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V. Abankwah*, R. Aidoo and B. Tweneboah-Koduah
Abstract: The study was conducted in the Kumasi metropolis of the Ashanti region of Ghana to examine the margins and economic viability of fresh coconut marketing. Cross-sectional data was randomly collected from 120 individual fresh coconut marketers in market centers across the metropolis and analyzed, using Deconstructed Marketing Margins and Return on Capital Employed. The study revealed that fresh coconut marketing in the Kumasi metropolis is a viable venture that employs people within the economically active age group. Actors in the market have very low educational background with some having no formal education. It has been identified as a safe net for school drop outs, proving meaningful employment for them. Fresh coconut marketing has been found as a lucrative venture to economically empower both men and women to improve their livelihoods. With a minimum of GH₡18.00, as a start-up capital, one can enter into this venture and receive proportionate returns. Actors in the market receive rates of returns several times higher than fixed-deposit interest rate in the Ghanaian economy because they can turn over their relatively low capital several times in the year to accrue more profit. Retailing, though needs a very small start-up capital, is the most profitable level along the distribution channel. Transporting and distributing fresh coconut from the production centre to the consumer market is more profitable than rationing them to retailers and wholesalers in the marketplace.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Economic viability, deconstructed market margin, sedentary wholesaler, itinerant wholesaler.
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Nicholas N. Ngepah
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the poverty reduction impact of various potential biofuel crops in South Africa. A simple pro-poor development framework (in which income is substituted for by its function) is specified. After analysis for outliers with considerable leverage, a robust regression option was used to carry out estimations for physical output, values and inputs of each crop. For reasons of data availability, the crops considered were maize, wheat, sorghum and sugarcane for bioethanol, and groundnuts, soybeans and sunflower for biodiesel. The results suggest that various crops have different impacts on the different poverty measures. If a biofuel strategy’s intent is to promote (income) poverty reduction, then for South Africa sugarcane should be prioritised for bioethanol and groundnut for biodiesel. Other crops like maize and sunflower would require stronger support to small farmers. The finding also suggests that poverty reduction comes mainly by employment of the poor in commercial farming. There is suggestion that investment in farming by the poor is often inadequate and would generally result to poverty exacerbation. The implication is that the capital base of the poor must be broadened for them to effectively participate in farming. This has to be done without stifling commercial farming which is simultaneously contributing to poverty reduction through employment. These recommendations hold for sugarcane, groundnut and maize. However, a weakness worth mentioning is that the data is likely to underestimate or completely ignore most of the subsistence producers whose production is mainly for own consumption. Therefore, poverty impact could equally experience a downward bias in the models estimated here.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Biofuel crops, comparative analysis, poverty effect, South Africa.
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V. M. Mmbengwa* T. Ramukumba¹, J. A. Groenewald, H. D. van Schalkwyk, M. B. Gundidza and A. N. Maiwashe
Abstract: In order to establish reasons for their success and failure (defining failure as incapability to meet financial obligations, e.g. defaults), a study was undertaken to determine the problems faced by emerging or developing farmers, who are clients of, or are /funded by the Land Bank. Results from this study revealed that the farmers’ perceptions do depict a lack of capacity on essential prerequisites for their businesses, especially, their perception on the value of extension support and business plans. The objective analysis of farm profitability shows that emerging farmers are unable to accurately identify factors that influence their success and failure. Extension support, sole proprietorship and business plans were found to be crucial for the farming supported farming small, micro and medium enterprises (SMMEs) to succeed and be profitable. It is therefore essential that agricultural stakeholders ensure that farming SMMEs have adequate support regarding the identified factors that may potentially influence profit and loan repayments, as these factors are crucial for the success of these enterprises.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Success, failure, farming supported farming small, micro and medium enterprises (SMMEs), profitability, emerging farmers.
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Vandana Gupta*, R. K. Mittal and V. K. Bhalla
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to critically examine the role of credit rating agencies in the sub-prime crisis. The paper traces the development of the sub- prime crisis from its origin till the aftermath. It studies the weaknesses of credit rating agencies in performing their basic function of timely and accurate rating of bond obligations. The paper then scrutinizes the diversification of credit rating agencies into the structuring and rating of complex securitized products. This raises fundamental issue of the independence and accountability of these agencies. The paper comes to the conclusion that appropriate changes in the regulatory framework of credit rating agencies are necessary to help avert similar crises in the future.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Crisis, sub-prime, mortgage, credit ratings, default, global markets, accountability, regulation.
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F. I. Kabuya
Abstract: Most sub-Saharan African leaders seem to misunderstand the development concepts or ideas by embracing the African socialist system as a path of economic development. The leaders focused on strong nationalist sentiments and economy of affection and neglected the rural development, a sine qua none condition of economic growth and development in Africa. This study defines the development concepts and different economic systems, analyzes the relationship between governance, leadership and development, describes the common characteristics of African economies, and puts forward a view on the developmental policies that might address the development challenges of the region. African policy makers should recognize the failed policies of the past and be attentive to agricultural and rural development ideas in their economic development process.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Development, economic growth, governance, leadership, agriculture, pro-poor policies.
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Aggelopoulos S.*, Pavloudi A. and Galanopoulos K.
Abstract: This paper focused on the spatial and typological analysis of the economic activities of a major entrepreneurial sector of agricultural economy: pig farming. By applying the K-Mean Cluster analysis methodology, the “profile” of various pig farms was studied, regarding the geographical region, corporate structure, educational level of their owners and the type of invested capital. The K-Mean Cluster analysis results indicated that there were three clusters of farms that verified its criteria. The farms in first cluster were mainly active in the regions of Western Thessaly and the area of Evia-Viotia. The majority was family farms, which had not yet invested in the modernisation of their fixed assets, and this led to a high cost of use of the said assets. The farms in second cluster were active in the regions of Central Thessaly, Attica and Viotia. They were shareholder enterprises, and attained the best financial results compared to the other clusters. These farms combined a high productivity rate with investments in a more rational exploitation of their fixed assets. The farms in third cluster were active in Eastern Thessaly, Etoloakarnania, Attica and Viotia, and were also shareholder enterprises. They presented a high rate of modernisation, but still required investments of a higher quality in order to improve their performance.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Pig farms, agricultural investments, financing, K-mean cluster analysis.
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M. Y. Teweldemedhin* and Van H. D. Schalkwyk
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to analyse the international trade performance of the South African agricultural industry in aggregate and by product group categories. A useful tool in this regard is the Gini and intra-industrial trade coefficient (IIT), which is used to examine the international trade balance of South Africa. Moreover, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) is also used to identify factors that may be necessary to achieve high IIT. The IIT coefficient, after 1994, achieved more than 85 percent, which is a record level even for industrialised countries. This high IIT performance reveals trade liberalisation between the Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU) and the European Union (EU), opening South Africa’s market to the world. It also reveals that South Africa is able to increase its specialisation and flexibility to gain market access, and has shown a greater ability to compete in a changing trade environment. The results of the econometric analysis of IIT determinants give a greater magnitude to the coefficients export to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and export -to -import ratios. These results imply that if South Africa’s industries take measures to increase trade liberalisation, diversity, and the level of industrial specialisation, the IIT level would be higher, and significant economic gain might be achieved by minimising costs. Key word: Gini and intra-industrial trade coefficient, the international trade performance.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Gini and intra-industrial trade coefficient, the international trade performance.
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Adjei-Boateng, Daniel , Amisah, Stephen * and Quagrainie, K. Kwamena
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R. E. S. Nwachukwu and I. A. Ekwealor*
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Ming-xiong He, Hong Feng, Fan Bai, Yi Li, Xun Liu, and Yi-zheng Zhang*
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