A Method for Constructing Causal Knowledge Graphs in Oil and Gas Fields that Integrates Data-Driven Approaches and Large Language Models

Qingzeng Cao

School of Computer Science and Engineering

Xi’an Technological University

Xi’an, China

E-mail: 2771978945@qq.com

Xin Jing

School of Computer Science and Engineering

Xi’an Technological University

Xi’an, China

E-mail: jingxin@xatu.edu.cn

Jie Luo

School of Computer Science and Engineering

Xi’an Technological University

Xi’an, China

E-mail: 3030516025@qq.com

Received: 2026-06-09Revised: 2026-07-22Accepted: 2026-07-30Published: 2026-08-08

IJANMC 2026, 11(3), 74-86; https://doi.org/10.58244/ijanmc.263996

Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of Macao Scientific Publishers and/or the editors. Macao Scientific Publishers and/or the editors disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.