Significant and stable gradient differences in life expectancy, disease burden, health service utilization, and disaster response capacity exist among populations across different countries and regions, as well as within the same society. Health inequality has become a critical issue constraining global sustainable development. From a public health perspective, this paper explores the core dimensions of population health inequality through three analytical threads: "manifestations-causes-interventions." It examines the mechanisms of interwoven interactions among social structures, policy systems, public health service systems, and individual/family resources, and constructs a comprehensive intervention pathway that integrates social policies, health services, and individual empowerment. Furthermore, the article proposes actionable strategies based on international organizations and transnational research, emphasizing the need to reshape governance logic by focusing on health determinants, strengthening primary health care and community public health functions, promoting multi-sector collaboration and community participation, and providing a replicable public health action framework for narrowing health disparities across countries and regions
Keywords: Health equity; Social determinants; Public health intervention
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