molecular diagnostics and nano-biotechnology.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Peptide nucleic acid, oligonucleotide, electroporation, ribonucleic acid, polyamide

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Modulatory effect of sweet almond extract on serum lipids, lipid peroxidation and histology of pancreas in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

¹Etim O.E, ²Bassey E.I*, ³Ita, S.O, Udonkang, I.C, Etim, I. E and Jackson, I.L

Abstract: The modulatory effects of sweet almond extract on lipid peroxidation, serum lipids, and histology of pancreas in alloxan-induced diabetic wistar rats was studied. Serum lipids and lipid peroxidation levels were determined using appropriate chemical techniques. Total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) activities significantly increased in the diabetic groups of animals treated with 300mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 500mg/kg body weight of sweet almond extract in a dose dependent fashion while high density lipoprotein (HDL) showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease. Triglyceride (TG), very low density lipoprotein (V L D L) and lipid peroxidation (LP) decreased significantly. Modulatory activity of sweet almond on the histology of the pancreas of diabetic wistar rats treated with 300 mg/kg and 400mg/kg body weight of sweet almond extract was significant and pronounced compared to the untreated diabetic group of animals. There was a corresponding regeneration of acinar cells and the islet cells of Langerhans with prominent nuclei, an indication of restored function. The anti-lipid peroxidation and serum lipid modulatory activities of sweet almond extract shows ability to protect, reduce pancreatic damage and risk of diabetic complication.[...] Read More.

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Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

In vitro antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activity of three Bangladeshi Bridelia species

Adeeba Anjum, Mohammad R. Haque, Mohammad S. Rahman, Choudhury M. Hasan, Md. Ekramul Haque and Mohammad A. Rashid,*

Abstract: The organic soluble extractives of three Bridelia species, B. verrucosa, B. stipularis and B. tomentosa growing in Bangladesh were subjected to screening for antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities. All extractives showed moderate to strong antimicrobial activity against 13 Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains and three fungi where the stem bark of B. tomentosa demonstrated highest inhibition of growth with zone of inhibition of 23.2 mm against Bacillus cereus and 17.5 mm against Candida albicans. The crude extractives of all three plants of Bridelia species exhibited cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp nauplii having significant LC50 and LC90. Keywords: Antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, bridelia, brine shrimp nauplii.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, bridelia, brine shrimp nauplii.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antihypertensive effect of an aqueous extract of CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA (Rutaceae) (Christm.) Swingle, on the arterial blood pressure of mammal

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA is used in African folk medicine for the management of hypertension. In order to provide a scientific basis for this use, we studied the effects of an aqueous extract of CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA (Ecita) on arterial blood pressure and on isolated heart and aorta activities. Rabbits were used for the study on the arterial blood pressure using a Ludwig manometer. Albino Wistar rats were used for the studies regarding the isolated heart and aorta activities using isolated organ bath systems. Ecita (4mg/kg-16mg/kg b.w) produced a dose-dependent and significant decrease in rabbit blood pressure (p0.05). Ecita (4mg/kg-16mg/kg b.w) dose-dependently reduced hypertension evoked by adrenalin (30 µg/kg b.w.). Ecita (10-8mg/ml-10-2mg/ml) induced both negative inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart contractile activity. The plant extract (10-8mg/ml-10-2mg/ml) induced a dose-dependent relaxation of contractions produced by adrenalin (3.10-3mM) or by KCl (80mM). Ecita-evoked vasorelaxant effects were totally abolished by removal of the endothelium layer or by a pre-treatment with L-NAME (mg/ml). It was concluded that the extract possesses an antihypertensive activity which could be related to both cardiodepression and the vasorelaxation. Endothelium-dependent mechanisms might be involved.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Citrus aurantifolia, blood pressure, heart, aorta, hypertension.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Pharmacoepidemiology of psychoactive medication in adult patients in the psychiatric department of Durango General Hospital

Edgar Cano-Torres, *, Ismael Lares- Asseff , Martha Sosa- Macías, Carlos Salas Hernández, Alberto Allegre-Alonso, Carlos Galaviz-Hernández, Alexis Lares López, Verónica Loera Castañeda

Abstract: Psychiatric diseases have become a public health problem owing to their increased prevalence. An option for their treatment is psychoactive medications, which are associated with multiple adverse effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacoepidemiology of psychoactive medication and the prevalence of psychiatric disease in adult patients seen at the Psychiatry Department at Durango General Hospital. Clinical histories of the patients were reviewed for patients over 18 years of age that were seen at the outpatient clinic of the Psychiatry Department at Durango General Hospital that were diagnosed at this hospital with psychiatric conditions requiring psychoactive medication for their treatment. The study was conducted between January 2009 and February 2010. The most commonly diagnosed conditions were the neurotic disorders, stress related disorders, and somatization disorders (42.9%), with the most common sub-classification being major depression with anxiety (26.3%). Seventy six percent of patients received more than one medication for their treatment. The most commonly prescribed medications were the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, with fluoxetine being the most prescribed medication (42.2%). Anxiolytics were the second most prescribed group, with clonazepam being the most prescribed medication within this group (67.8% of patients). Contrasting with the clinical practice guidelines, in which single drug therapy is recommended for most of the psychiatric diseases, only 23.24% of the patients received single drug therapy. The age group with most prescriptions was between 30 and 59 years of age. Keywords: psychoactive medication, psychiatric disease, pharmacoepidemiology, adults[...] Read More.

Keywords: psychoactive medication, psychiatric disease, pharmacoepidemiology, adults

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of mixed ligand complexes of Co (II) and Cu (II) with N, O/S donor ligands and amino acids

Alka Choudharya, Renu Sharmaa, Meena Nagara*

Abstract: A series of new mixed ligand complexes of Co(II) and Cu(II) with thiosemicarbazones/semicarbazone {(±)-5-isopropenyl-2-methylcyclohex-2-enthiosemicarbazone (IPMCHTSC, L1H), 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2,2,1]heptanethiosemicarbazone (TBHTSC, L2H) and 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [2,2,1]heptanesemicarbazone (TBHSC, L3H)} and amino acids {glycine (A1H) or DL-alanine (A2H)} have been synthesized by the reaction of metal dichloride with ligands IPMCHTSC, TBHSC or TBHTSC and A1H or A2H in a 1:1:1 molar ratio in refluxing ethanol. The newly synthesized complexes (1-12) have been characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductance, electronic, IR, FAB mass spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. On the basis of these spectral data, a square pyramidal geometry was proposed for all of these complexes. FAB mass spectroscopic studies of (1), (3) nd (4) suggest their monomeric nature. The ligands and their complexes have been screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against bacterial strains E. coli, S. aureus, P. vulgaris and fungal strains A. niger and C. albicans. The results of these studies show the metal (II) complexes to be more antibacterial/ antifungal against one or more species as compared to the uncomplexed ligands. Keywords: Thiosemicarbazone, semicarbazone, amino acid, FAB mass, thermogravimetric analysis, antimicrobial activity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Thiosemicarbazone, semicarbazone, amino acid, FAB mass, thermogravimetric analysis, antimicrobial activity.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Elemental analysis and Anti-microbial potentials of the leaf extract of Cassia arereh Del

Adeyanju Olusola*, Olajide Olutayo, Afolayan Michael, Fatokun Olakunle, Edah A. O

Abstract: The phytochemical analysis, elemental analysis, antimicrobial activities and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Cassia arereh Del. were carried out. Phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, saponins, glycosides, tannins, carbohydrates and terpenes. Elemental analysis revealed the presence of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), Manganese (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn). Manganese was present at a higher concentration (11.50 µg/g) followed by Zinc (3.35 µg/g). Antimicrobial studies showed that the ethanolic extract had considerable inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogen, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentery and Eschenchia coli. Ethanolic extract had higher zone of inhibition (32 mm) against salmonella typhi at (0.5 µg/ml) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 8 x 102 µg/ml. The MIC ranges from 4 x 102 µg/ml to 5 x 104 µg/ml for other bacteria. Keywords: Cassia arereh, Caesalpiniceae, Medicinal plant, phytochemical, antimicrobial activity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cassia arereh, Caesalpiniceae, Medicinal plant, phytochemical, antimicrobial activity.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Making aquatic weed as potential feed for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) and its impact on fatty acid profile

Mukti Pada Bag, Subhas Chandra Mahapatra, Pavuluri Srinivasa Rao, Debajyoti Chakrabarty

Abstract: A study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional potentials of three commonly available, aquatic weeds namely, lemna (Lemna minor), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Crassipes ) and azolla (Azolla pinnata) for ascertaining their suitability as complementary fish feed with the aim to reduce the cost of traditional feeds. Three isonitrogenous (30% crude protein approximately) and isocaloric (4.0 kcal g−1 approximately) diets were formulated including lemna, water hyacinth and azolla as principal ingredient. Three groups of juvenile fish of fifty (50) number per group (Average wt.5.5 g;Average length 4.5 cm) were fed with three different types of feeds with lemna meal (LNM), water hyacinth meal (WHM) and azolla meal (AZM) for 90 days duration. Significant difference (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aquatic weed, Complementary fish feed, Isonitrigenous, Isocaloric, Juvenile fish, Protein efficiency ratio.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Medication errors associated to notification of drug allergies: Effect of computerized order entry on their prevention

Elena Villamañán, Yolanda Larrubia, Margarita Ruano, Marta Gallego, Manuel Vélez, Alicia Herrero, Rodolfo Álvarez-Sala

Abstract: Some adverse drug reactions are due to hypersensitivity reactions. Drug allergy related errors in a handwritten treatment compared with those in an electronic prescribing system, characteristics of reported allergies and economic impact were analyzed. Prospective, observational study was carried out in two phases. 1st Phase (manual prescriptions), errors due to drug allergy were detected when pharmacists registered allergies and then warned the physician. 2nd Phase (electronic prescription) physicians registered allergies and entered treatments in a computerized physician order entry. The program warned avoiding prescription error. 3,682 patients were included. In phase 1, the incidence of prescription errors due to drug allergy was 13.7%, while in phase 2, it was 1.5% (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Computerized prescription order entry; drug allergy; prescription errors.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of petroleum ether extract of the African Mistletoe (Loranthus micranthus Linn) leaves

*Nwankwo, N. Emeka, Egbuonu A.C. Cemaluk

Abstract: The leaf of the African Mistletoe (Loranthus micranthus Linn) parasitic on Kola acuminata in Nsukka, Eastern Nigeria was studied. The crude petroleum ether extract (CPE) and ethanol extract of the CPE residue (EER) of Loranthus micranthus Linn were subjected to phytochemical and antimicrobial evaluation. Results of the phytochemical screening showed that EER had proteins, carbohydrates and reducing sugars while CPE had none of these metabolites. Flavonoids was absent, while tannins, steroids, saponins and terpenes were present in CPE and EER. Results of the antimicrobial activity revealed that CPE, EER and even standard antibiotic, gentamycin did not elicit any activity against A. niger and C. albicans. CPE and EER were active against S. aureus, S paratyphyi, B. subtilis and K. spp. Furthermore, the highest inhibition was noted in CPE (25.00) against S. aureus while the least was observed in EER (14.00) against P. aeruginosa. Altogether, the study suggests that CPE and EER extracts of leaf of Loranthus micranthus Linn parasitic on Kola acuminata in Nsukka area of Eastern Nigeria may serve as source for therapeutic compounds, thereby justifying its use in alternative medicine and potential for development into orthodox drugs.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Phytochemical, antimicrobial, pharmafood, Loranthus micranthus Linn, Kola acuminata.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

New and sensitive spectrophotometric method for determination of xipamide in pure and dosage forms by complexation with Fe(III), Cu(II), La(III), UO2(II), Th(IV) and ZrO(II) ions

Mohamed Gaber, Abdalla M. Khedr*, Ahmed S. El-Kady

Abstract: A new, rapid, sensitive and selective method for the spectrophotometric determination of xipamide in pure and dosage forms is proposed. The method is based on the reaction of xipamide with Fe(III), Cu(II), La(III), UO2(II), Th(IV) and ZrO(II) ions to form stable colored complexes. The formed complexes have maximum absorbance at 500, 390, 335, 445, 325 and 333 nm for Fe(III), Cu(II), La(III), UO2(II), Th(IV) and ZrO(II), respectively. Optimum conditions for determination, stoichometry and stability of the formed complexes have been determined. Beer's law is obeyed up to concentration range 54.64-1995.75 µg ml-1 of xipamide with apparent molar absorptivities ranging from 0.43 x 103-7.20 x 103 l mol-1 cm-1. The proposed method has been applied successfully for the determination of xipamide in pure form and representative pharmaceutical formulations with high precession and good accuracy. Keywords: Xipamide; Spectrophotmetric determination; Fe(III), Cu(II), La(III), UO2(II), Th(IV) and ZrO(II); complexation.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Phytochemical and phytotherapeutic evaluation of Mallotus peltatus (Geist.) Muell. Arg. var acuminatus and Alstonia macrophylla wall ex A. DC: Two ethno medicine of Andaman Islands, India

G. Arunachalam*, Paromita Bag and D.Chattopadhyay

Abstract: We have evaluated the phytochemical and bioactive nature of the leaves of Mallotus peltatus (Geist.) Muell. Arg. var acuminatus and Alstonia macrophylla Wall ex A. DC, the two major ethno medicines of the Onge, Nicobarese and other tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, on the Bay of Bengal, India. Three major compounds were isolated from the polar fractions of the methanol extracts of A. macrophylla leaf namely β-sitosterol (fraction A), ursolic acid (fraction B) and β-sitosterol β-D-glucoside (fraction C), along with a minor fraction containing alkaloid and fatty acids. On the other hand polar fractions of methanol extract of M. peltatus leaf yielded two major compounds, ursolic acid (fraction A) and β-sitosterol (fraction B), along with a minor fraction containing fatty acids. The earlier studies reveal that both the extracts have antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities, but the present study showed that the activities are due to fractions A and B of both the plants. Moreover, the extracts of both the plants had significant dose dependent antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity at nontoxic concentrations. It can be thus concluded that the terpenoid and - sitosterol, along with other minor constituent of the bioactive parts had a dose dependent therapeutic efficacy, justifying their use. However, further study can help to elucidate their mechanism of action.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ethnomedicine, Alstonia macrophylla, Mallotus peltatus, pharmacology and phytochemistry, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiinflammatory activity.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Formulation of health drinks using natural sweetener, its HPTLC method development and validation

S. B. Bhise and V. R. Salunkhe*

Abstract: Ashwagandha, Tulsi, Mulethi, Awala, Shatavari, Gokharu, Arjun, Giloy, Safed musli, Kalimirchi, Haldi, Jaiphal was used as an active ingredients and aqueous extract of Stevia rebaudiana as natural sweetener with nutraceutical in health dinks. The product was developed by treating concentrates of each crude drug with purified water. TLC profile, HPTLC method development and validation were carried out using Gallic acid as a standard. A new simple, sensitive, selective, precise and robust HPTLC method for analysis of Gallic acid in health drink was developed. Precoated silica health drink aluminium plate 60F-254 (20 × 10 cm) with 200 µm thickness was used as stationary phase while toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid: ethanol (6: 4: 0.3: 0.4) system was developed as a mobile phase. Spectrum analysis showed the same Rf values and spectrum pattern of standard and sample. The method was validated by using accuracy, precision, linearity, robustness, ruggedness and recovery as applicable parameters. The developed method was quite good and most sensitive for the present products. The unpleasant and bitter taste of the product was masked by different concentrations of aqueous extract of Stevia. Sweetness potency was determined by taste evaluation method. 1% Stevia extract is sufficient to produce most palatable and acceptable sweet preparation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Formulation, TLC profile, HPTLC method development, validation, gallic acid, health drinks, Stevia rebaudiana.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effects of aqueous leaf extract of Cajanus cajan on litter size and serum progesterone in pregnant rats

Luqman Aribidesi Olayaki*, Ibiyemi Olatunji-Bello, Ayodele Olufemi Soladoye, Olusegun Rabiu Jimoh, Olaide Ghazal and Martins Ighodalo

Abstract: Aqueous leaf extract of Cajanus cajan is consumed by pregnant women in our locality. However, its effect on pregnancy has not been studied. C. cajan is known to contain genistein and diadzein which are potent phytoestrogens. We studied the effect of aqueous leaf extract of C. cajan on litter size and serum progesterone in pregnant rats. Oral administration of C. cajan on timed-pregnant rats increased litter size from 7.2 ± 1.1 in the control gorup to 10.1 ± 1.5 (p < 0.01) and 10.6 ± 0.8 (p < 0.003) in 100 and 200 mg/kg respectively. Serum progesterone increased from 98.6 ± 3.5 ng/ml in the control group to 112.4 ± 5.3 ng/ml (p < 0.003) and 114.2 ± 3.7 ng/ml (p < 0.002) in the 100 and 200 mg/kg treated groups respectively. There was reduction in litter weight from 6.93 ± 0.2 g in the control group to 4.60 ± 0.3 g (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cajanus cajan, litter size, serum progesterone.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Immunomodulatory activity of fruits of Randia dumetorum Lamk

K. L. Satpute, M. M. Jadhav, R. S. Karodi, Y. S. Katare, M. J. Patil *, Rukhsana Rub and A. R. Bafna

Abstract: Randia dumetorum Lamk., a plant widely used in the traditional medicinal systems of India, has been reported to possess antiviral, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. In present study, the attempt was made to screen immunomodulatory activity of methanol extract and its petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol fraction of fruits of R. dumetorum. The effects of R. dumetorum on cell mediated and humoral components of the immune system in mice were observed. Administration of chloroform fraction at dose 100 mg/kg produced statistically significant results as evidenced by increase in humoral antibody (HA) titre (p < 0.05), delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response (p < 0.001).This fraction also enhanced the total WBC level in cyclophosphamide induced mylosuppression model (p < 0.001) at dose 100 mg/kg. Petroleum ether fraction and methanol fraction affected only cell mediated immunity. Present study, therefore reveals that drug holds promise as immunomodulatory agent.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Randia dumetorum Lamk, immunomodulatory, humoral immunity, delayed type hypersensitivity, myelosuppression.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antioxidant potential of aqueous leaf extract of Ageratum conyzoides Linn. in diabetic rats

Nyunaï Nyemb, *, Manguelle-Dicoum Biyong Adèle, Njifutié Njikam and Abdennebi El Hassane

Abstract: The antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of leaves of Ageratum conyzoides (AC) in the serum of male diabetic rats was evaluated using Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays, by determination of malonadehydes, lipid hydroperoxydes and protein thiol groups. The plant extract was tested at doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg on diabetic rats during three weeks of treatment; glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) was used as positive control. Glycaemia of diabetic rats was also determined, at the beginning and at the end of the experimentation. The results showed that A. conyzoides did not have an incidence in serum protein thiols and serum malonaldehydes level. Nevertheless, the aqueous extract induced lowering of lipid hydroperoxides in the groups treated with 100 mg/kg (p 0.01) and 200 mg/kg (p 0.01) when compared to the negative control group. Power (FRAP) was also higher in the 100 mg/kg group. In addition, glycaemia was decreased at the ferric reducing antioxidant the third week in the group receiving 200 mg/kg (p 0.01) and 300 mg/kg (p 0.01). A. conyzoides had a positive effect on the oxidation-reduction system on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and improved glycaemia of diabetic rats. Keys words: Ageratum conyzoides, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, streptozotocin, diabetic rats.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Pharmacognostical and phytochemical investigations of Moringa concanensis (Moringaceae) an ethno medicine of Nilgiris

V. Ravichandran*, G. Arunachalam, N.Subramanian and B.Suresh

Abstract: The plant Moringa concanensis Nimmo is a tree belongs to family Moringaceae locally known as Kattumurungai by tribal peoples of Nilgiris hill region in Tamilnadu. In view of its medicinal importance and taxonomic confusion, pharmacognostic studies, microscopical structure, morphological characters, chemical analysis and numerical values in epidermal study were carried out to supplement the necessary information for the systematic identification and authentication of this plant, as per WHO guidelines. Pharmacognostical and preliminary phytochemical investigations of this plant were carried out and reported.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Moringa concanensis, moringaceae, microscopical characters pharmacognostical investigations, phytochemical studies.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Hypoglycemic effect of Basella rubra in streptozotocin â€“ induced diabetic albino rats

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Great efforts are ongoing in understanding and management of diabetes, the disease and disease-related complications are increasingly unabated. In spite of the presence of known antidiabetic medicine in the pharmaceutical market, remedies from medicinal plants are used with success to treat this disease. In the present investigation an attempt is made to study the beneficial effects of Basella rubra in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and validate its traditional claim. The diabetes-induced rats were fed with Basella rubra (400 mg/100 gm body weight orally through a gavage), when tested after ingestion the fasting blood glucose levels were remarkably reduced to normal and liver glycogen content was remarkably increased. In pancreatic sections of diabetic rats fed with B. rubra, the islets were normal comparable to diabetic controlled rats (insulitis was observed) . In liver, the changes caused after induction of diabetes was global microvesicular steatosis .The portal tracts appeared normal and central veins appeared congested, which was brought back to normal after feeding with B. rubra. While, in the kidney sections, of diabetic control rats and diabetic rats fed with B. rubra no histopathological changes were noticed. The results demonstrate that the leaf pulp of B. rubra possesses a strong hypoglycemic effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, thus supporting its traditional use in diabetes mellitus control.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Basella rubra (B. rubra), hypoglycemic effect, pancreas, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, blood glucose.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effects of the aqueous extract of Ficus capensis Thunb. (Moraceae) leaf on gastrointestinal motility

B. A. Ayinde* and O. J. Owolabi

Abstract: Medicinal plants have always played a great role in preventing, controlling and alleviating various disease conditions. Ficus capensis Thunb. (Moraceae) leaves have been reported in literatures to possess anti-diarrhea properties and have been used as such by herbal practitioners in some parts of Benue State, Nigeria. This work examined the preliminary phytochemical constituents of the plant part using standard procedures and also the anti-diarrhea effects of the leaves of the plant in adult mice and albino rats using three models. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the powdered leaves revealed the presence of saponins, steroidal glycosides, flavonoids and tannins. In mice, between 100 - 400 mg/kg (orally administered), the crude aqueous extract of the leaves exhibited a dose-related reduction in the gastrointestinal tract motility as indicated by the distance moved by the charcoal meal. In albino rats, the aqueous extract also displayed significant delay in the onset of stooling, and produced remarkable decrease in the number and weight of stools produced with 100 - 400 mg/kg of the aqueous extract. In the organ bath model, the aqueous extract at concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 mg/ml was observed to have relaxant effects on the isolated rat ileum as it remarkably reduced the ileal contractions occasioned by administration of acetylcholine. The activities of the extract were comparable with that of atropine (0.1 mg/kg). The results of this work validated the claimed use of the leaves of F. capensis in controlling diarrhea among the Igede people of Benue State, Nigeria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ficus capensis, aqueous extract, gastrointestinal motility.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2018, 9(1), 7-12;

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