MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

Research Article

Role of glucocorticoid receptor and nuclear factor kappa B in rat hepatic injury after traumatic hemorrhagic shock

Donglin Luo, Xiankai Huang*, Baohua Liu, Xiaobao Ren, Renping Xiong, Tao Li and Guangyan Li

Abstract: The present study investigated expressions and functions of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) in rat livers after traumatic hemorrhagic shock. The rat model of bilateral femur fracture accompanied with traumatic hemorrhagic shock was established. 96 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group (n = 6), traumatic shock group (n = 30), GR blocking group (n = 30) and NF-kB inhibiting group (n = 30). 10 g/L of Ru486 (Mifepristone) was given via intramuscular injection 1.5 h before injury to block GR expression in GR blocking group, and 200 mg/kg of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) was given via intraperitoneal injection 1 h before injury to inhibit the activity of NF-kB. The expression of GR, TNF- and IL-6, the activity of NF-kB, the hepatic pathology and the hepatic function were dynamically observed 0.5, 2, 4, 6, 8 h after trauma. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to detect the bind activity of NF-kB. The content of GR protein in liver tissue started to decrease 2 h after traumatic hemorrhagic shock, and was significantly lower than the normal control group after 4 h (P < 0.01). The activity of NF-kB was significantly increased after injury, and peaked after 6 h (P < 0.01). After blocking GR expression, NF-kB expression was significantly increased at each time point after reinjury. Two hours after injury, inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the Sinus hepaticus. The expressions of TNF - , IL-6, ALT and TB were significantly increased 2 h after injury (P < 0.01). After inhibiting NF -kB, GR expression was increased in liver tissue after reinjury. TNF-and IL-6 were rapidly decreased at each time point after injury. The liver cell degeneration was significantly recovered 4 - 8 h after injury under light microscope and the congestion in the S. hepaticus was relieved. ALT and TB expressions in serum were significantly decreased 4 h after injury. GR and NF-kB have a close relationship and play an important role in the hepatic injury after traumatic hemorrhagic shock.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Trauma, hemorrhagic shock, glucocorticoid receptor, nuclear factor kappa B, liver injury.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) gel extract on re-polarization state of myocardium in albino rat

Pradeep Kumar*, Sadhana Verma, Shraddha Singh, Sunita Tiwari and M. Y. Khan

Abstract: Aloe vera is a well known medicinal plant contents with over 75 different ingredients, anthraquinones, saponins, and sterols. Recent studies showed that it is a potent hypolipedimic, hypoglycemic and antioxidant. In present study we investigated the dose dependent effect of aloe vera gel on repolarization state of myocardium, heart rate, QRS complex and QT interval using electrocardiograph in albino rats. A total of 24 male albino rats were divided into four groups, one control and three experimental. An aqueous solution of Aloe barbadensis was prepared by taking fresh leaf of aloe plant. Animals of all the groups were anesthetized and were treated (i.p.) with aloe vera gel extract in doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight in experimental groups I, II and III, respectively. Electrocardiograms were recorded at 0 (basal), 15 and 30 min after injection of aloe vera/ saline. Aloe vera in doses of 200 mg increases QTc from 73.10 ± 3.25 (mv) to 75.04 ± 1.93 (mv) and in 300 mg, QTc increased from 72.10 ± 1.85 to 76.10 ± 1.56 which is statistically significant (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aloe vera, ECG, QTc prolongation.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Identification of a bacterium that produced an anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis activity

Chen-Xiaoxi

Abstract: The colonial morphology, the cells and the spores of a bacterium had been observed that could produce an anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibiotic. By physiological and biochemical characteristics and by 16S rDNA analysis, this bacterium was identified as Bacillus subtilis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacterium, identification, 16S rDNA, Bacillus subtilis.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

In vitro time-kill studies of antibacterial agents from putative marine Streptomyces species isolated from the Nahoon beach, South Africa

Isoken H. Ogunmwonyi , Ntsikelelo Mazomba, Leonard Mabinya, Elvis Ngwenya, Ezekiel Green, David A. Akinpelu, Ademola O. Olaniran and Anthony I. Okoh*

Abstract: We assessed the antibiotic production potentials of ten putative Streptomyces strains isolated from the Nahoon beach and their antibacterial activities against a wide range of bacteria including reference strains, environmental strains and clinical isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the crude ethyl acetate extracts ranged from 0.039 to 10 mg/mL and the least minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) demonstrated was 0.625 mg/mL against a reference strain Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. Time kill kinetics of all extracts revealed bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities. Average log reductions in viable cell counts for all the extracts ranged from 0.86 log 10 and 3.99 log10 cfu/mL after 3 h interaction and 0.01 log 10 and 4.86 log10 after 6 h interaction at MIC, 2 × MIC, 3 × MIC and 4 × MIC concentrations. Most of the extracts were speedily bactericidal at 3 × MIC and 4 × MIC resulting in over 50% elimination of most of the test bacteria within 3 and 6 h interaction. Our findings suggest that the marine Streptomyces isolated from the Nahoon beach have tremendous potential as sources of new antibacterial compounds.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Time-kill, antibacterial compounds, Marine streptomyces, Nahoon beach.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Xanthine oxidase and uric acid response to a 6-week pre-season training programme in male athletes

Ali Tekin

Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the influence of a 6-week pre- season exercise programme including aerobic and anaerobic loads on xanthine oxidase and uric acid levels of male athletes. Fifty voluntary subjects ( the average age is 23 ± 5) participated in this study as study a group. The control group included 30 healthy resting male volunteers with the average age of 23 ± 6. For 6 weeks, the athletes participated in pre-season training programme private to their sports branches 5 times a week. The programme included both aerobic and anaerobic loads. The venous blood samples were taken from all athletes before and after a six-week program and xanthine oxidase and uric acid levels were measured. The paired and independent t tests were used for comparisons. The mean xanthine oxidase and uric acid levels of the control group were 2.86 ± 0.45 U/grHb and 4.85 ± 0.43 mg/dL, respectively. For the exercise group, the mean XO and UA levels were 3.01 ± 0.39 U/grHb and 5.33 ± 0.69 mg/dL as pre-test, and 4.38 ± 0.77 U/grHb and 8.39 ± 0.33 mg/dL as post-test, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the groups (p < 0.05, p < 0.001) and within the study group (p < 0.01). There was a significant difference in the xanthine oxidase and uric acid levels of the athletes in the exercise group before and after training programme consisting of aerobic and anaerobic loads. Moreover, similar difference was seen between exercise and control groups. Thus it can be concluded that exercise has an effect on xantine oxidase and uric acid levels.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Xanthine oxidase, uric acid, preparatory, training, athlete.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Aerodynamic characterization of marketed inhaler dosage forms: High performance liquid chromatography assay method for the determination of budesonide

Mohanad Naji Sahib, Yusrida Darwis, Peh Kok Khiang and Yvonne Tze Fung Tan*

Abstract: A sensitive and rapid high performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the determination of aerodynamic characteristics of the emitted dose of budesonide from different inhaler dosage forms. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of acetonitrile and 10 mM ammonium acetate (63:37% v/v) adjusted to pH5 with orthophosphoric acid. The HPLC analysis was performed at a flow rate of 1 mL/min using a C18 Zorbax Eclipse Plus column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5u) and an UV detection wavelength of 254 nm was used. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of quantification, limit of detection, robustness and solution stability. The calibration curve was linear over a concentration range of 0.05 to 62.50 ug/mL (r2 = 0.9999) with limit of detection and limit of quantification of 0.02 and 0.06 ug/mL, respectively. The intra-day and inter- day precision and accuracy were between 0.01 and 2.00% and -1.9 and 0.007%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to measure the amount of emitted and fine particle budesonide doses from Pulmicort Respules®, Pulmicort Inhaler® and Pulmicort Turbuhaler®.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Impactor, pulmicort, inhalation, HPLC, aerodynamic diameter, assay.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Evaluation of antihistaminic activity of Piper betel leaf in guinea pig

Rahul Hajare*, V. M. Darvhekar, Ashish Shewale and Vijay Patil

Abstract: Piper betel Linn. leaves were evaluated for its antihistaminic activity, commonly known as Pan, Vidyache Pan or Tamboli. P. betel has a long history of use in India being applied in multiple therapeutic activities like antibacterial, treating eczema, lymphangitis, asthma, treating rheumatism. So selected, the plant P. betel is effective in histaminic activity related diseases, but antihistaminic activity of P. betel is still not scientifically investigated. In the present study, the pharmacological evaluation of ethanolic extract and essential oil extract of leaves of P. betel Linn. has been done for their antihistaminic activity on guinea pig. In isolated guinea pig tracheal chain preparation, there was a right side shift of dose response curve (DRC) of histamine. Chlorpheniramine maleate was used as a standard drug. Moreover extracts of P. betel disturbed histamine aerosol induce bronchoconstriction in whole guinea pig, where essential oil was more effective comparatively to ethanolic extract. Thus from the results obtained in the present investigation, it can be concluded that ethanolic extract and essential oil of P. betel Linn possess antihistaminic activity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Piper betel leaf, H1-antagonist, guinea pig.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract ameliorates metalaxyl fungicide induced nephrotoxicity in albino mice

Saber Sakr .A.*, Hawazen Lamfon .A. and Amina Essawy .E.,

Abstract: The present work studied the effect of metalaxyl on the structure and function of the kidney of albino mice. The work extends to study the possible role played by the aqueous extract of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in minimizing the toxicity of metalaxyl. Animals were divided into 4 groups. Group 1: given metalaxyl at a dose level of 1/10 LD50 for 4 weeks, Group 2: given metalaxyl and ginger, Group 3: given ginger and Group 4: controls. Kidney cortex of metalaxyl-treated mice showed many histopathological alterations. The renal tubules lost their characteristic appearance and their lining epithelial cells appeared with cytoplasmic vacuolation. The glomeruli were degenerated and the renal blood vessels were congested. The intertubular spaces were infiltrated by inflammatory leucocytic cells. Metalaxyl caused marked elevation in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. It also leads to significant increase in malondialdehyde and decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Treating animals with metalaxyl and ginger led to an improvement in the histological structure of the kidney together with significant decrease in urea and creatinine. Moreover, ginger reduced the level of serum malondialdhyde (lipid peroxidation marker) and increased the serum activity of antioxidant enzymes, SOD and CAT. The present results indicate that ginger has ameliorative effect against kidney damage induced by metalaxyl and this may be mediated by the antioxidant activity of ginger.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Metalaxyl, nephrotoxicity, ginger, histopathology, antioxidant.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Assessment of antibiotics production potentials in four actinomycetes isolated from aquatic environments of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Cwala Z., Igbinosa E. O. and Okoh A. I.*

Abstract: Crude extracts of four actinomycetes species belonging to Actinoplane [NB 034], Streptomyces [TR 007] and Actinopolyspora [NB 069 and TR 008] genera were screened for antibacterial activities against a wide range of bacterial strains. The extracts showed antibacterial activities against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive test bacteria with zones of inhibition ranging between 2 and 27 mm (NB 034); 9 and 15 mm (TR 007); 8 and13 (NB 069) and 2 and 12 mm (NB 069) . The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts against the test bacteria ranged from 0.039 - 5 mg/ml, while the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) ranged from 5 to >10 mg/ml. The extracts exhibited concentration-time dependent killing of Staphylococcus aureus OKOH2A and Staphylococcus scuiri OKOH2B with a 0.73log10 and 0.88log10 reduction in viable counts respectively, while a re-growth phenomenon was exhibited by Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 4352 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 at MIC, 2 × MIC and 4 × MIC of Streptomyces (TR 007) Actinopolyspora (TR 008) extracts. All the active extracts exhibited bacteriostatic activities.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Actinoplane, streptomyces, actinopolyspora, antibiotic production.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Evaluation of extracts of Triclisia suboardata Oliv and Heinsia crinita (Afz) G. Taylor for antimicrobial activity against some clinical bacterial isolates and fungi

K. A. Abo*, I. O. Lawal and A. Ogunkanmi

Abstract: We report antimicrobial potential of extracts of roots of Triclisia subcordata and whole plant of Heinsia crinita used as components of various herbal portions in ethnomedine in South West Nigeria to treat acute urinogenital infections and infertility. Methanol and hexane extracts of each plant were obtained by maceration and tested for antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion and microbroth dilution techniques. The extracts were tested against strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi including four species of Candida. The study showed that extracts of H. crinita and T. subcordata exhibited profound antibacterial activity against the typed and clinical isolates obtained from patients with STD and meningitis. High antifungal activity, particularly against the Candida species was noted as Candida species are implicated in candidiasis and vaginal thrush. Generally, the methanol extract was more effective than the hexane extracts on the test micro-organisms. The study justifies the ethnopharmacological uses of these medicinal plants for treatment of microbial infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Triclisia subcardata, Heinsia crinita, antimicrobial activity, non-gonococcal urethritis, infertility.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of aqueous extract of Chrysophyllum cainito leaves on the glycaemia of diabetic rabbits

N'guessan Koffi*, Amoikon Kouakou Ernest, Tiébré Marie-Solange, Kadja Beugré and Zirihi Guédé Noël

Abstract: Chrysophyllum cainito is a plant recognized by the traditional healers of Aboudé-Mandéké, a village in the Department of Agboville (Côte-d’Ivoire), as having antidiabetic properties. The aim of this study is to evaluate, experimentally, the effect of an aqueous decoction of the plant’s leaves that we called C. cainito, on rabbits induced with alloxane, a diabetogenic product. Different graded doses of this herbal medicine were applied on postprandial blood sugar levels of diabetic rabbits. At doses of 10 g/l, C. cainito does not induce the hypoglycaemic effect. A dose of 20 g/l reduced the hyperglycaemia from 5 g/l to 1.4 g/l. A dose of 30 g/l of C. cainito produced a graded decrease in hyperglycaemia from 6.3 g/l to 3.2 g/l. After 6 weeks of treatment, the induced diabetic rabbits stopped eating and succumbed between the 8th and the 9th weeks of experimentation. It was thus concluded that C. cainito leaves have glucose lowering effect at doses > 10 g/l and appears toxic and lethal at 30 g/l. C. cainito produces its hypoglycaemic effect mainly through alkaloids, sterols or triterpens, the antidiabetic active constituents.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aboudé-Mandéké, alloxan, Côte-d’Ivoire, herbal medicine, traditional healer.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Wound healing potential of the ethanolic extracts of Bidens pilosa and Ocimum suave

Kyakulaga .A. Hassan, Olila Deogratius, Jane .F. Nyafuono, Omujal Francis and Ogwang .P. Engeu*

Abstract: The ethanolic extracts of Bidens pilosa and Ocimum suave were evaluated for their wound healing potential on excision wound models in Wistar albino rats. A total of nine (n=9) rats per group were used to assess the wound healing potential of the extracts. There were four groups of animals treated topically twice a day with either of the following: O. suave, B. pilosa , neomycin sulfate or distilled water. The rate of wound contraction, epithelialization, and complete healing were assessed over the experimental period. Wounds treated with extracts of O. suave, B. pilosa and neomycin sulfate had faster rates of wound contraction (p0.05). In conclusion, extracts of O. suave and B. pilosa show potential for use as alternative to neomycin for treatment of wounds.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bidens pilosa, Ocimum suave, wound healing, epithelialization, ethanolic extract.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Assessing estrogenic activity of Nigella sativa in ovariectomized rats using vaginal cornification assay

Saadat Parhizkar¹,²,³, Latiffah Abdul Latiff¹,³*, Sabariah Abdul Rahman¹,³, Mohammad Aziz Dollah¹, Hanachi Parichehr

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the estrogenic activity of Nigella sativa (NS) by vaginal cornification assay using an ovariectomized rat model. Forty ovariectomized Sprague Dawley rats, weighting 250 to 350 g were used in the study. N. sativa powders were administered to ovariectomized rats for 21 consecutive days at dosages of 300, 600 and 1200 mg/kg respectively, and were compared with each of daily treatment with 0.2 mg/kg conjugated Equine estrogen as positive control or distilled water as negative control. Vaginal smears were taken to observe the estrogenic effect on vaginal epithelium of rats. The vaginal smear showed an atrophic pattern at baseline. The occurrence of vaginal cornification after N. sativa supplementation indicated estrogenic activity of N. sativa, but this effect was not as much as CEE. The most influence of N. sativa in vaginal cornification was observed in low dose NS that this result was in agreement with serum Estradiol level of this group. The cornified cells percentage significantly differed from control group (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nigella sativa, vaginal cytology assay, ovariectomized rats, estrogenic activity.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Development and validation of stability indicating assay method of cetirizine hydrochloride by HPLC

Muhammad Imran Khan, Ghulam Murtaza*, Sher Awan, Muhammad Iqbal, Muhammad Khurram Waqas, Akhtar Rasool, Urooj Fatima, Muhammad Hassham Hassan Bin Asad, Anwar Kahlid, Faisal Usman, Qazi Najam-us -Saqib, Shujaat Ali Khan, Kalsoom Farzana, Seema Mahmood and Izhar Hussain

Abstract: A new simple and rapid high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of cetirizine hydrochloride (CTZ) in tablets using CLC-ODS reverse phase column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 µm). Salicylic acid was used as internal standard. A mixture of methanol and water of 70:30 with pH 4 (adjusted with o-phosphoric acid) was used as mobile phase. The eluents were detected at 231 nm. The coefficient of determination of calibration curve for CTZ and salicylic acid in mobile phase were 0.9898 and 0.9925, respectively. The limit of detection for CTZ was 4 µg ml-1. The proposed method was successfully applied for the stability study of CTZ. The CTZ was found to be stable at accelerated condition of temperature and relative humidity after storage of six months. This method can be used for the routine quality control and dosage form assay of CTZ in pharmaceutical preparations.[...] Read More.

Keywords: High performance liquid chromatography, cetirizine hydrochloride, pharmaceutical preparations.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effects of leaf and berry extracts of Phytolacca dioica L. on haematological and weight parameters of Wistar rats

A. O. T. Ashafa*, T. O. Sunmonu and A. J. Afolayan

Abstract: The effect of aqueous leaf and berry extracts of Phytolacca dioica administered at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight for 14 days was investigated on haematology and weight parameters of Wistar rats. The extracts at all doses had no significant effect on the red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (HB), parked cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) when compared with the animals in the control group. In contrast, the extracts at all doses caused a progressive significant reduction in the serum levels of platelets, white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils and monocytes. Also, there was dose-dependent significant increase in the serum levels of lymphocytes and a reduction in the level of eosinophils. Administration of the extracts at all doses investigated led to a significant reduction in the body weight, absolute organ weight and organ-body weight ratio. These observable alterations in some parameters were indications that the leaf and berry extracts of P. dioica possess slight toxicity. Therefore, the crude extracts from the leaf and berry may not be completely safe as oral remedies.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Phytolacca dioica, haematology, weight parameters, slight toxicity, oral remedy.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Gastroprotective effects of Stachys Lavandulifolia extract on experimental gastric ulcer

Fatemeh Nabavizadeh*, Ali Mohammad Alizadeh, Soheila Adeli, Masoumeh Golestan, Hamid Moloudian and Mohammad Kamalinejad

Abstract: Several studies have used Stachys Lavandulifolia vahl (S. lavandulifolia) as medicinal plant in Iranian folk medicine. The present investigation is designed to elucidate therapeutic and preventive effects of S. lavandulifolia extract on gastric acid and pepsin secretions in experimental gastric ulcer. Thirty two Wistar male rats were used to study therapeutic and preventive effects of S. lavandulifolia extract on alcohol-induced gastric ulcer. Animals were equally (n=8) divided into 4 groups: (I) Control (II) Alcohol (1 ml/200 g/bw) to induce gastric ulcer (III) Alcohol/Lvandu (100 mg/kg bw/daily, S. lavandulifolia extract was given for two weeks post alcohol administration) and (IV) Lvandu/alcohol (S. lavandulifolia extract was given for two weeks before alcohol administration). Ulcer index, gastric acid and pepsin secretions was measured. Ulcer index was significantly decreased in alcohol/Lvandu than Alcohol group. Also gastric acid and pepsin secretions, and gastric tissue’s NO metabolites level were significantly lower in alcohol and Lvandu/alcohol groups than control (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Stachys Lavandulifolia, acid, pepsin, nitric oxide

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Protective effects of calpeptin on rat hippocampal slices exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation

Zhongshen Kuang, Hang Xu*, Qinghong Cheng, Xiaofeng Li, Guiyun Zhu and Weihua Sun

Abstract: The present study investigated the protective effects of calpeptin on rat hippocampal slices exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). Forty SD rat hippocampal slices were randomly assigned into control group and calpeptin group. According to the calpeptin concentration of artificial cerebrospinal fluid, the calpeptin group was subdivided into 1, 10, 100 and 200 mol/ l group (n=8 per group). Extracellular recording technique was employed to determine the effects of calpeptin on the orthodromic population spikes (OPS) and hypoxic injury potential (HIP) of hippocampal slices exposed to OGD. TUNEL staining was conducted to detect the apoptosis of pyramidal cells with or without calpeptin treatment. In the 10, 100 and 200 mol/l group, the presence of HIP and the number of apoptotic cells were markedly increased, and the rate and amplitude of OPS recovery were significantly elevated when compared with control group. However, there were no remarkable differences in these parameters between 10, 100 and 200 mol/l group. Our results showed calpeptin of 10 to 200 mol/l could dramatically improve the injury of OGD to rat hippocampal slices in which decreased apoptosis of neurons in the CA1 region by calpeptin played an important role.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Calpain, oxygen and glucose deprivation, hippocampal slice, orthodromic population spike, hypoxic injury potential.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Tribulus teresstris modulates heat shock protein and key anti-apoptotic proteins in the Langendorff model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury

Ipseeta Ray Mohanty*, Ujjwala Maheshwari, Daniel Joseph and Yeshwant Deshmukh

Abstract: The cardioprotective effects of Tribulus teresstris (Tt), a medicinal herb, used in Indian system of medicine was evaluated in the Langendorff model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I-R) injury. Tt (1, 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg) was orally fed to healthy experimental rats once a day for 21 days followed by global ischemia and reperfusion injury. Biochemical parameters: lipid peroxidation product thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), endogenous antioxidant: glutathione, antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidases (GSHPx)) and myocardial enzyme creatine phosphokinase (CPK) were evaluated. To correlate the biochemical derangement and altered cardiac performance during I-R, changes in the hemodynamic variables heart rate (HR) and coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) was measured. Myocardial apoptotic was quantified using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method. The expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, pro-apoptotic protein Bax, enzyme: Caspase 3 and heat shock protein (HSP) in cardiac myocytes was detected by immunohistochemistry. As compared with sham group, the CPP, TBARS levels, myocardial apoptosis, expression of Caspase 3, Bax, heat shock protein (HSP 72) proteins were increased significantly in I-R control group. Tt pre-treatment significantly restored the antioxidant network of the myocardium, reduced myocardial apoptosis, Bax, HSP 72 protein expression. These beneficial effects also translated into favourable hemodynamic effects. Histopathological studies and myocardial CPK content further confirmed the cardioprotective effects of Tt (2.5 mg/kg) in the experimental model of I-R injury.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Apoptosis, ischemia and reperfusion, medicinal herbs, Tribulus teresstris, antioxidants.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects of Spirulina platensis in rats administered mercuric chloride

Bashandy S. A.,*, Alhazza I. M., El-Desoky G. E. and Al-Othman Z. A.

Abstract: In the present study Spirulina platensis has been investigated as a possible modifier of mercury induced hepatic damages and alteration of lipid profile in albino rats. The results revealed that the rats treated with mercuric chloride (HgCl2) showed a significant increase in levels of blood hydroperoxide, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). Moreover, hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration of HgCl2 group elevated significantly. On the other hand, plasma protein, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and hepatic glutathione (GSH) of HgCl2 treated group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. Mercury intoxication induces some pathological alterations in the liver as necrosis and cytoplasmic vacuolization. The rise in plasma hepatic enzymes, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, hydroperoxide, and histopathological changes were significantly attenuated by Spirulina. Moreover, the levels of plasma HDL-C and protein and hepatic glutathione in Spirulina+HgCl2 group showed a significant increase as compared with HgCl2 group. Spirulina significantly alleviated the hepatotoxicity induced by HgCl2 and modified the lipid profile through its antioxidant properties.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Spirulina platensis, mercuric chloride, hydroperoxide, liver enzymes, glutathione, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation and cytotoxicity of triterpenes from the roots of Phyllanthus pulcher Wall. ex MÃ¼ll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae)

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The dried powdered roots of Phyllanthus pulcher Wall. ex Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae), were sequentially extracted with dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH). The extracts were tested for cytotoxic activity against three human cancer cell lines: MCF-7 (breast), NCI-H460 (lung) and DU-145 (prostate). The DCM extract exhibited the strongest cytotoxic activity compared with EtOAc and MeOH extracts. Hence from the DCM extract, five pentacyclic triterpenes, 3α-acetoxyl-25-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (1), glochidone (2), 12(13)-dehydro-3α-acetoxyolean-28-oic acid (3), lupanyl acetate (4) and glochidonol (5) were isolated and identified by spectroscopic analyses (1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, UV, DEPT, HMQC, HMBC and HREIMS). This is the first report on the isolation of 4 from a natural source, whereas 1 and 3 have already been isolated from the families Hamamelidaceae and Compositae (Asteraceae), respectively. However this is the first study reporting the presence of 1 and 3 in the Euphorbiaceae family. The isolated tritepenes 1-5 were tested against the three human tumour cell lines as stated above. Only compounds 1 and 5 exhibited cytotoxic activity, 5 being most potent with IC50 values ranging 7.5–13.4 µg/mL (17.1–30.5 µM).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Phyllanthus pulcher, triterpenoids, cytotoxic activity, breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Analgesic activity of angiotensin antagonists

Sekar Indumathy* and Subramanian Kavimani

Abstract: Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists (ARAs) are widely used compounds in various cardiovascular disorders like Hypertension, Stroke prophylaxis, Heart failure. In addition, they are approved for the treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy. It is reported to produce analgesia on intracerebro-ventricular administration that could be blocked by naloxone. Angiotensin II has been reported for its pro-nociceptive activity. Angiotensin receptor antagonists block the action of angiotensin II by inhibiting its binding with its receptor hence, they exerts analgesic activity. The analgesic activity of angiotensin antagonists Losartan, Irbesartan and Valsartan evaluated by tail immersion, tail flick and tail clip methods have shown significant increase in basal reaction time. Pentazocine, a kappa receptor agonist exerted a significant analgesic effect (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Angiotensin antagonist, Losartan, Irbesartan and Valsartan.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Evaluation of various functional skin parameters using a topical cream of Calendula officinalis extract

Naveed Akhtar, Shahiq-uz-zaman, Barkat Ali Khan*, Haji M, Shoaib Khan, Mahmood Ahmad, Fatima Rasool, Tariq Mahmood and Akhtar Rasul

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of newly formulated W/O emulsion (cream) of Calendula versus its vehicle (base) as control on skin pH, skin melanin, skin erythema, skin moisture content and transepidermal water loss (TEWL).Hydroalcoholic extract of Calendula plant was entrapped in the inner aqueous phase of the W/O emulsion. Base without active and formulation having 3% extarct of calendula in the aqueous phase were prepared. Samples were stored at different storage conditions that is, 8, 25, 40, 40°C+75% RH for four weeks to predict their stability. The newly formulated base and formulation were applied to the cheeks of 21 healthy human volunteers for a period of 8 weeks. The base showed insignificant (p>0.05) effects while the formulation decreased TEWL however this decrease was statistically insignificant (p> 0.05). Skin moisture content was significantly (p≤0.05) increased by the formulation. The base showed insignificant (p>0.05) effects while the formulation showed statistically significant (p≤0.05) decrease in skın melanın content. Skın erythema was significantly reduced by the formulation. Skin sebum was significantly (p≤0.05) incresaed by both creams (base and formulation). Both creams were aesthetic with respect to sensory evaluation. The topical non-invasive application of Calendula officinalis cream showed a positive rejuvenating effect on human skin. This study will encourage more attention towards research and more conviction towards utilization of herbal medicines.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Calendula extract, melanin, erythema, skin sebum, TEWL.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A novel validated rp-hplc method development for the estimation of rimonabant hydrochloride in bulk and tablet dosage forms

Sreekanth Nama*, Bahlul Z.Awen, Babu Rao Chandu, Mukkanti Kagga

Abstract: A novel, simple and economic reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for the estimation of rimonabant hydrochloride in bulk and tablet dosage forms with greater precision and accuracy. Separation was achieved on C18 column (250X4.6mm i.d., 5µm) in isocratic mode using methanol and water in the ratio 90:10 (v/v) as mobile phase, pumped in to the column at flow rate of 1 ml/min and the detection of eluent from the column was carried out using variable wavelength detector at 280 nm. The total run time was 10 min and the column was maintained at ambient temperature. The retention times of rimonabant hydrochloride and saquinavir mesylate were 5.760 min and 4.657 min, respectively. The standard curves were linear over the concentration range of 0.2-10 µg/ml and the LOD and LOQ values for rimonabant hydrochloride were 0.0113µg/ml and 0.0345µg/ml, respectively. The percentage recovery was found to be 100 to 100.22 and the % RSD of intraday and inter day precision was found to be 0.572 and 0.549, respectively. The percentage amount of two different marketed tablet formulation of rimonabant hydrochloride was found to be 100.4 and 100.5%. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. Validation studies demonstrated that the proposed RP-HPLC method is simple, specific, rapid, reliable and reproducible. The high recovery and low relative standard deviation confirm the suitability of the proposed method for the routine quality control analysis of rimonabant hydrochloride in bulk and tablet dosage forms. [...] Read More.

Keywords: Rimonabant hydrochloride, RP-HPLC, saquinavir mesylate, validation, isocratic, ICH guidelines

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of roasting, boiling and microwaving cooking methods on Enrofloxacin residues in edible tissues of broiler

A. Javadi*, H. Mirzaie and S. A. Khatibi

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of different cooking processes like boiling, roasting and microwaving on Enrofloxacin residues in chicken muscle, liver and gizzard tissues of broiler chickens. Each of the chicks was fed by water and food with 0.05% of Enrofloxacin in their drinking water for 5 consecutive days. Then, three locations were sampled aseptically from each carcasses: breast muscle; liver and gizzard. Enrofloxacin residue was analyzed using microbial inhibition method by plates seeded with ESCHERICHIA COLI. After doing different phases of the test on raw samples, the positive raw samples were cooked by various cooking procedures and the cooked samples were surveyed with similar method again for the presence of residue. The results showed the reduction in concentration of Enrofloxacin residue after different cooking processes. The most reduced residue in cooked meat and gizzard samples related to boiling process and the cooked liver samples was the roasting process. The highest detectable amount of residue belonged to microwaving process in all cooked samples. Regarding to the results of this study, it was concluded that, cooking processes cannot annihilate total amounts of this drug and it can only decrease its amounts. Also, most of the residue in boiling process was excreted from tissue into cooking fluid.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cooking, Enrofloxacin, residue, poultry, edible, tissue.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A survey of problem-based learning and traditional methods of teaching anatomy to 200 level pharmacy students of the University of Lagos, Nigeria

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The introduction of the problem-based learning (PBL) may be a very uncomfortable problem for the students originally exposed to the didactic methods of teaching and learning. Our medical and pharmaceutical curriculum is yet to adopt this new method of learning and as such this study looks forward to exposing some aspects of the traditional style as well as introducing to the students the new method using PBL. It is envisaged that in the five-year Pharmacy program, the students would be exposed to and monitored and their academic performance vis-à-vis their professional competencies adjudged using this two styles of teaching anatomy. A total of one hundred and fifty 200 level Pharmacy students were randomly divided into fifteen groups of ten per group during their 2 semester course in Anatomy in the academic year 2007/2008 session. The students were exposed to both the PBL and traditional methods of teaching anatomy alternately. At the end of the period, 150 structured questionnaires were administered to the students and analyzed statistically. Results from this preliminary study does show that the PBL method of teaching Anatomy to Pharmacy students has strong positive impact in the general perception and knowledge build of the students in their 200 level studies despite the obvious challenges of the environment.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Pharmacy students, traditional method.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

L-Arginine abolishes the anxiolytic-like effect of withaferin A in the elevated plus-maze test in rats

Zaved Ahmed Khan* and Asit Ranjan Ghosh

Abstract: The involvement of nitrergic mechanisms in the behavioural effects of withaferin A in rats was studied in the elevated plus-maze, open-field and rotarod tests. Administration of the nitric oxide (NO) precursor L-arginine (100 mg/kg, i.p.), assumed to increase the synthesis of NO, abolished the anxiolytic-like effect of withaferin A (40 mg/kg, i.p.) in the elevated plus-maze, whereas the inactive enantiomer D-arginine (100 mg/kg) did not. Neither withaferin A alone nor in combination with L- or D-arginine affected the exploratory activity of animals in the open field. Pretreatment with L-arginine (100 and 200 mg/kg) did not modify the motor impairment of rats after withaferin A (40 mg/kg) in the rotarod test. Withaferin A (40 mg/kg i.p.) did inhibit the brain NO synthase activity measured EX VIVO by NOx assay. We conclude that a suppression of NO synthase activity may be important in the anxiolytic-like effect of withaferin A.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Withaferin A, nitric oxide (NO) synthase, L-Arginine, anxiety, elevated plus maze test.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Andrographolide induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in PC-3 prostate cancer cells

Hui Chyn Wong, Sreenivasa Rao Sagineedu, Nordin Haji Lajis, Seng Cheong Loke and Johnson Stanslas,*

Abstract: Andrographolide (AGP), the major phytoconstituent isolated from Andrographis paniculata was found to exhibit growth inhibition and cytotoxicity against the hormone-independent (PC-3 and DU-145) and hormone-dependent (LNCaP) prostate cancer cell lines via the microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Due to its greater cytotoxic potency and selectivity towards PC-3 cells, flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell cycle distribution of control and treated PC-3 cells whereas Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry analysis was carried out to confirm apoptosis induced by AGP in PC-3 cells. Cell cycle and apoptotic regulatory proteins were determined by western blot analysis. AGP was found to induce G2/M cell cycle arrest which led to predominantly apoptotic mode of cell death. Mechanistically, AGP was found to downregulate CDK1 without affecting the levels of CDK4 and cyclin D1. Induction of apoptosis was associated with an increase in activation and expression of caspase 8 which then is believed to have induced cleavage of Bid into tBid. In addition, activation and enhancement of executioner caspase 9 and Bax proteins without affecting Bcl-2 protein levels were observed.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Andrographolide, prostate cancer, cell cycle, cyclin-dependent kinases, apoptosis, caspase 8, caspase 9, Bcl-2 family.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Rapid and simultaneous determination of aspirin and dipyridamole in pharmaceutical formulations by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method

K. Prakash, Rama Rao Kalakuntla,* and Jayapal Reddy Sama

Abstract: The combination of Dipyridamole and Aspirin and is widely used to reduce thrombosis in patients with thrombotic diseases. A rapid, simple, precise and cost effective and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Aspirin and Dipyridamole in pharmaceutical formulations. Separation of both Aspirin and Dipyridamole was achieved within 5 min with required resolution, accuracy and precision thus enabling the utility of the method for routine analysis. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a waters symmetry C18 3.5 µm, 50 x 4.6 mm using a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% ortho phosphoric acid and acetonitrile in the ratio of 75:25 at a flow rate of 1.0 ml per minute. The detection was made at 227 nm and the retention time of Aspirin and Dipyridamole were1.5 and 2.8 minutes respectively. The method was found linear over the range of 4 to 80 µg/ml for Dipyridamole and 0.5 to 10 µg/ml for Aspirin.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aspirin, Dipyridamole, high performance liquid chromatography.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of camel milk on collagen abnormalities in streptozotocin-diabetic rats

Khalid S. Al-Numair, Govindasamy Chandramohan* and Mohammed A. Alsaif

Abstract: Non-enzymatic glycation of proteins, leading to chemical modification and cross-linking are of importance in the pathology of diabetic complications. In our early reported we showed that, camel milk possesses antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and exhibit beneficial role on membrane-bound ATPases in streptozotocin-diabetic rats after 45 days of treatment of camel milk at the optimum dose of 250 ml/day. In the present study, the effect of camel milk on the glycation and cross-linking of collagen from tail tendon of streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in adult male albino rats of the Wistar strain, weighing 180 to 200 g, by administration of streptozotocin (STZ) (40 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. The animals were randomly divided into five groups of six animals each. Rats of groups II and IV were fed 250 ml of raw camel milk daily through watering bottle instead of water. Whereas animals in groups I, III and V were given tap water, and rats of group V were given 600 µg/kg body weight of glibenclamide orally, once in a day in the morning for 45 days. The levels of hydroxylproline and total collagen content elevated in the tail tendon of the diabetic control. The levels of extent of glycation and fluorescence of collagen increased while decreased levels of acid, neutral and pepsin soluble collagens were observed in the tail tendon of diabetic rats. These changes were alleviated by the simultaneous ingestion of camel milk. Our results demonstrate that intake of camel milk has a positive influence on tail tendon collagen glycation and other variables in STZ-diabetic rats and its effect was comparable with glibenclamide.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Camel milk, glycation, collagen, streptozotocin, diabetes.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2016, 7(1), 1-6;

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