MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

Research Article

A meta analysis of prevalence rate of hypertension in Nigerian populations

Obinna Ikechukwu Ekwunife and Cletus Nze Aguwa

Abstract: This study aimed at synthesizing population-based studies on prevalence of hypertension in Nigeria from 1990 to 2009. General databases and subject-specific databases were searched for primary studies. Manuscripts of appropriate studies were retrieved. Based on some criteria, only eligible studies were included in the study. A total of 9 studies all from South-West region of Nigeria that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were retrieved. Prevalence of hypertension ranged from a minimum of 12.4% to a maximum of 34.8%. Combined prevalence rate of hypertension was 22% and with 95% confidence interval of 17 to 27%. There was also gender difference with respect to prevalence of hypertension as males had higher prevalence of hypertension compared to females. This study showed that prevalence of hypertension is high in Nigeria. There is a need to develop strategies to prevent, treat, and control hypertension effectively in Nigeria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Hypertension, prevalence, epidemiology, meta analysis.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Psychosocial survey on erectile dysfunction among diabetic and non-diabetic attributes, Penang, Malaysia

Syed Wasif Gillani*, Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman, Yaseen Khalid, Yelly Oktavia Sari, Mirza Baig and Atif Amin

Abstract: Sex is a natural and basic drive of human beings. In Malaysia, erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common problem, affecting 16 to 47% of men above 40 years old. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common complication of diabetics, with prevalence ranging between 27 and 75%. Knowledge and perception are essential precursors of ED related quality of life. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, to produce the preliminary information to compare the knowledge and the perception of diabetic and non diabetic population towards sexual activity and the effect of ED on quality of life. Population based survey includes the entire male respondent in the community with age of 18 years and above. Investigator personally approached the respondents and asked them to complete self administered and anonymous pre-validated questionnaire. Statistical package for social sciences (version 15®) was used to analyze the data by adopting chi-square, univariate and multivariate analysis, ANOVA, T-test techniques, respectively. Data was collected from 1700 males aged between 20 years and above with response rate of 88.35%. The mean total knowledge score obtained by diabetics was significantly (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Diabetics mellitus, perception and quality of life, erectile dysfunction, erectile and diabetics, diabetics and quality of life, erectile dysfunction treatment.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Evaluation of prescription pattern in Osun State (Southwest) Nigeria

Babalola C. P.*, Awoleye S. A., Akinyemi J. O. and Kotila O. A.

Abstract: Drug therapy is the most commonly used method of any disease treatment in general practice. However, the patterns of drug prescription are often inappropriate and the need for registration of these patterns is essential in an effort to improve prescription standards. Retrospective analysis of prescriptions written by various cadres in primary health care department with emphasis on primary health care centers, dispensaries and health posts in four randomly selected local government areas were collected over a period of one year (March 2006 to February 2007). Data was collected using a standardized WHO instrument for studies of rational drug use. The average number of drugs per encounter was 6.11 with 69.81% drugs prescribed by generic names. The use of antibiotics (50.10% of encounters) and injections (72.70% of encounters) was relatively high. About ninety four percent(94%) of drugs prescribed were from the essential drugs list. It is obvious that poly pharmacy is high at the grassroots level coupled with shortage of high skilled manpower. The use of antibiotics and injections is also very high. Recruitment of skilled personnel and continuing educational programs for primary health care workers is recommended.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Prescription pattern, injections, antibiotics, primary health care.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Editorial

Quality use of antidepressants: how Pharmacists can play their part

Dr. Tahir Mehmood Khan ,

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 8 (2), pp. 001-003, February, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Editorial

Quality use of antidepressants: how Pharmacists can play their part

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Phytochemical outlining of phytoconstituents of grape, Jatropha curcas and Neem extracts

*Moshood Musa, Ibrahim Mohammed and Murutala Achebe

Abstract: This study investigated the phytoconstituents in Neem (seed and flower), Jatropha curcas (stem and root bark) and grape (stem bark and leaves) in some selected solvents. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of bioactive compound saponin in all the parts of the three plants in water extract only. Saponin was absent in other solvents used (ethanol, ethyl acetate, propan-2-ol, methanol, n-butanol and acetone). Ethanol, ethyl acetate and methanol were the most promising solvents to extract flavonoids in both the seed and flower of Neem plant. Acetone and ethanol were the most promising solvents to extract flavonoids in the stem bark of J. curcas. In the root bark of J. curcas, acetone and ethyl acetate were the most promising solvents to extract flavonoids. In grape (Citrus paradisi) leaves, ethanol, water and acetone were the most promising solvents to extract flavonoids. In the stem bark of grape, water, ethyl acetate and acetone proved promising as extraction solvents for flavonoids. All the parts of the plants studied were positive for alkaloid in ethanol and acetone extracts. The seed extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica) was strongly positive in ethanol only. Terpenoids were detected in ethyl acetate and n-butanol in all the parts of the three plants. Aged flower extract of Neem plant with pale pink colour could be exploited as a novel source of colourant. Volatile oil was not restricted to J. curcas stem and root barks, it was also present in C. paradisi stem and root barks. The nutritional significance, economic and toxicological implications of phytoconstituents analysed in the plants were discussed.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Phytomedicine, bioactive compounds, natural product, drug discovery, preventive medicine.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Assessment of phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Mikania cordata (Asteraceae) leaves

*Mujibur Abed, Rahman E. Shakib and Khan Ahmed

Abstract: The ethanol extract of the dried leaves of Mikania cordata (Family-Asteraceae) was investigated for its possible bioactive chemical groups and antinociceptive, cytotoxic and antibacterial activities in animal models. The extract produced significant writhing inhibition in acetic acid-induced writhing in mice at the oral dose of 125 and 250 mg/kg body weight (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antimicrobial, antinociceptive, asteraceae, cytotoxic, Mikania cordata.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Hepatoprotective action of Morus alba (Linn.) leaves extract against carbon tetrachloride incited hepatotoxicity in rats

*Shankar Salman, Khan V. Bachchan and Swami V. singh

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Assessment of cell antioxidant action, quantitative estimation of phenols and flavonoids in distinctive parts of Aegle marmelos

*Shankar Salman, Khan V. Bachchan and Swami V. singh

Abstract: In existing study, we carried out an efficient record of the comparative antioxidant activity in methanolic extract of the selected parts (leaves, root and stem bark) of Aegle marmelos. Total content of phenol and flavonoid was quantitatively estimated in different parts of A. marmelos. The total phenolic contents varied from 9.8367 ± 0.0235 to 1.7281 ± 0.049 mg g-1. Total flavonoid contents were between 8.248 ± 0.029 to 1.087 ± 0.002 mg g-1. Free radical scavenging activity of different extracts was evaluated by using DPPH (1, 1 -Diphenyl- 2 -picryl hydrazyl) method. The highest free radical scavenging effect was observed in leaves with IC50 = 2.096µg ml –1. The effectiveness of radical scavenging activity of leaves extract was about 10 times greater than reference antioxidant butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT). The greater amount of phenolic compounds leads to more powerful radical scavenging effect as shown by methanolic extract of A. marmelos leaves.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aegle marmelos, antioxidant, flavonoids, phenols, 1, 1 –diphenyl - 2 -picryl hydrazyl.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Phenolic substance, radical rummaging movement and cytotoxicity of Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) bunge developing in Egypt

*Abdel Naguib, Ahmad Mubarak and V. S. Gamal

Abstract: The radical scavenging activity using 1,1-diphenyl, 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and cytotoxicity using sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay of the aqueous methanolic extract of Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge (Tamaricaceae) flowers and its subextracts (CHCl3, EtOAC and Pet.ether) were evaluated. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were estimated using colorimetric assays. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) showed the highest free radical scavenging activity with inhibitory concentration (IC50) 7.25 ± 0.86 µg/ml in addition to potential cytotoxic effect on liver cell carcinoma (Huh-7) (IC50 49.1 ± 0.96 µg/ml) whereas effect on lung cell carcinoma (A-549) was much lower (IC50: 137.9 ± 1.85 µg/ml). EtOAc had the highest flavonoid content (1.75 ± 1.5 mg/g QE) compared to other subextracts. These results indicated that ethyl acetate fraction contains bioactive compounds worthy of more sophisticated studies as free radical scavenger and cytotoxic agent.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Tamarix nilotica, cytotoxic activity, sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay, scavenging activity, 1,1-diphenyl, 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, flavonoid, phenolic.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Review

Phytochemistry and pharmacological characteristics of Ruta graveolens L.

*Kamshad Forouhar, Dariush A. Pakraven and Reza Khan

Abstract: Ruta graveolens is known as Rue. R. graveolens extracts and essential oil are important areas in drug development with numerous pharmacological activities in many countries. For a long time R. graveolens has been used in traditional medicines for the relief of pain, eye problems, rheumatism and dermatitis. R. graveolens has recently been shown to have antibacterial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and insecticidal activities. Rutin, quercetin, psoralen, methoxypsoralen, rutacridone, rutacridone epoxide and gravacridondiol are phytochemical compounds which are reported from this plant. α-Pinene, limonene and 1,8-cineole were identified as the main monoterpene constituents for R. graveolens essential oil. Due to the easy collection of the plant and being widespread and also remarkable biological activities, this plant has become medicine in many countries especially in Mediterranean region. This article presents comprehensive analyzed information on the botanical, chemical and pharmacological aspects of R. graveolens.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ruta graveolens, Rutaceae, pharmacology, phytochemistry.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Anti-ulcer activities of Ficus religiosa stem bark ethanolic gather in rats

*Azman Ahmed, Rinong Rahim and Koo Idlan

Abstract: Ficus religiosa is being used in Ayurvedic and Malay traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases including gastric ulcer. Considering the above claims, the present work was undertaken to validate the anti-ulcer potential of the ethanol extract of stem bark of F. religiosa against in vivo indomethacin- and cold restrained stress-induced gastric ulcer, and pylorus ligation assays. The extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ficus religiosa, stem bark, ethanol extract, gastric ulcer, pylorus ligation, indomethacin, cold stress induced gastric ulcers, ulcer index.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antioxidant and phytochemical outling of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola

*Ibrahim Bello, Yakubu Chris and Herbert Akintola

Abstract: Garcinia kola is widely consumed habitually and used as traditional remedy for various diseases in Nigeria. However, information with respect to the effect of using different solvents of extraction on its antioxidant properties is scanty. Therefore, the present study investigates the effect of different solvents on the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant properties of G. kola. Phytochemicals measured were the total phenolics, flavonoids and vitamin C content while the antioxidant parameters assessed were the free radical scavenging, Fe (II) - chelating and Fe3+ reducing properties. Finally, the ability of both extracts to offer protective benefits to both hepatic and cerebral tissues placed under oxidative assault induced by FeSO4 and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was also investigated. The phenolic content of G. kola was estimated to be 45.2 ± 0.9 mg/g and 30.3 ± 0.4 mg/g gallic acid equivalent (GAE) for the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively. Whereas the flavonoid content was estimated to be 29.2 ± 0.2 mg/g and 10.8 ± 0.2 mg/g quercetin equivalent (QE) for the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively. In addition, the vitamin C contents were 21.2 ± 0.4 mg/g and 20.8 ± 0.1 mg/g for the ethanolic and aqueous extract of dried G. kola, respectively. In all the antioxidant indices measured, the ethanolic extract possessed significantly higher properties than the aqueous extract (p < 0.05). In view of all, the use of G. kola for the treatment of cough and liver disorders in folkloric medicines may be related to its phytochemical content. Hence, moderate consumption of the fruit should be encouraged as antioxidant supplement.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Garcinia kola, antioxidant, ethanolic, aqueous and phytochemical.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Enhancement and approval of converse stage HPLC and HPTLC technique for concurrent evaluation of vasicine and vasicinone in SIDA Species

*Salman Ray, Aamir Roshan and Narenda Khan

Abstract: Quantification of bioactive principles through modern analytical tools is essential for establishing the authenticity and creditability of prescription and usage of herbal drugs. In the present study, simultaneous quantification of vasicine and vasicinone, present in SIDA species (Malvaceae), by reverse phase HPLC and HPTLC methods were developed. In the RP-HPLC method, the extracts were resolved using a mobile phase of acetonitrile - 0.1 M phosphate buffer - glacial acetic acid (15:85:1, V/V/V) with pH 4.0 on a C18-ODS-Hypersil column in isocratic mode. The retention times of vasicine and vasicinone were 5 and 8.7 min, respectively. In the HPTLC method, mobile phase of ethyl acetate, methanol, ammonia (8:2: 0.2, V/V) was used on precoated plate of silica gel 60 F254 and quantified by densitometric method. Validation of the methods was done to demonstrate its selectivity, linearity, precision and accuracy as recommended in the ICH guidelines. Excellent linear behaviors over the investigated concentration ranges were observed with the values of R2 higher than 0.998 for both the analytes. Recovery values between 97 - 101%, and correlation coefficient between (linear dynamic range) 0.977 - 0.9999 shows that the developed methods were accurate and precise. These methods can be employed for the routine analysis of the quality of herbal extracts and formulations.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Review

Efficient pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological survey on Basella alba L. An ethno therapeutic plant

*Kishore Subhas, Mohan Kapoor and Akshay R. P

Abstract: The ethno medicinal plant Basella alba belongs to the family Basellaceae, and commonly known as malabar spinach, indian spinach, ceylon spinach and vine spinach. Although it has been reported in ancient systems of medicine, it did not gain much importance and has always remained controversial. It has been found to be a good source of calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin C. In the Indian system of medicine, the plant has immense potential in androgenic activity, antiulcer activity, antioxidant, cytotoxic and antibacterial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, central nervous system (CNS) depressant activity, nephroprotective and wound healing properties etc. The present is therefore, an effort to give a detailed survey of literature on pharmacognostical, phytochemical, ethnopharmacology as well as the pharmacological activities of the plant.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nephroprotective, cytotoxic, androgenic, antiulcer activity, antioxidant, spinach.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Evaluation of phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Mikania cordata (Asteraceae) leaves

*Zainul D. Karim, Shamsur E. A and Tahmima Ali

Abstract: The ethanol extract of the dried leaves of Mikania cordata (Family-Asteraceae) was investigated for its possible bioactive chemical groups and antinociceptive, cytotoxic and antibacterial activities in animal models. The extract produced significant writhing inhibition in acetic acid-induced writhing in mice at the oral dose of 125 and 250 mg/kg body weight (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antimicrobial, antinociceptive, asteraceae, cytotoxic, Mikania cordata.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Review

Pharmacology and phytochemistry of Coccinia Indica

*Zafir Zahid, Moudud Fazlul and Mohammed Karim

Abstract: COCCINIA INDICA (Bimba, kanduri, Cucurbitaceae) is famous for its hypoglycemic and antidiabetic properties in Ayurvedic system of medicine. Other applications include the therapy of various conditions such as skin diseases and gonorrhoea. The present review highlights the phytochemistry and pharmacology of COCCINIA INDICA. There are many patented formulations derived from C. INDICA which are now distributed increasingly all over the world. This has given rise to a concomitant increase in research on the phytochemical constituents and biological activity of C. INDICA.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Coccinia indica, hypoglycemic, antidiabetic, saponins, terpenoids, sterol.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Phytochemical and phytotherapeutic assessment of Mallotus peltatus (Geist.) Muell. Arg. var acuminatus, India

*Atiur Choudhury, Munier Huseyn and Muhammed Shaheed

Abstract: We have evaluated the phytochemical and bioactive nature of the leaves of Mallotus peltatus (Geist.) Muell. Arg. var acuminatus and Alstonia macrophylla Wall ex A. DC, the two major ethno medicines of the Onge, Nicobarese and other tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, on the Bay of Bengal, India. Three major compounds were isolated from the polar fractions of the methanol extracts of A. macrophylla leaf namely -sitosterol (fraction A), ursolic acid (fraction B) and -sitosterol -D-glucoside (fraction C), along with a minor fraction containing alkaloid and fatty acids. On the other hand polar fractions of methanol extract of M. peltatus leaf yielded two major compounds, ursolic acid (fraction A) and -sitosterol (fraction B), along with a minor fraction containing fatty acids. The earlier studies reveal that both the extracts have antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities, but the present study showed that the activities are due to fractions A and B of both the plants. Moreover, the extracts of both the plants had significant dose dependent antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity at nontoxic concentrations. It can be thus concluded that the terpenoid and - sitosterol, along with other minor constituent of the bioactive parts had a dose dependent therapeutic efficacy, justifying their use. However, further study can help to elucidate their mechanism of action.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ethnomedicine, Alstonia macrophylla, Mallotus peltatus, pharmacology and phytochemistry, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiinflammatory activity.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antibacterial and antifungal screening of concentrates from six Medicinal plants gathered in Kinshasa-Democratic Republic of Congo against clinical detach pathogens

*Antonio Kabila, Augustine Tshombe and Kaumba E. B

Abstract: Results from the in vitro evaluation of the antibacterial and antifungal activities of six plant extracts indicated that the aqueous and the methanol extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana leaves and Ageratum conyzoides leaves exhibited good and efficient antifungal activity against Candida albicans with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 31.25 µg/ml and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 62.5 µg/ml) while the methanol extract from Pentaclethra macrophylla inhibited the yeast growth with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of 62.5 and 125 µg/ml respectively. The aqueous extracts from Acalypha wilkesiana, Ageratum conyzoides, Buccholzia tholoniana seeds, Gulboutia demeusei root and the aqueous and methanol extracts from Pentaclecthra macrophylla stem bark showed good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella thyphimurium, Stahylococcus aureus and Shigella flexneri with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 62.5 µg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 125 µg/ml according to the case. These results partly support and justify the traditional use of these plant extracts for treating infections in traditional medicine.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Plant extracts, antibacterial, antifungal, infections.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Phytochemical investigation of the methanol leaves concentrate of Paullinia pinnata linn

*Murutala Adu, Wole Achebe and Shehu Abubakar

Abstract: The aim of this study seeks to investigate the presence of steroids, triterpenes, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones and flavonoids compounds as the possible agent responsible for the medicinal activities of the leaf of the plant Paullinia pinnata and also to carry out phytochemical screening of the dried leaf of the plant, to extract and fractionate the leaf and finally to carry out thin layer chromatography of the different fractions. In the phytochemical investigation of the plant, the powdered leaves was tested positive for steroids, triterpenes, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones and flavonoids. The presence of the constituents was also found to be similar to those reported for most medicinal plants. In East Africa, the leaves are used against snake bites, rabies, mental problems, blindness and eye troubles, together with the roots, against gonorrhoea, paralysis, wounds, threatened abortion, malaria, ancylostomiasis, and to expel placenta. Roots are applied against eczema, as a tonic and as a styptic medicine.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Paullinia pinnata, phytochemical, chromatography, flavanoids, alkaloids, materials, tests, tannins, extraction, colour, spray, fractionate.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Resistin and cardiovascular disorder

Ramica Sharma*, Chetan Kumar, Shaveta Gangwani, Gurfateh Singh Sugga and A. C. Rana

Abstract: Resistin belongs to a family of cysteine- rich secreted polypeptides produced by monocy-tes/macrophages. It is also regarded as a novel adipokine that has been suggested to play a role in the development of insulin resistance and obesity. In humans, inflammatory cells seem to be the major source of resistin. Resistin has been suggested to be an independent risk factor involved in the pathogenesis of numerous disorders. Cardiovascular complications account for significant morbidity and mortality. Moreover, resistin has been demonstrated to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of various vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, coronary artery disease and heart failure. Hence, the present review discussed the role of resistin in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Resistin, cardiovascular disorders, adipokine, cysteine, macrophages, monocytes.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Ethno-zoological studies and medicinal values of Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Orissa, India

N. Mishra, S. D. Rout and T. Panda*

Abstract: This paper documents zootherapeutic practices in Similipal Biosphere Reserve of Mayurbhanj district, Orissa, India. It is primarily based on field surveys carried out in villages, where dwellers provided information on animal species used as medicine, body parts used to prepare the remedies, and the illnesses to which the remedies were prescribed. The dominant tribes involved in using animal parts as medicines in the district are Santhal, Kol, Bhumija, Bhuyan, Mahalis, Sounti and Saharas. The animal parts, namely, blood, excreta, feather and hair were used in raw or cooked forms for the treatment of piles, asthma, skin diseases, fever and rheumatism.The species used as medicinal drug and their respective families were: Bos gaurus gaurus(Mammalia), Buceros bicormis (Bucerotidae), Crocodylus palustris (Crocodilidae), Pavo cristatus(Phasianidae), Hystrix indica (Rodentia), Pterocarpus giganteus (Chiroptera) and Sus scorofacristatus (Mammalia).These zootherapeutical resources were used for the cure of 12 illnesses.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ethnomedicine, ethnozoology, Orissa, Similipal, traditional knowledge, zootherapy

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of consumption of Cucurbita pepo seeds on haematological and biochemical parameters

G. K. A. Adepoju* and A. A. Adebanjo

Abstract: The study investigated the effect of Cucurbita pepo seeds on haematological and biochemical parameters on Wistar albino rats. The rats were maintained on diets composed of different concentrations of pulverized seeds of C. pepo. Blood samples and organs investigations were carried out using standard laboratory tests. The result revealed that C. pepo seeds significantly affected these parameters with beneficial effects on the vital organs and blood. The concentrations of the platelets, white blood cells and eosinophil were increased, while it reduced the concentrations of the neutrophils, packed cell volume and lymphocytes. It also significantly increased mean weights of the liver and the kidneys as evidenced by the statistically significant increase in total protein values of these organs. The doses significantly reduced the plasma levels of AST and ALT in these organs (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Haematological parameters, white blood cells, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, Cucurbita pepo, nutritional values, laboratory investigation.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Formulation and evaluation of immediate release tablets with different types of paracetamol powders prepared by direct compression

Biljana Govedarica*, Rade Injac, Rok Dreu and Stane Srcic

Abstract: Paracetamol (PAR) crystals exhibit poor compressibility, poor flowability and its tablets show a tendency to cap. To improve the mechanical strength of tablets several kinds of “Paracetamol for direct compression” are present on the market. Current research demonstrated the best tablet properties with coated paracetamol (mass of tablets, diameter, height and mechanical strength, friability RSD[...] Read More.

Keywords: Paracetamol, powder, direct compression, immediate release, superdisintegrants.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of alpha-lipoic acid and time- of-day on interleukin-6 response to exhaustive exercise in humans

Zekine Lappalainen

Abstract: Circadian rhythms have an influence on human performance. Interleukin-6 is a cytokine which plays a role in muscle energy homeostasis during physical exercise. This study tested the effect of diurnal variation and alpha-lipoic acid, a natural thiol antioxidant, on skeletal muscle contractile properties, interleukin-6 response and oxidative damage. Male subjects (n=26) performed isokinetic exercise in different time-of-day. Next, the subjects were supplemented with alpha-lipoic acid for two weeks and the exercise tests were repeated. Blood samples were analyzed at baseline and immediately after exercise. Leg extensor muscle parameters were compared with time-of-day. Maximal work per single repetition and total work values were higher in the afternoon time, suggesting a time-of-day effect. Serum interleukin-6 levels increased in response to exercise, but were not associated with time-of-day. Alpha-lipoic acid did not have a significant effect on any of the measured parameters. Diurnal variations during exhaustive eccentric exercise seem to reflect muscle contractile work capacity. Exercise increases serum interleukin-6 levels irrespective of diurnal variation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Diurnal variation, lipoic acid, interleukin-6, muscle performance.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antisickling activities of extracts of leaf, seed and seed pod of Garcinia kola Heckel

O. E. Adejumo*, M. D. Ayoola, A. L. Kolapo, V. O. Orimoyegun and P. O. Olatunji

Abstract: Garcinia kola has been hitherto speculated as effective in the management of sickle cell disease (SCD). Investigations into the antisickling activities of both crude methanol extracts and the aqueous fractions of the leaf, seed and seed pod of G. kola were carried out using p-hydroxybenzoic acid and normal saline as positive and negative controls respectively. At the tested concentrations of 10.0, 1.0 and 0.1 mg/ml, the leaf extracts exhibited greatest antisickling activity whilst the seed pod had the least antisickling activity. However, it was observed that the activity of methanol extract of the seed pod did not differ significantly (p>0.05) from that of the positive control, p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Results for screened phytochemicals of the investigated parts revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, combined and free anthraquinones. The results infer a preliminary confirmation for the effectiveness and use of Garcinia kola in the management of SCD and its implication in drug development.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antisickling activity, Garcinia kola, phytochemicals, sickle cell disease.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Turkish pharmacy techniciansâ€™ counseling practices and attitudes regarding emergency contraceptive pills

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Supplying emergency contraception pills through community pharmacies without the need for a doctor’s prescription is an important public health role for the pharmacy staff, as a way of reducing unwanted pregnancies and induced abortions. Therefore, we aimed to assess the Turkish pharmacy technicians’ counseling practices and attitudes regarding emergency contraception pills. A survey tool which was structured to question pharmacy technicians’ demography, professional experience, counseling practices and attitudes regarding emergency contraception pills was administered to pharmacy technicians at the end of the “pharmacy technician certification program”. The fully completed questionnaires (n=145) were further analyzed. Mean [SEM] age of the pharmacy technicians was 25.3 [0.4] years and majority (89%) of them were practicing in a community pharmacy. Despite their positive attitude towards the emergency contraception pills, pharmacy technicians were found to provide insufficient emergency contraception pill counseling to clients. We suggest that organization of continuing education programs on “reproductive and sexual health and emergency contraception” for the pharmacy technicians could help increase the quality of emergency contraception pill counseling provided by the pharmacy technicians.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Emergency contraception pill, counseling, attitude, community pharmacy, pharmacy technician.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Chemotaxonomic clarification of pharmaceutically important species of Cyperus L.

Muhammad Zafar, Mushtaq Ahmad*, Mir Ajab Khan, Shazia Sultana, Gul Jan, Farooq Ahmad, Asma Jabeen, Ghulam Mujtaba Shah, Shabnum Shaheen, Amin Shah, Abdul Nazir and Sarfaraz Khan Marwat

Abstract: The evaluation of the crude herbal drug which eventually enters the pharmaceutical market is obviously of considerable importance. This operation involves the identification of the material and determination of its quality, purity and of adulterated nature of the adulterants. The present paper is based on the above objectives which confined to chemotaxonomic authentication of Cyprus rotundus L. (Nagar mootha) and its other similar species. Chemotaxonomic techniques including morphology, organoleptography, palynology, anatomy and phyto -chemical analysis were carried out in order to clarify the pharmaceutically important species of Cyperus that is Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus alopecuroides, Cyperus difformis and Cyperus niveus. It is concluded from this study that the genuine source of herbal drug Nagar Mootha is C. rotundus instead of other species. Such type of studies is the need of herbal industry to ensure validation process which applied in the manufacturing of herbal medicines and phyto- pharmaceuticals. This will provide the credibility in the regulation and grown of pharmaceutically important herbal medicines for the foreseeable.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cyperus L., chemotaxonomic, pharmaceutical.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of various superdisintegrants on the drug release profile and disintegration time of Lamotrigine orally disintegrating tablets

C. Patil and S. Das*

Abstract: The demand for orally disintegrating tablets of lamotrigine has been growing during the last decade especially for the geriatric and pediatric patients. Lamotrigine is a recognized drug for epilepsy, so development of an ODT of lamotrigine and to evaluate the effect of various superdisintegrants on its disintegration time and release profile was the prime objective of this research work. Tablets were prepared by direct compression technique using 3 different superdisintegrants. Sodium starch glycolate, Croscarmellose sodium and Crosspovidone XL-10 were used as superdisintegrants in combinations to achieve optimum release profile, disintegration time and hardness. Direct compression process was selected for this formulation of ODT tablets, because porous nature is more in direct compression blend than wet granulation blend, so it will give faster disintegration. Microcrystalline cellulose was used as diluent and mannitol, mint flavor and sodium saccharin were used to enhance the organoleptic properties of tablets. The tablets were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability, in-vitro disintegration time and drug release characteristics. Hardness and friability data indicated good mechanical strength around 3 kg/cm 2 for all the batches. The results of in-vitro disintegration time indicated that the tablets dispersed rapidly in mouth within 8 s. Dissolution study revealed release rate of drug from the tablets was comparable with marketed tablet formulation of lamotrigine. It was concluded that superdisintegrants addition technique is a useful method for preparing orally disintegrating tablets by direct compression method.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Orally disintegrating tablets, superdisintegrants, Lamotrigine, direct compression.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Assessment of the medical benefit in the folkloric use of Bryophyllum Pinnatum leaf among the Igbos of Nigeria for the treatment of hypertension

S. Ghasi*, C. Egwuibe, P. U. Achukwu and J. C. Onyeanusi

Abstract: The effects of aqueous leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum on the blood pressure of anaesthetized cats, as well as on the liver and kidney status of the rabbit were investigated in this study. The results revealed that, the extract produced a small fall in the blood pressure of the anaesthetized cat and also reduced the effect of adrenaline-induced elevation of blood pressure. In rabbits, biochemical analysis of serum was carried out; urea and creatinine were used as tests of its effect on the renal function while alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) served as enzyme indices of the liver function. In addition, the tissues of the liver and kidney were microscopically examined. The treated rabbits showed a significant decrease (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Byophyllum pinnatum, blood pressure, biochemical analysis, histopathology, rabbit.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Chromosomal aberrations induced in bone marrow cells of mice due to the administration of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Piroxicam

Mohamed A. Dkhil,* Amany Tohamy and Mohamed S. Gabry

Abstract: Cytogenetic changes in male albino mice due to the effect of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Piroxicam was investigated after daily intraperitoneal injection with 0.3 mg/kg body weight, for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. The observed structural chromosomal aberrations were in the form of chromatid breakage, centric fusion, centromeric attenuation, ring chromosome and end to end association. At all the treatment periods used the number of cells with chromatid breakages and with total structural aberrations increased to statistically significant levels. Only after one and four weeks of treatment it was noticed that the number of cells with end to end association increased significantly. No significant changes in the mitotic indicies could be detected in all mice groups. The study demonstrated that Piroxicam affects the bone marrow cells where it causes some aberrations in the chromosomes. Thus, Piroxicam should be used under strict medical control, and these serious side effects should be considered and taken in consideration when using Piroxicam in treatments. [...] Read More.

Keywords: Cytogenecity, chromosomes, Piroxicam.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Disease management by vaccination using Escherichia coli antigens

P. Dhasarathan, S. Saravanan and A. Perianayagasamy

Abstract: A major challenge for health care in 21st century is the increase in level of resistance to pathogens and effective vaccines to prevent the often life threatening infections are urgently required. Pathogen has been investigated for their potential use either as therapeutic or prophylactic vaccines, in order to identify new antigens of diagnostic and vaccine potential. The present investigation was done with five different type of antigens produced from single pathogen. It also identifies the immune complex and DNA antigen as most suitable for vaccine development against pathogens. Antigens may vary within the host during the course of infection or antigenic types of parasites in the population. Antigenic variation is an important mechanism used by pathogenic microorganism for escaping and neutralizing activities of the antibody. Immune complexes and DNA antigen serve as vaccines, and it can be used to develop multi antigen. Furthermore, it is also easy to produce in a large scale. Vaccination is still the best way for prevention of bacterial diseases. The conditions for the preparation of antigens of intact natural composition and conformation from Escherichia coli (whole cell and heat killed), was determined using Swiss albino mice (Balb/C) as experimental species. A novel approach for vaccine design and production is discussed.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Immune complex, vaccine, delayed type hypersensitivity, Escherichia coli.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Quality assessment of three imidazole antiparasitics (albendazole, mebendazole and metronidazole) sold in Benin

Loconon Achille Yemoa, Jacob Bonou, Ahmed Amoussa, Hélène Ahouandjinou, Roland Marini Djang’eing’a and Farid Baba-moussa,¬

Abstract: Illicit circuit of medicines disrupts the quality assurance system and the rational use of medicines. Substandard and falsified (SF) medicines present a major risk for the public health, due to lack of active ingredient and/or toxicity of certain components. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of three imidazole antiparasitic medicines (albendazole, mebendazole and metronidazole tablets) sold in Benin, to describe the different forms of non-compliances of the medicines sold in the illicit circuit. The samples were collected in the formal and illicit (informal) circuits. The results appeared as follows: irregularities of packaging (25.5% of samples from the illicit circuit); mass uniformity test (14.7% of samples from the illicit circuit were non-compliant); disintegration test (2.1% of samples from the illicit circuit and 3.5% from the formal circuit were non-compliant); identification (all samples were compliant) and assay (47.1% of samples from the informal circuit were non-compliant among which 26.5% of under-dosing and 20.6% of overdose). In sum, there were respectively 38.3% (i.e. 18/47) and 3.5% (i.e. 2/58) of non–compliance in the illicit and formal circuits. Keys words: Substandard and falsified medicines, Quality assurance, Quality control, Albendazole, Mebendazole, Metronidazole.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2017, 8(1), 1-6;

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