MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

Research Article

Sexual behavior and knowledge of reproductive health and HIV prevention among secondary school students in Nigeria

Hassan A.O, Oladeji A.O, Atibioke O.P, Ehimatie B, Ojomo O.A, Lannap F, Osinowo K.A, Ajuwon A.J, Uzuegbunam E, Ladipo O.A

Abstract: In Nigeria, adolescents have been long identified as vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV/AIDS. They face multiple challenges including unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortion, sexual coercion resulting in sexually transmitted infections including HIV and AIDS. The study assessed sexual behavior and knowledge of reproductive health and HIV prevention among secondary school students as part of efforts to plan appropriate interventions among this population. The study employed a cross-sectional study design in which data were collected from 1914 secondary schools students across six states in all the geopolitical zones in Nigeria. Data were collected using 47-item questionnaire which explored the students’ socio-demographic characteristic, knowledge of HIV/AIDS and reproductive health, attitude towards HIV prevention and people living with HIV/AIDS, condom use and abstinence and sexual behaviour. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square and t-test at 0.05 level of significance. Majority (93.6%) of the respondents had good knowledge of HIV and other STIs. Females had a slightly higher mean knowledge of HIV and other STIs than their male counterparts (38.4 ±7. 7 vs 37.8 ± 7.5) (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: HIV/AIDS, reproductive health, sexual behaviour, adolescent, sex.

2016, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A study of pre and post test knowledge score of nurses on care of patient with central venous access devices in selected oncology hospital of Bangalore

Verma Kumari*, Sao Devi and Ambika Narayani

Abstract: Central venous access devices are small, flexible tubes placed in large veins for people who require frequent access to the bloodstream. Educational programs that advance knowledge, skill and competence and determine performance levels for nurses caring for patients with central venous access devices will be effective. Development of criteria rating scale, preparation of Structural Teaching Programme (STP) and content validity were the steps followed to develop STP. The present study was conducted at the New Building of Bangalore Institute of Oncology. Staff nurses had the highest mean percentage (70%) in complications and its management concept, and lowest (66%) in the area of concept with standard deviation of 1.1 and 1.5 respectively. The overall pre-test knowledge mean percentage was 67%. Staff nurses had the highest mean percentage (91%) in the complications and its management, and lowest (85%) in the area of concept with standard deviation of 1.2 and 1.6 respectively. The overall post test knowledge mean percentage was 87%. Overall, mean percent of pre test knowledge score was 67% and post test knowledge score was 87%. The data further supports that post test knowledge scores were greater than the pre test knowledge scores. So, there was 20% enhancement in the overall knowledge after the structured teaching program. The statistical paired ‘t’ test for overall knowledge was found as 8.5 (p-value = 0.0001) which emphasizes that the difference in pre test and post test knowledge score was found to be statistically significant at 0.0001 level. This implies that the teaching programme on care of patient with central venous access device among staff nurses is effective.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nurse, central venous access devices, structural teaching programme.

2016, 5(1), 1-6;

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Case Report

Management of severe and refractory HLA-B27 negative heel enthesitis using adalimumab

Faisal Salman

Abstract: Enthesitis is a common manifestation of HLA-B27 positive spondyloarthritis. Here, we report the successful use of adalimumab for the treatment of an unusual case of isolated heel enthesitis, in an HLA-B27 negative patient without additional clinical symptoms of undifferentiated spondyloarthritis. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence that supports the beneficial use of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapies for patients with enthesitis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Adalimumab, enthesitis, spondyloarthritis, magnetic resonance imaging.

2016, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A study of blood transfusion in sickle cell anaemia patients in South-South Nigeria

Kate Tubonemi

Abstract: Sickle cell disease (SCD) and its variants are genetic disorders resulting from the presence of a mutated form of hemoglobin, hemoglobin S (HbS). The most common and severe form of SCD found in Nigeria is homozygous HbS disease (HbSS) which is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. A key component in management of patients with sickle cell anaemia is transfusion therapy. This study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors for blood transfusion among SCD patients. This was a retrospective study, in which files of patients seen in clinic or admitted in the Pediatrics Department of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital within 2 years were reviewed. Of the 131 cases, 130 had genotype Hb SS and 1 had genotype Hb SC. Fifty seven percent had received at least one blood transfusion and the commonest indication for transfusion was severe anemia. Considering the complications of blood transfusion, efforts must be made to reduce the frequency of blood transfusion by preventive measures such as early diagnosis, regular follow-up, malaria prophylaxis and folic acid usage.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Blood transfusions, sickle cell anaemia, children, prevalence, Nigeria.

2016, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A study of cyanobacteria and absence of cyanotoxins in a public water supply source

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Current analysis, involving measurements of biotic and abiotic factors, determined which factor favored cyanobacteria with subsequent concentrations of microcystins in water collected from a public water supply source during the dry and rainy periods and which received residual water from agricultural production systems. Since no microcystins were detected, waters fitted within the maximum limits of 1mg.L-1 for MC-LR. Nevertheless, if aquiculture production systems are not properly administered, especially for the diet factor, great risks will exist in the contamination and pollution of fresh water. This fact may cause intoxication to the population that use the water and to the aquatic plants and animals which make it their habitat.[...] Read More.

Keywords: HPLC, nitrogen, organic matter, microcystins, phosphorus.

2016, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Examination of the knowledge and awareness about AIDS in urban and rural women of Bangladesh

Jalal Bhakti

Abstract: This study utilized data from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2004 to identify the determinants of knowledge about AIDS for women of urban and rural areas of Bangladesh, bi-variate and multivariate logistic regression methods were employed in analyzing data. This study found that a wider gap exists between urban and rural areas regarding knowledge about AIDS, where every 8 out of 10 urban women know about AIDS but almost half of the rural women still do not know about AIDS. Mass media play a major role for growing awareness about AIDS in both of these areas. In the urban area 61.6 percent women knew at least one correct way to avoid AIDS but rural women are in miserable condition because the corresponding figure for rural women was only 31.3% that means 37.7 and 67.7% among urban and rural women respectively still did not know how to avoid AIDS. Binary logistic regression method shows that education, occupation, ever use of contraception, currently using condom, permission to go to hospital/health center, mass media exposure, region of residence and wealth index significantly influence the knowledge about AIDS among rural women, whereas, in the urban areas except occupation and currently using condom all these remaining variables appear as the significant predictors of knowledge about AIDS.[...] Read More.

Keywords: AIDS, mass media, Bangladesh, logistic regression analysis.

2016, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Use of Intermittent preventive treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in pregnancy at health care facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria

Alli Akande, Kola Adedeji and Ladipo Akinjide

Abstract: Malaria in pregnancy (MIP) remains a major public health concern, inspite of the adoption of WHO recommended intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) for its control in Nigeria. Using interviewer administered questionnaires, information on knowledge of the burden, consequences and the use of SP for malaria control in pregnancy was obtained from 800 mothers within 24 h after delivery at two health centres in Ibadan. Women who attended antenatal care (ANC) at the secondary facility were less likely to demonstrate poor knowledge of causes (OR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.08, 0.38), consequences (OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.24, 0.55) and control strategies (OR = 0.32, 95% = 0.18, 0.59) compared with tertiary facility. Only 56.4% of all the mothers were aware of IPTp SP as government policy for prevention of MIP out of which 16.9% used IPTp SP in index pregnancy. Overall, only 18.4% of all mothers used IPTp SP. Being unaware of the existing government policy and educational attainment of 9 years independently predicted non-usage of IPTp SP. This study revealed that the uptake of IPTp SP in pregnancy is poor in spite of good knowledge of burden of malaria in pregnancy and underscores the need to scale up awareness campaign and monitor implementation at all levels of health care.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Malaria in pregnancy, intermittent preventive treatment, sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine.

2016, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A simple mathematical modeling to test intervention strategies for Chlamydia

*Trevor Barrett and James Hubbard

Abstract: In recent years, there has been a rise in applications of mathematical modelling in sexually transmitted infections. This paper outlines a new approach to mathematical modelling that tests intervention efforts on Chlamydia. The aim was to produce a simple model that can be used when new data comes to hand without the need to re-run the simulation. A simple model was developed to study the effects of interventions in lowering rates of Chlamydia in a high-risk population of 16 to 24 year olds. Parameters are informed by the best available data. The model was verified by running it backwards in time to see if it correctly ‘retrodicts’ rates of Chlamydia in the past. The model predicted that Chlamydia would disappear long-term if there were 45% condom use, annual check- ups and 23.5% successful contact tracing among the high-risk 16 – 24 year old age group. The model’s expressions can be applied readily to different populations of interest and to address specific questions, indicating that the model is a quick and easy tool to apply in public health policy making.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mathematical modelling, Chlamydia, public health interventions, partner notification, annual check-up, condom use.

2016, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Low back pain among undergraduate students at Taif University - Saudi Arabia

Lotfi Fahmi Issa, Nagy A. Seleem, Ali M. Bakheit , Ayman Abdel Baky , Abdulaziz Fahad Alotaibi

Abstract: Low back pain is the most common orthopedic health problem affecting population globally including Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of low back pain among university students. A cross sectional approach was conducted and 1000 male students were selected by multistage random sampling technique. A self administered structured questionnaire including socio-demographic data and questions on the risk factors was used to collect data. Out of 1000 male students selected, 872 (87.2%) responded. The overall prevalence of low back pain among students was 30%. However, significant associations were found between low back pain and older students, being medical student, higher academic grades, being married and large family size. Moreover, physically inactive, being smoker, consumption of more coffee, tea or soft drink, sitting on uncomfortable furniture, history of psychological problem, positive family history of musculoskeletal disorders, overweight and obesity were significantly associated with low back pain. In conclusion, high prevalence of low back pain was recorded among University students. Greater attention should be directed towards ergonomic improvement of chair and desk. In addition, health education program on low back pain is highly recommended to the students and their families.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Prevalence, low back pain, orthopedic, students, university, Saudi Arabia.

2016, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Exploring the qualitative research on diabetes self-management in middle-aged population of rural area of Pakistan

Rashid M. Ansari*, Hassan Hosseinzadeh and Nicholas Zwar

Abstract: This review article aimed at exploring the qualitative health research in self-management of type 2 diabetes and patient’s perceptions and experiences of undertaking physical activity and eating behaviour as part of their diabetes self-management. In addition, the study analyzed how the health issue related to diabetes is viewed and addressed in the community of Pakistan and used the concepts of socio-ecological approach to self-management of type 2 diabetes and explored the factors affecting the self-management practices in that country. The other objective of this review was to examine the role of physical inactivity and obesity in the development of type 2 diabetes and its self-management in middle-aged population living in rural area of Pakistan and to propose a randomized controlled trial and evaluate a lifestyle intervention in the management of type 2 diabetes. This qualitative study would make a unique contribution to public health in the rural area of Pakistan addressing the issues and the ways in which diabetes is managed in that region. This study will help to integrate the skills and choices of individuals in managing the diabetes with the services and support they receive from the social environment of family, friends, organizations and cultures, communities and the governments. Keywords: Type 2 diabetes, qualitative research, self-management, physical activity, lifestyle intervention, barriers to self-management, randomized controlled trial, Pakistan.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Type 2 diabetes, qualitative research, self-management, physical activity, lifestyle intervention, barriers to self-management, randomized controlled trial, Pakistan.

2016, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antibiotic sensitivity assay on pathogenic microorganisms isolated from selected areas in some primary health centres in Akure Metropolis, Nigeria

Omoya, Funmilola Ph.D* and Afolabi, Temitope MBCHB, MPH, FMCPH

Abstract: Isolation and identification of pathogenic microorganisms present on surface of facilities in wards of selected primary health centres were done. A total of 720 swab specimen from different surfaces (beddings, toilet seats, floor and door handles) were collected in triplicates and analyzed using microbiological standard to evaluate the hygienic status of these wards. Antibiotic sensitivity test was carried out on the pathogenic isolates using selected antibiotics and antifungal agents. The bacterial isolated are Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, while the fungi are Candida albicans and Candida dubliensis. The highest bacterial load of 53.33 ± 1.86 cfu/ml was obtained from maternity ward toilet while the least bacterial load of 1.67 ± 0.33 cfu/ml was obtained from the pillows of pediatric ward. Their sensitivity to commercial antibiotics showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were the most resistant bacteria to these antibiotics. Ofloxacin exerted the highest inhibitory effect against all the bacteria. Most of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline and streptomycin. These results inferred that pathogenic microorganisms resistant to some commonly used drugs can be acquired from these health centres. Therefore, adequate ward hygiene is necessary to reduce hospital acquired infections. Keywords: Hospital, wards, acquired, infections, isolation, pathogenic, sensitivity, microorganisms, antibiotics. [...] Read More.

Keywords: Hospital, wards, acquired, infections, isolation, pathogenic, sensitivity, microorganisms, antibiotics.

2016, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Social risk factors of Diabetic Retinopathy among Sudanese diabetic patients in Khartoum-Sudan 2016: hospital based cross-sectional study

Mohanad Kamaleldin Mahmoud Ibrahim MBBS, MPH

Abstract: Diabetic Retinopathy is one of the major complications of Diabetes that causes progressive damage to the retina. It is a serious sight-threatening disorder that may lead to blindness. The objective of this research was to study the social risk factors of diabetic retinopathy among diabetic patients aiming to gain information for prevention and control. This was a hospital based cross- sectional study conducted among 251 participants in 2016.The questionnaire was composed of 21 close-ended questions and the study was estimated at 95% confidence level. 72% of the study group was living in rural areas. The majority of the study participants were of low income, less than 1000 SDG per month (35%) and less than 5000 SDG (42%).Educational level of 34% of the study candidates was Secondary level, 28% of the candidates were illiterate and 23% completed the basic level.Low income and low socio-economic status, low educational profile and living in rural areas or far from the center were significant factors associated with Diabetic Retinopathy among Sudanese Diabetic Patients. Keywords: Diabetic retinopathy, rural residency, Sudanese population, low income, education International Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology ISSN 2326-7291 Vol. 5 (9), pp. 301-304, December, 2016. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. Full Length Research Paper Social risk factors of Diabetic Retinopathy among Sudanese diabetic patients in Khartoum-Sudan 2016: hospital based cross-sectional study Mohanad Kamaleldin Mahmoud Ibrahim MBBS, MPH Al Neelain University, Faculty of Medicine Khartoum Sudan, General Medical Director, Albasar International Foundation. P.O Box 12368, Tell: 00249912334544 E-mail: drmuhanadkamal@hotmail.com Received 04 December, 2016; Revised 08 December, 2016; Accepted 9 December, 2016 and Published 30 December, 2016 Diabetic Retinopathy is one of the major complications of Diabetes that causes progressive damage to the retina. It is a serious sight-threatening disorder that may lead to blindness. The objective of this research was to study the social risk factors of diabetic retinopathy among diabetic patients aiming to gain information for prevention and control. This was a hospital based cross- sectional study conducted among 251 participants in 2016.The questionnaire was composed of 21 close-ended questions and the study was estimated at 95% confidence level. 72% of the study group was living in rural areas. The majority of the study participants were of low income, less than 1000 SDG per month (35%) and less than 5000 SDG (42%).Educational level of 34% of the study candidates was Secondary level, 28% of the candidates were illiterate and 23% completed the basic level.Low income and low socio-economic status, low educational profile and living in rural areas or far from the center were significant factors associated with Diabetic Retinopathy among Sudanese Diabetic Patients. Keywords: Diabetic retinopathy, rural residency, Sudanese population, low income, education[...] Read More.

Keywords: Diabetic retinopathy, rural residency, Sudanese population, low income, education

2016, 5(1), 1-6;

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