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Exploring Small Group Discussion as an Educational Strategy in Microbiology for Second-Year MBBS Students: Findings from a Pilot Study at Brims Bidar

Full Length Research Paper

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2736-1756 Vol. 19 (4), pp. 001-003, April, 2025. www.internationalscholarsjournals.org/ © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Exploring Small Group Discussion as an Educational Strategy in Microbiology for Second-Year MBBS Students: Findings from a Pilot Study at Brims Bidar

*Sudheendra Kulkarni1 and Chandrakanth Chillarge2

1Tutor and Nodal Officer for IDSP. Department of Microbiology, Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences, Bidar, Karnataka.
2Professor and HOD, Department of Microbiology Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences, Bidar, Karnataka.

Accepted 15 April, 2017

In India, Medical Microbiology subject is included in the curriculum of second year of MBBS. Teaching plays a major role in medical curriculum. There are various modes of teaching Medical microbiology such as lectures, tutorials, demonstrations, seminars, text book method, project method, small group discussions, study tours, problem solving method, team teaching, enquiry approach, videotapes, case studies etc. To teach a large group of students usually lectures are used. And to teach small group of students, demonstrations/ bedside clinics will be preferred. After thorough review of literature, we have found very few studies exist about the small group discussion as a teaching method in India. Hence we have undertaken the present study to observe the effectiveness of small group discussions as an effective teaching method in teaching Medical Microbiology.

Keywords: Microbiology, MBBS Students in Brims Bidar

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Microbial Surfactants from Enterobacteriaceae: Production, Properties, and Environmental Applications

Alejandro De Jesús Cortés-Sánchez*, Mayra Diaz-Ramirez, Alan Javier Hernández-Álvarez, Felipe García-Ochoa, Adriana Villanueva-Carvajal, Liliana León-López, Alejandra L. San Martín-Azocar.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2736-1756 Vol. 19 (4), pp. 001-010, April, 2025. www.internationalscholarsjournals.org/ © International Scholars Journals

Review

Microbial Surfactants from Enterobacteriaceae: Production, Properties, and Environmental Applications

Alejandro De Jesús Cortés-Sánchez1*, Mayra Diaz-Ramirez2, Alan Javier Hernández-Álvarez3, Felipe García-Ochoa4, Adriana Villanueva-Carvajal5, Liliana León-López6, Alejandra L. San Martín-Azocar7.

1Secretaria de Salud. Comisión Federal para la Protección contra Riesgos Sanitarios. Departamento de microbiología,
México.
2Departamento de Alimentos. División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM),
Unidad Lerma. Edo. México.
3Food Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600 Casavant Blvd. W. St. Hyacinthe,
QCJ2S 8E3, Canada.
4Departamento de Biofísica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México.
⦁ Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Campus Universitario “El Cerrillo” A.P. 435,
Toluca, Estado de México C.P. 50200, México.
8Programa Regional del Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de
Sinaloa, 80000 Culiacán, México.
⦁ Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería en Alimentos, Biotecnología,

Agronomía. Querétaro-México.

Accepted 08 October, 2016

In spite of being considered to be pathogenic microorganisms, some enterobacterial has the ability to produce biosurfactants (BS). These molecules besides their physicochemical and biological characteristics as emulsifiers, dispersants, stabilizers among others, are widely accepted in the industry since they are biodegradable, and present low toxicity. This has generated studies focused on the identification of new producer microorganisms, as well as the search of new carbon sources, improvement of production processes and the generation of a wide variety of patents. Their use is extensively spread in a diversity of industrial areas such as the pharmaceutic, food and environment, as alternatives of the surfactants derived from oil (which are highly pollutant),generating products and services of added value. In this review the properties and applications of the BS are summarized as well as the major genres of this group of Enterobacteriaceae that have been used for BS's production to update the actual advances on the benefits that these microorganisms possesses as BS producers.

Keywords: biosurfactants, enterobacterial, glycolipids, biotechnology, secondary metabolites.

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Comparative Analysis of Escherichia Coli Concentrations in Shellfish Harvested from Different Sites on the Mediterranean Coast of Morocc

Rachid Boutaib, Hakima Azhari, Mohammed Abid and Mohammed Marhraoui

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2736-1756 Vol. 19 (4), pp. 001-008, April, 2025. www.internationalscholarsjournals.org/ © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Comparative Analysis of Escherichia Coli Concentrations in Shellfish Harvested from Different Sites on the Mediterranean Coast of Morocc

Rachid Boutaib1, Hakima Azhari1, Mohammed Abid2 and Mohammed Marhraoui1

1Institut National de Recherche Halieutique. Laboratoire de microbiologie. Centre Régional de l’INRH. BP. 5268. Dradeb.
Tanger 90000. Maroc.
2Institut Pasteur du Maroc. Département de recherche. 1, Plateau Marchan. Tanger 90000. Maroc

Accepted 11 November, 2016

Monitoring of ESCHERICHIA COLI levels in commercial bivalve shellfish is intended to protect consumer health from foodborne diseases. This study aims to identify if one species can be used as indicator for microbiological contamination of other species present. During 2012, 168 samples of shellfish (clams, cockles and mussels) were analysed for E. COLI by MPN technique. 62.5% of samples complied with regulatory threshold ≤230 MPN and geometric mean were higher in cockles than in clams or mussels in each site. Statistical significance was observed between sites. Seasonally, the highest levels were recorded in wet weather (winter and spring) due to runoff of waters from rainfall and lowest levels were recorded in dry weather (summer) when high temperatures show bactericidal effect. Our findings show cockles could be as sentinel specie for burrowing shellfish, but for non burrowing (mussels), monitoring should be done on this specie.

Keywords: Monitoring, Escherichia coli, Shellfish, MPN

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Epidemiology of bacterial resistance and detection of metallo-β-lactamase (blaNDM) and imipenemase (blaIMP) resistance genes at CERBA

Géraud Joël GUIGMA*, Prosper BADO, Valérie Bapio BAZIE, Tampoubila Edwige YELEMKOURE, Serge Théophile SOUBEIGA, Delwende Leslie KABORE, Désiré ILBOUDO, Amana METUOR DABIRE, Albert Théophane YONLI and Jacques SIMPORE

Abstract: Received 6 January, 2025; Revised 28 February, 2025; Accepted 3 March, 2025; Published 7 April, 2025 Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health concern. Producing new β-lactamases and carbapenemases is one form of resistance that preoccupies many scientists. The risk of the spread of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (EPCs) is a major public health issue, as these enzymes restrict therapeutic options and are often associated with other mechanisms, conferring multi-resistance on strains. Our study aimed to characterize the blaIMP and blaNDM resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from urine cultures and genital swabs at CERBA from 2020 to 2023. Methodology: Pathogens were isolated on agar media, then identified using the API 20 E gallery; Imipenem-resistant strains were subjected to the traditional Hodge test to verify carbapenemase production. Detection of the IMP and NDM resistance genes coding for carbapenemases was carried out by multiplex real-time PCR at CERBA. Results: 1119 samples have been received for bacteriological analysis since January 2020. We noted 14.2% positivity to a clinically pathogenic strain. Bacterial species diversity was dominated by Escherichia coli in 54.71% of cases, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.72%). We observed a predominance of the NDM gene (97.9%) over IMP (2.1%). In some cases, we noted the coexistence of the IMP and NDM genes in Escherichia coli. Conclusion: This study enabled us to characterize the IMP and NDM resistance genes in isolation (IMP/NDM) or coexisting together (IMP+NDM) in Enterobacteriaceae isolates at CERBA. This study also enabled us to determine the frequency of bacterial species in bacterial culture samples at CERBA. [...] Read More.

Keywords: IMP, NDM, Enterobacteriaceae, β-lactamase, Carbapenemase.

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Extraction of the NBS-LRR Class Resistance Gene (I2 Gene) from the Heamsona Tomato Cultivar

Pritesh Parmar* and R. B. Subramanian

Abstract: Three races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 1, 2 and 3 are identified depending on the avirulence protein or effector protein secreted by fungal pathogen during the host colonization in tomato. These effector proteins are recognized by the host innate immune system based on R gene expressions that are I1, I2 and I3 in tomato for each races. Amongst the three, I2 protein has been cloned and characterized for the incompatibility against race 2 type of the pathogens. In India race 1 type of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici observed commonly which require presence of I1 gene in tomato plant for the incompatibility reactions but in the present study, I2 gene was partially isolated from the tomato cultivar Heamsona and observed to be resistance against race 1 type of pathogen.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Fusarium wilt, race, R-gene, resistance, tomato.

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Utilizing Transgenic Plants as Bioproduction Systems for Vaccines

B. Vinod Kumar, T. K. Raja, M. R. Wani, S. A. Sheikh, M. A. Lone, Gowher Nabi, M. M. Azooz, Muhammad Younis, Maryam Sarwat and Parvaiz Ahmad*

Abstract: Edible vaccine technology represents an alternative to fermentation based vaccine production system. Transgenic plants are used for the production of plant derived specific vaccines with native immunogenic properties stimulating both humoral and mucosal immune responses. Keeping in view the practical need of new technology for production and delivery of inexpensive vaccines, especially in developing world, plant derived edible vaccines is the best option in hand to combat infectious diseases. Plant derived vaccine is easy to administer, cost effective, readily acceptable, have increased safety, stability, versatility and efficacy. Several plant derived vaccines are under research, some are under clinical trials for commercial use. Like most biotechnology products, the IP situation for edible vaccines is complex as IP rights influence every stage of vaccine development. Keywords: Transgenic plants, edible vaccines, chimeric viruses, bacterial diseases, viral diseases. [...] Read More.

Keywords: Transgenic plants, edible vaccines, chimeric viruses, bacterial diseases, viral diseases.

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Embryo Production and Transfer in the Algerian "Cheurfa" Bovine Breed

Ferrouk Mustapha, Gharbi Ismail, Adel Djallal, Lafri Mohamed, Touati Kamel, Kaidi Rachid and Djamel Guetarni

Abstract: This work has permitted to test the response of the local cattle Cheurfa for a pFSH superovulation treatment based on administration of 40 mg pFSH (LH/FSH 40%), at a rhythm of 2 injections every 12 h between J10 and J13 of the oestrus cycle associated to injection of prostaglandin synthesis "Prosolvin®" at the 3rd day of the treatment. Two inseminations were carried out at 12 h interval after observed oestrus. The embryos were collected at J7. With four tests carried out, the average number of corpus luteum and collected embryos obtained were respectively 7.5 and 5 per cow. The number of transferable embryos was 2.33 per cow, with a viability rate of 46.66%. Five fresh embryos were transferred in recipients improved breed from the embryos obtained. The pregnancy rate obtained was 0% with 3 born calves Cheurfa type (2 male and 1 female). [...] Read More.

Keywords: Superovulation - embryo - transfer - cattle – local.

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Regeneration of Kenyan Maize Inbred Lines and Their Single Cross Hybrids from Immature Embryos via Somatic Embryogenesis

Binott, J. J.,*, Songa, J. M., Ininda, J., Njagi, E. M. and Machuka, J.

Abstract: Field grown, self pollinated maize genotypes were planted in KARI (Kiboko and Kabete) research stations between January 2004 and May 2005. Immature maize embryos from twelve parental inbred lines and their respective single cross hybrids were evaluated for their ability form callus, somatic embryos and subsequent regeneration into plants. The embryos were excised from surface sterilized kernels harvested at different physiological stages, namely 10 - 24 days after pollination (DAP). They were used as explants to initiate callus on solid N6 basal media with varying level of 2,4-D (0 - 20 mg L-1) and regenerated on hormone free MS media. Optimal induction of primary callus at 2 mg L-1 averaged 83% and 67 in hybrids and inbred lines respectively. Somatic embryo competence was demonstrated in 6 inbreeds and 4 hybrids. However, plant regeneration was only achieved in 4 inbreeds and 3 hybrids. 90% percent of regenerants were normal and fertile. The successful regeneration of some of the inbred lines and/or hybrids provides a basis for development of genetic transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens to improve priority traits such as enhanced insects/pest and drought tolerance.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Inbred lines and hybrids, immature embryos, in vitro plant regeneration, recalcitrancy.

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In Vitro Propagation of Miracle Berry (Synsepalum dulcificum) via Embryo and Nodal Cultures

K. E. Ogunsola* and C. O. Ilori

Abstract: Miracle berry is an evergreen tropical shrub which modifies sour food to produce a sweet taste. Its propagation is, however, hindered by seed recalcitrance and difficulty of stem to root. Thus in vitro propagation was investigated through embryo and nodal explants using different levels and combinations of auxins and cytokinins in MS medium. Embryo was regenerated in MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l NAA + 0.2 mg/l BAP. Lateral buds proliferation was induced on the germinated embryo with 0.6 - 3.0 mg/l BAP + 0.1 - 0.2 mg/l NAA in which 3.0 mg/l BAP + 0.1 mg/l NAA produced highest number of buds. Rooting of the embryo regenerated plantlets was achieved with 1.0 - 2.0 mg/l IBA + 0.1 mg/l BAP. Very low (5 - 10%) axillary and terminal buds formation was achieved from nodal cultures. Few of the nodal explants formed buds with 0.1 - 0.8 mg/l NAA + 0.2 - 1.0 mg/l BAP + 0.02 mg/l GA3 with 0.8 mg/l NAA + 0.2 mg/l BAP producing the best result. However, all efforts to induce rooting on the buds formed from nodal explants proved abortive.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Miracle berry, in vitro conservation, recalcitrance, embryo culture, regeneration.

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Competence and Survival of Lambs Following Transfer of Small Twin or Triple Embryos to Large Non-Prolific Recipient Sheep

S. M. K. Naqvi, A. Joshi, D. Kumar, R. Gulyani, V. P Maurya, S. Saha, J. P. Mittal and V. K. Singh

Abstract: The objective of the present study was to assess the embryo survival and development of progeny following transfer of either 2 or 3 embryos derived from dwarf size prolific Garole sheep into non-prolific large size Awassi x Malpura crossbred recipient ewes. Embryos were collected from donor ewes following induction of superovulation using FSH (5.4 mg Ovagen) and PMSG (200 IU) regimen. Estrus was synchronized in donor and recipient ewes by administering two injections of prostaglandin F2 a. The recipient ewes were divided into two groups and each recipient ewe received either 2 (Group 1) or 3 embryos (Group 2) of transferable quality in the uterine horn ipsilateral to corpus luteum. The recipient ewes of both the groups were examined for the presence of fetuses at 40 days of gestation by ultrasonography. The pregnancy and lambing percentages of ewes belonging to Group 2 were 57%, which was comparatively higher than Group 1 ewes where it was 42.9%. The survival of embryos was 38.1% in Group 2 and was higher compared to Group 1 (28.6%). The survival of lambs at weaning was higher in Group 1, compared to Group 2. The results indicate that survival of embryos and pregnancy rate was better following transfer of 3 than 2 embryos of prolific sheep to non-prolific sheep.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Microsheep, garole, embryo transfer, embryo survival, multiple births.

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