MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

Research Article

Effects of mixed nitrogen sources on biodegradation of phenol by immobilized Acinetobacter sp. strain W-17

Desouky Abd-El-Haleem*, Usama Beshay, Abdu O. Abdelhamid, Hassan Moawad and Sahar Zaki

Abstract: Using Ca-alginate immobilized cells of Acinetobacter sp. strain W-17, the effects of ammonium-N and nitrate- N on the biodegradation of phenol were investigated. Degradation experiments in three different culture media; minimal salts medium (MSM), simulated (SW) and modified simulated wastewater (MSW) were performed. With the freely suspended cells (cell dry weight 0.2 g/l), complete phenol (500 mg/l) degradation was achieved after incubation for 120 h. Using the immobilized cells, the time was reduced to 24 h in MSM medium, and 15 h in the MSW. The results also indicate that strain W-17 can tolerate to high concentrations of NH4+-N (63 mg/l) and NO3--N (1000 mg/l) without a significant loss in the phenol biodegradation rate. Moreover, the presence of 500 mg/l phenol in the MSW had no considerable effect on the removal of both ammonium-N and nitrate-N. Repeated use of immobilized cells revealed that they could be used as much as five times without loss of activity. Our findings could be extended to enhance biotreatment of phenol contamination in a variety of biological treatment processes.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Phenol, biodegradation, immobilization, Acinetobacter, Ca-alginate, ammonium, nitrate.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Pre-harvest deterioration of Sour sop (Annona muricata) at Ibadan Southwestern Nigeria and its effect on nutrient composition

N. A. Amusa*, O. A. Ashaye, M. O. Oladapo and O.O. Kafaru

Abstract: The etiology of pre-harvest deterioration of Soursop (Annona muricata) fruit in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria and the effects on its nutrient composition was investigated. Four fungal pathogens including Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium sp., Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger were found associated with the pre-harvest deteriorating soursop . B. theobromae was the most prevalent and the most pathogenic inducing rot of 75 mm in diameter within four days of inoculation. There was a remarkable reduction in carbohydrate and protein contents of the fungal infected fruits while all other nutrients and mineral assayed were higher in the infected fruits than the non-infected ones.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Annona muricata, fungal pathogens, pre-harvest deterioration.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The molecular initiation and subsequent acquisition of disease resistance in plants

Emma Wanjiru Gachomo, Olusola Olusoji Shonukan and Simeon Oloni Kotchoni *

Abstract: Interactions between disease resistance (R) genes in plants and their corresponding pathogen avirulence (Avr) genes are the key determinants of whether a plant is susceptible or resistance to a pathogen attack. Evidence has emerged that these gene-for -gene interactions in the perception of pathogenic invasions and development of acquired resistance in plants involve different molecular and hormonal transduction pathways, which are still poorly understood. It has become apparent that plants actively produce several phytohormones such as ethylene, jasmonate, salicylic acid, and reactive oxygen intermediates prior to upregulation of R genes. The physiological role of these molecules in plant resistance to pathogens is beginning to attract attention. The use of transgenic plants in recent attempts, including development of mutants with altered R genes, has provided new insights into the mechanisms involved in pathogen perception, signal transduction and subsequent resistance to disease in plants. This review tries to summarize current knowledge of pathogen-related genes in plants, and how they can be use to improve disease resistance in agronomically valuable plants. It also describes the molecular basis of defense mechanisms in plants under pathogen attack.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Avr, resistance gene, hypersensitivity, pathogenesis-related proteins, transgenic, plant-defense.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Variations in fatty acid proportions during desiccation of Telfairia occidentalis seeds harvested at physiological and agronomic maturity

Nkang A*, Omokaro D, Egbe A and Amanke, G

Abstract: The effect of desiccation on lipid content, fatty acid composition and the antioxidative enzymic capacity was investigated in seeds of Telfairia occidentalis, harvested at physiological and agronomic maturity. Seeds were dried at 5 and 28 oC, environments that induced different drying and metabolic rates. Desiccation of seeds was associated with decreased antioxidative enzymic capacity (of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase), and thus increased likelihood of free radical attack and decreased viability (germinability). Agronomically mature seeds contained predominantly saturated fatty acids (tridecanoic), with very low levels of the major fatty acids of edible oilseeds (palmitic, stearic or the unsaturated C18 fatty acids). There was increased accumulation of the mono-unsaturated (oleic) and polyunsaturated (linoleic) fatty acids when seeds were dried at 28 oC and moisture contents have reduced to about 42 % or lower. In contrast, seeds dried at 5 oC maintained high levels of saturated fatty acids and lower levels of monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. Results suggest the need to develop different post -harvest protocols for seed storage, and for processing T. occidentalis to ‘improve’ the seed fatty acid profile as an oilseed for human and animal food.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Agronomic maturity, desiccation, fatty acid, lipid peroxidation, oilseed.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Relationship between genetic similarity and some productive traits in local chicken strains

Bahy Ahmed Ali*, Mohamed Morsy Mohamed Ahmed, Osama Mahmoud Aly

Abstract: Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was applied to detect genetic similarity between five local chicken strains that have been selected for eggs and meat production in Egypt. Based on six oligonucleotide primers, the genetic similarity between the egg -producing strains (Anshas, Silver Montazah and Mandarah) ranged from 72.4 to 85.4%. While the genetic similarity between the two chicken strains selected for meat production (Baheij and El-Salam) is 86.9%.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Chicken, local strains, RAPD-PCR, genetic similarity.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Molecular phylogeny of Fusarium species by AFLP fingerprint

Mohmed A. Abdel-Satar, Mohmed. S. Khalil, I. N. Mohmed, Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam,*, and Joseph A. Verreet

Abstract: The high- resolution genotyping method of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was used to study the genetic relationships within and between natural populations of five Fusarium spp. AFLP templates were prepared by the digestion of Fusarium DNA with EcoRI and MseI restriction endonucleases and subsequent ligation of corresponding site-specific adapters. An average of 44 loci was assayed simultaneously with each primer pair and DNA markers in the range 100 to 500 bp were considered for analysis. A total of 80 AFLP polymorphic markers were obtained using four primer combinations, with an average of 20 polymorphic markers observed per primer pair. UPGMA analyses indicated 5 distinct clusters at the phenon line of 30% on the genetic similarity scale corresponding to the 5 taxa. The similarity percent of each group oscillated between 87 and 97%. The phenetic dendrogram generated by UPGMA as well as principal coordinate analysis (PCA) grouped all of the Fusarium spp. isolates into five major clusters. No clear trend was detected between clustering in the AFLP dendrogram and geographic origin, host genotype of the tested isolates with a few exceptions. The results of the present study provide evidence of the high discriminatory power of AFLP analysis, suggesting the possible applicability of this method to the molecular characterization of Fusarium.[...] Read More.

Keywords: AFLP, Fusarium, molecular phylogeny, selective amplification.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Production of alkaline protease by Teredinobacter turnirae cells immobilized in Ca-alginate beads

Usama Beshay

Abstract: The conditions for immobilizing the new alkaline protease-producing bacteria strain Teredinobacter turnirae by entrapment in calcium alginate gel were investigated. The influence of alginate concentration (20, 25 and 30 g/l) and initial cell loading (ICL) on enzyme production were studied. The production of alkaline protease improved significantly with increasing alginate concentration and reached a maximum enzyme yield of 8000 U/ml at 25 g/l alginate concentration. This was about 176.8% higher than that obtained by free cells (2890 U/ml). The immobilized cells produced alkaline protease consistently over 5 repeated cycles and reached a maximal value of 9000 U/ml on the third cycle. This was 311.4% (3.11-fold) as compared with the control (free cells). Simple mass balance analysis was applied to describe the growth and the protease production behaviour of both fractions the cells in free form and the entrapped in Ca-alginate beads. Scanning electron microscope studies indicated the internal distribution pattern of the cells encapsulated in Ca-alginate beads. The results presented in this paper show the potential for using immobilized T. turnirae cells in Ca-alginate for the production of a novel alkaline protease.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Alkaline protease, Ca-alginate, immobilization, Teredinobacter turnirae, repeated batch.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Acinetobacter: Environmental and biotechnological applications

Desouky Abdel-El-Haleem

Abstract: Among microbial communities involved in different ecosystems such as soil, freshwater, wastewater and solid wastes, several strains belonging to the genus of Acinetobacter have been attracting growing interest from medical, environmental and a biotechnological point of view. Bacteria of this genus are known to be involved in biodegradation, leaching and removal of several organic and inorganic man-made hazardous wastes. It is also well known that some of Acinetobacter strains produce important bioproducts. This review summarizes the usefulness and environmental applications of Acinetobacter strains.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Acinetobacter, biodegradation, xenobiotic, oil, heavy metals, bioproducts, lipases, polysaccharides.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Functional and comparative analysis of expressed sequences from Diuraphis noxia infested wheat obtained utilizing the conserved Nucleotide Binding Site

Lynelle Lacock, Chantal van Niekerk, Shilo Loots, Franco du Preez and Anna-Maria Botha*

Abstract: Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia, Morvilko; RWA) is a major pest on wheat, barley and other triticale in South Africa. Infestation by the RWA results in altered protein expression patterns, which is manifested as differential expression of gene sequences. In the present study, Russian wheat aphid resistant (Tugela DN, Tugela*5/SA2199, Tugela*5/SA463, PI 137739, PI 262660, and PI 294994) and susceptible triticale (Tugela) were infested and cDNA synthesized. A PCR based approach was utilized to amplify the nucleotide binding site conserved region to obtain expressed sequence tags (ESTs) with homology to resistance gene analogs (RGAs). The approach proved highly feasible when the isolation of RGAs is the main objective, since 18% of all obtained ESTs showed significant hits with known RGAs, when translated into their corresponding amino acid sequences and searched against the nonredundant GenBank protein database using the BLASTX algorithm.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Resistance gene analogs, degenerate PCR, nucleotide-binding site-leucine rich repeat resistance genes, Aegilops tauschii.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A capillary electrophoretic method for isolation and characterization of grape xylem proteins

Ashok K. Jain* and Sheikh M. Basha

Abstract: European (Vitis vinifera) and American (Vitis labrusca) grape species succumb to a bacterial disease known as Pierce’s Disease (PD). In contrast, muscadine grape genotypes (Vitis rotundifolia) are tolerant/resistant to PD. This is due to the unique biochemical composition of muscadine xylem. However, because of low protein concentration, conventional methods such as low-pressure chromatography and PAGE are unsuitable for grape xylem protein characterization. In addition, these procedures are tedious, time-consuming and require large amount of sample. This study reports a procedure for isolating and separating proteins from muscadine and bunch grape xylem tissue. The procedure consists of separation of xylem from cortex and phloem, removal of pigments and other gummy substances from xylem with ethanol: ethylacetate (2:1) and subsequent Capillary Electrophoretic (CE) analysis of xylem protein extracts to achieve desired resolution. Number of peaks, peak height and areas, retention time and baseline position were used to compare resolution and study the effect of sample and separation buffer. Xylem tissue proteins extracted with 0.05% sodium borate buffer (pH 8.3) and subjected to CE using 1.2% sodium borate (pH 8.3) as a separation buffer were found to yield most satisfactory resolution of grape xylem proteins. The data obtained by CE were consistent and reproducible, and hence, is well suited to obtain excellent resolution of xylem tissue protein for identifying differences in protein composition among the grape genotypes.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Genetic comparisons of Egyptian date palm cultivars (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by RAPD-PCR

Said Saad Soliman, Bahy Ahmed Ali*, Mohamed Morsy Mohamed Ahmed

Abstract: Random amplified polymorphic DNA technique was used to compare genetic material from four females date palm and four unknown male trees of Egyptian date palm. The genetic similarity between the four females date palm (Zaghloul, Amhat, Samany and Siwi) ranged from 87.5 to 98.9%. The banding profiles obtained suggested that both males 3 and 4 are genetically related to the four female cultivars.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Date palm, cultivars, RAPD-PCR, genetic similarity.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A home made kit for plasmid DNA mini-preparation

Simeon Oloni KOTCHONI , Emma Wanjiru GACHOMO, Eriola BETIKU, and Olusola Olusoji SHONUKAN

Abstract: Many methods have been used to isolate plasmid DNA, but some of them are time consuming especially when extracting a large number of samples. Here, we developed a rapid protocol for plasmid DNA extraction based on the alkaline lysis method of plasmid preparation (extraction at pH 8.0). Using this new method, a good plasmid preparation can be made in approximately one hour. The plasmids are suitable for any subsequent molecular applications in the laboratory. By applying the recommendations to avoid contaminations and to maximize the plasmid yield and quality during extraction, this protocol could be a valuable reference especially when analyzing a large number of samples.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Plasmid extraction, PCR, restriction enzymes, sequencing, contamination.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Bioinformatic tools and guideline for PCR primer design

Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam

Abstract: Bioinformatics has become an essential tool not only for basic research but also for applied research in biotechnology and biomedical sciences. Optimal primer sequence and appropriate primer concentration are essential for maximal specificity and efficiency of PCR. A poorly designed primer can result in little or no product due to non-specific amplification and/or primer-dimer formation, which can become competitive enough to suppress product formation. There are several online tools devoted to serving molecular biologist design effective PCR primers. This review intends to provide a guide to choosing the most efficient way to design a new specific-primer by applying current publicly available links and Web services. Also, the purpose here is to provide general recommendations for the design and use of PCR primers.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bio-computing, primer design, web-based resources.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Substrate Channelling and Energetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DSM 2155 Grown on Glucose in Fed-Batch Fermentation Process

Olusegun Peter AKINYEMI, Eriola BETIKU+*, and Bamidele Ogbe SOLOMON

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2003

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

Substrate Channelling and Energetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DSM 2155 Grown on Glucose in Fed-Batch Fermentation Process

Olusegun Peter AKINYEMI¹, Eriola BETIKU^2+*, and Bamidele Ogbe SOLOMON²

¹Chemical and Polymer Engineering Department, Lagos State University, Lagos State, Nigeria.

²Chemical Engineering Department, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.

Accepted 10 April, 2003

Data collected during high-cell-density cultivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DSM 2155 on glucose in a simulated five-phase feeding strategy of fed-batch process, executed on the Universal BIoprocess CONtrol (UBICON) system using 150L bioreactor over a period of 24h have been analysed. The consistency of the data set was checked using both the available electron and carbon balances. Estimates of the true energetic yields and cell maintenance requirements were obtained through the application of a multivariate statistical procedure known as covariate adjustment technique. A low value of maintenance coefficient, m_e = 0.004h^-1, and a high average value of the true biomass energetic yield, _max = 0.745, were obtained for the bioreactor system, which showed that the organism was in no danger of ethanol produced during this cultivation. A simple model for estimating the distribution of substrate consumed between the fermentative and the respiratory pathways in the oxido-reductive process was developed based on the respiratory quotient (RQ) values. The fraction of substrate consumed for respiratory metabolic activities (q_sresp/q_s) was virtually 1.0 for the first three phases of the feeding strategy, which accounted for the first sixteen hours of the 24h operation. This was an indication that ethanol formation was avoided during this period.

Key Words: Saccharomyces cerevisiae DSM 2155, available electron and carbon balances, fed-batch, respiratory quotient, true energetic yields, maintenance requirement.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Genetic affinities of Fusarim spp. and their correlation with origin and pathogenicity

Mohmed S. Khalil, Mohmed A. Abdel-Sattar, Ibrahim N. Aly, Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam,* and Joseph A. Verreet

Abstract: Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses was used in combination with pathogenicity assays to study the taxonomic kinships among five Fusarium species. A total of 46 isolates of Fusarium spp. obtained from diseased cotton seedlings showing typical root rot and dampping-off symptoms were characterized. Of 10 primers tested, four primers produced polymorphic amplification patterns with taxon-specific bands, in addition to individual- specific bands. Genetic analysis indicated into 2 main clusters, with the minor cluster included all F. moniliforme and F. solani at the genetic similarity of GS=57.82%. The major cluster consisted of all F. oxysporum, F. avenaceum and F. chlamydosporum clustered at 71% similarity. There was no clear-cut relationship between clustering in the RAPD dendrogram, pathogenicity test and geographic origin of tested isolates. The results suggest that RAPD-PCR is a useful method for analysing genetic variation within and between Fusarium spp.[...] Read More.

Keywords: DNA-fingerprinting, Fusarium chlamydosporum, genetic homology, RAPD-PCR.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Four gene introduction methods affect the shoot regeneration and localization of transgene expression in greenhouse stem explants and in vitro-grown chrysanthemum stem thin cell layers

J. A. Teixeira da Silva* and S. Fukai

Abstract: Gene introduction method (GIM) affected shoot regeneration capacity (SRC) in standard and spray-type chrysanthemums. SRC was both cultivar and GIM-dependent in both in vitro and greenhouse stem explants, the former significantly higher than the latter. Sonication had an SRC-stimulating effect on in vitro explants. Other GIMs (Agrobacterium, biolistics, Agrolistics) had an SRC-inhibiting effect on greenhouse explants. Genotype-dependence of SRC was observed in both in vitro and greenhouse material. SRC is influenced by the explant and regeneration media, which should be modified if altered by the GIM. Shoots derived from all GIM treatments showed normal growth under in vitro and greenhouse conditions, and flowered normally. In addition, this study further shows that explant origin (in vitro versus greenhouse) and cultivar significantly affect the regeneration process, even when an optimized medium is utilized. The integration of the GUS transgene is also GIM-dependent, but in all cases is shown to occur in the venation. Keywords: Agroinfection, biolistics, explant survival, regeneration, sonication.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Agroinfection, biolistics, explant survival, regeneration, sonication.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Molecular distribution of gypsy-like retrotransposons in cotton Gossypium Spp.

Essam A. Zaki* and Abdel Ghany A. Abdel Ghany

Abstract: PCR primers specific for conserved domains of the reverse transcriptase (RT) genes of gypsy-like retrotransposons amplified their corresponding gene in two Gossypium barbadense cultivars. Analysis with the FASTA software showed a high DNA sequence homology to pine, gypsy LTR-retrotransposon. Using the PCR product as a hybridization probe, gypsy-like retrotransposons were detected in wild type species of Gossypium, suggesting that gypsy-like retrotransposons are present in the Gossypium genome. This supports the view that gypsy-like retrotransposons are major components of plant genomes. Our results suggest gypsy-like retrotransposons have played a fundamental role in the shaping and evolution of the Gossypium genome.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Gossypium, gypsy, polyploidy, retroelements, retrotransposons, retroviruses, reverse transcriptase.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

DNA Sequences of RAPD Fragments in the Egyptian cotton Gossypium barbadense

Abdel Ghany A. Abdel Ghany and Essam A. Zaki,*

Abstract: Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) is a DNA polymorphism assay based on the amplification of random DNA segments with single primers of arbitrary nucleotide sequence. Despite the fact that the RAPD technique has become a very powerful tool and has found use in numerous applications, yet, the nature of molecular variation(s) uncovered by the RAPD technique is still unclear. The aim of the following study, therefore, was to investigate the molecular nature of RAPD DNA fragments in four Gossypium barbadense cultivars. Five RAPD DNA fragments, generated by improved RAPD-PCR technique, and representing polymorphic and nonpolymorphic bands were analyzed at the molecular level using DNA sequence analysis. Nonpolymorphic RAPD DNA fragments showed homologies to previously characterized plant structural genes. Comparative nucleotide sequence analysis of two comigrating nonpolymorphic fragments revealed that these two DNA sequences are highly similar to each other, indicating that similarity of fragment size is a good predicator of homology. Polymorphic RAPD DNA fragments, on the other hand, showed homologies to middle and high-repetitive DNA sequences. These results promote the initiative to integrate these RAPD markers in cotton breeding applications, and DNA fingerprinting.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Gossypium, MITEs, RAPD-PCR, repetitive DNA, sequence similarity, retrotransposons.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Bacillus pumilus BpCRI 6, a promising candidate for cellulase production under conditions of catabolite repression

Kotchoni O.S.*†, Shonukan O.O. and Gachomo W.E.

Abstract: Cellulose degrading organisms have been used for the conversion of cellulolytic materials into soluble sugars or solvents in several biotechnological and industrial applications. In this report, a mutant of Bacillus pumilus was obtained after chemical mutagenesis and screened for cellulase production. This mutant named BpCRI 6 was selected for its ability to produce cellulase under catabolite repression. Cellulase yield by BpCRI 6 was four times higher than that of the wild type under optimum growth conditions (pH 6.5, 25°C and Ca2+ 1mM). In shaking flask cultures, production of cellulase by the wild type was completely repressed in the presence of 25 mM glucose, while BpCRI 6 strain still exhibited a residual cellulase production of 80 and 40% at 25 mM and 40 mM of glucose concentrations respectively. The mutant strain is stable and grows rapidly in liquid and solid media. Under conditions of catabolite repression (40 mM of glucose), the production of cellulase by this mutant is particularly significant when compared to Trichoderma reesei a well-known cellulase producer, which is under control of end-product inhibition. This is the first report of a successful catabolite repression insensitivity of cellulase production by a mutant of B. pumilus.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cellulase, Bacillus pumilus, BpCRI 6, Catabolite repression.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Production of poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and differentiation of putative Bacillus mutant strains by SDS-PAGE of total cell protein

Hikmet Katırcıoğlu*, Belma Aslım, Zehra Nur Yüksekdað, Nazime Mercan, Yavuz Beyatlı

Abstract: In this study, the putative mutant strains of Bacillus megaterium Y6, B. subtilis K8, B. sphaericus X3 and B. firmus G2 were studied for their poly- -hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production capacities. Mutations were induced by using UV light, acriflavin and 5-bromourasil. Total cell proteins were extracted from 59 strains and compared using SDS-PAGE. For each strain, percentage yield of PHB according to cell dry weight was determined in a range of 1.46-63.45%. PHB production of 8 mutant strains were found to increase in comparison with parental strains. However, no increase in PHB production of mutant strains of B. sphaericus X3 was found. It was also determined that the protein profiles of the mutant strains with high PHB yield generally differed from the protein profiles of parental strains.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacillus, poly- -hydroxybutyrate, PHB, total cell protein.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Cellulase Production by Aspergillus flavus Linn Isolate NSPR 101 fermented in sawdust, bagasse and corncob

OJUMU, Tunde Victor*, SOLOMON, Bamidele Ogbe, e, BETIKU, Eriola, LAYOKUN, Stephen Kolawole , and AMIGUN, Bamikole

Abstract: Bagasse, corncob and sawdust were used as lignocellulosic substrates for the production of cellulase enzyme using Aspergillus flavus after ballmilling and pretreatment with caustic soda. From the fermentation studies, sawdust gave the best result with an enzyme activity value of 0.0743IU/ml while bagasse and corncob gave 0.0573IU/ml and 0.0502IU/ml respectively. The three lignocellulosics gave their maximum enzyme activities at about the twelfth hour of cultivation, suggesting that the 12th hour is the optimum time when the enzyme may be harvested.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aspergillus flavus, cellulase activity, lignocellulosics.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Detection of DNA alteration in abnormal phenotype of broiler chicken male by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

Bahy Ahmed Ali

Abstract: RAPD technique was used in this study to detect DNA band variations between both normal and abnormal male of broiler chicken based on RAPD marker. DNA polymorphisms between normal and mutant birds were detected using fifteen oligonucleiotide primers. Using these primers, DNA band loss ranged from 25 to 75%. Data demonstrated that RAPD marker could detect DNA alterations. Keywords: DNA alteration, RAPD, abnormal phenotype, male, broiler chicken.[...] Read More.

Keywords: DNA alteration, RAPD, abnormal phenotype, male, broiler chicken.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Amplification of 1-amino- cyclopropane-1-carboxylic (ACC) deaminase from plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in Striga-infested soil

Olubukola O. Babalola,*, Ellie O. Osir , Abiodun I. Sanni, George D. Odhiambo, and Wallace D. Bulimo,Ψ

Abstract: Experiments were conducted in pots to determine the growth effect of different rhizobacteria on maize under Striga hermonthica infestation. Three bacteria were selected based on their plant growth promoting effects. Whole bacterial cells of the rhizobacteria were used to amplify 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Each bacterial inoculation increased agronomic characteristics of maize although not always to a statistically significant extent. The extent of growth enhancement differs between the isolates. Enterobacter sakazakii 8MR5 had the ability to stimulate plant growth, however in the PCR study, ACC deaminase was not amplified from this isolate, indicating that not all plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria contain the enzyme ACC deaminase. In contrast, an ACC deaminase specific product was amplified from Pseudomonas sp. 4MKS8 and Klebsiella oxytoca 10MKR7. This is the first report of ACC deaminase in K. oxytoca.[...] Read More.

Keywords: 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, ACC deaminase, PCR, rhizobacteria, Striga hermonthica.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation, characterization, and phylogenetic analysis of copia-like retrotransposons in the Egyptian cotton Gossypium barbadense and its progenitors

Abdel Ghany A. Abdel Ghany and Essam A. Zaki*

Abstract: We have used the polymerase chain reaction to analyze copia-like retrotransposons in the Egyptian cotton and its progenitors. All three cotton species studied contain reverse transcriptase fragments from copia-like retrotransposons. Sequence analysis of these reverse transcriptase fragments reveals that each is different from the others, with predicted amino acid diversities between 9 and 94%. The detection of stop codons and insertions/deletions in the derived amino acid sequences of the Gossypium RT clones, suggests that these clones represent defective retrotransposons. The presence of these sequences in G. barbadense progenitors, however, suggests the presence of active retrotransposons capable of producing new functional copies at an appropriate rate to compensate for the mutational loss of old ones. Phylogenetic analysis provided strong bootstrap support for a monophyletic origin of plant copia-like retrotransposons, yet showed high diversity within all species. Our results suggest that both vertical transmission of copia-like retrotransposons within G. barbadense lineages, and horizontal transmission between G. barbadense and its progenitors have played major roles in the evolution of copia-like retrotransposons in Gossypium.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Genome structure, Gossypium, repetitive DNA, polyploidy, sequence diversity, retrotransposons.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Editorial

Serological versus molecular diagnosis

N. J. Tonukari

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Bahy Ahmed Ali

Abstract: A genetic analysis using RAPD markers was performed for studying variation in four breeds of sheep (Baladi, Barki, Rahmani and Saffolk). Nineteen random primers were used to amplify DNA fragments in these breeds. RAPD patterns with a level of polymorphism were detected between breeds. Results showed closer proximity of Barki to Rahmani and Baladi (95.7 and 91.3%), respectively[...] Read More.

Keywords: Sheep, breeds, RAPD, genetic similarity.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Influence of cultural conditions on the production of bacteriocin by Lactobacillus brevis OG1

S.T. Ogunbanwo*, A.I. Sanni, and A. A. Onilude

Abstract: Bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus brevis OG1 has large spectrum of inhibition against pathogenic, food spoilage microorganisms and various Lactic acid bacteria employed as test strains. The bacteriocin inhibited E coli NCTC 10418 and Enterococcus faecalis, but did not inhibit Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Klebsiella sp. UCH 15. The antibacterial activity appeared to be pronounced between early logarithmic and early stationary phase. Supplementation and/or replacement of nutrients demonstrated that larger quantities of bacteriocin could be produced by addition of yeast extracts (3.0%), NaCl (1.0-2.0%), glucose (1.0 %) and Tween 80 (0.5%), while addition of tri-ammonium citrate, sodium acetate, magnesium sulphate, manganese sulphate and potassium phosphate had no effect on production. Maximal activity in composed medium was achieved at initial pH of 5.5, and incubation period of 48h at 30-370C.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacteriocin, growth media, Lactobacillus brevis OG1, indicator organisms, antagonistic activity.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Analysis of AVR4 promoter by sequential response-element deletion

Olukosi, YA and Iwalokun, BA*

Abstract: Several reports have associated the variability in physico-chemical properties of avidin protein to dynamism inherent in the consensus regulatory networks within the promoter region of avidin genes. An Avr4 promoter region ligated to chloramphenicol acetyltransferase plasmid vector (pBLCAT2) to produce recombinant plasmid Avr4pBLCAT2 was sequentially deleted to produce five distinct mutants: Avr4pBLCAT2907-176, Avr4pBLCAT2809-176, Avr4pBLCAT2789-176, Avr4pBLCAT2429-176 and Avr4pBLCAT2302-176. The transformants elicited different chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) activities.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Avidin, AVR4 promoter, chloramphenicol acetyl transferase.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Efficacy of IgG, Fab, and F(ab')2 fragments of horse antivenom in the treatment of local symptoms after Cerastes cerastes (Egyptian snake) bite

Salwa S. Abdel Latif*, Soheir Wanas, George Abdel Malak and Madiha H. Helmy

Abstract: The ability of horse antivenoms, consisting of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and its fragments F(ab')2 and Fab were comparatively studied in mice to neutralize several effects of Cerastes cerastes venom. The three antivenoms were produced from the same batch of hyperimmune horse plasma. Neutralization was only partial when antivenins were administered intravenously at various time intervals after envenomation. No significant differences were observed among IgG, Fab, and F(ab')2 antivenoms concerning neutralization of hemorrhagic effects. Fab fragments were slightly more effective in neutralizing edema while IgG and F(ab')2 antivenoms were better in neutralizing myonecrosis in experiments involving independent injection of venom and antivenom.Thus these results disagree with the theory that "Fab " fragments are more effective than whole IgG and F(ab')2 in the neutralization of local symptoms accompanying C. Cerastes venom.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cerastes cerastes, Egyptian snake, IgG, F(ab')2, Fab.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Inheritance of resistance to head bug (Eurystylus oldi) in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

S. E. Aladele* and I. E. Ezeaku

Abstract: The inheritance of resistance to head bug (Eurystylus oldi) was studied in ten populations of sorghum derived from crossing three susceptible sorghum elite varieties (ICSV 111, ICSV 112 and ICSV 400), and two resistant sorghum varieties (Malisor 84-7 and KSV 4). Parental lines, F1 and F2 populations were sown on a Randomized Complete Block Design in two replications. Artificial infestation of head bugs on sorghum was employed in carrying out the experiment. Samples of 5 panicles each from every artificially infested plot were observed. Resistance to head bug in sorghum seems to be controlled by a single pair of recessive genes in Malisor 84-7 x ICSV 400 and Malisor 84-7 x ICSV 111. The cross, KSV 4 x ICSV 112 appeared to be controlled by double recessive pair of genes. Head bug population affects quality of grains rather than the yield produced. There is a negative correlation (-0.095) between head bug population and the germination percentage of the grain. Positive relationship exists between glume size and head bug population, which suggests that longer glumes harbour more head bug.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Head bug (Eurystylus oldi), Infestation, Anthesis, Resistance, Susceptible, Inheritance.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Nodulation and nitrogen fixation of field grown common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) as influenced by fungicide seed treatment

Ndeye Fatou Diaw GUENE, Adama DIOUF and Mamadou GUEYE*

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at Bel Air station, in Dakar using 15N isotope dilution technique and the non nodulating soybean (Glycine max) variety m129 as reference plant to test the compatibility of Dichlorofenthion-thiram (DCT) fungicide to the inoculation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Paulista variety with both Rhizobium etli ISRA 353 and R. tropici strain ISRA 554. Nodulation was not induced with R. etli ISRA 353 and nitrogen fixation did not occur. With R. tropici ISRA 554, a decrease in nodulation was observed, but nitrogen fixation was not significantly different compared to that of the non DCT-treated common bean.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Common bean, fungicides, isotope dilution, 15N, nitrogen fixation, nodulation, Phaseolus vulgaris, Rhizobium.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Comparison of multi-locus enzyme and protein gel electrophoresis in the discrimination of five Fusarium species isolated from Egyptian cottons

Ibrahim N. Aly, Mohmed A. Abdel-Sattar,

Abstract: Electrophoretic studies of multilocus-enzymes (MLEE) and whole-cell protein (SDS-PAGE) were carried out in order to evaluate the parity between different methods for the characterization of five Fusarium species recovered from cotton-growing areas in Egypt by numerical taxonomy methods. The obtained data revealed that SDS-PAGE and esterase isozymes are more efficient in grouping isolates in their respective species while peroxidase and malate dehydrogenase isozyme has much limited resolution in organizing all isolates in their respective species-specific clusters. A low correlations was detected between geographical origin of isolates and genetic diversity. Results indicate that the estimated inter-specific variation may be more pronounced with protein markers than with isoyzmes when the two approaches are applied to the same populations. The level of genetic variability detected within and between Fusarium spp. accessions with protein and esterase isoyzmes analysis suggests that it is a reliable, efficient, and effective marker technology for determining genetic relationships in Fusarium genus.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cotton, Fusarium, Isozymes, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Characterization of bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum F1 and Lactobacillus brevis OG1

S.T. Ogunbanwo*, A.I. Sanni, and A. A. Onilude

Abstract: Lactobacillus plantarum F1 and L. brevis OG1 isolated from Nigerian fermented food products, produced bacteriocins that had broad spectrum of inhibition against both pathogenic, food spoilage organisms and various lactic acid bacteria. The test organisms exhibited activities of 6400 and 3200 AU/ml respectively against Escherichia coli NCTC10418 and Enterococcus faecalis EF1, but did not inhibit Candida albicans ATCC10231 and Klebsiella sp. UCH15. Comparison of the antimicrobial spectra and characterization of the two bacteriocins were not identical. Bacteriocin produced by L. brevis OG1 was the most heat stable at 121oC for 60 min, while that of L. plantarum F1 was stable at 121oC for 10 min. The bacteriocins produced by the test isolates maintained full stability after storage for 60 days at – 200 C; partial stability after storage for 120 days at 40C; while activity was not detected after storage for 80 to 120 days at 370C. Bacteriocin produced by L. brevis OG1 was stable at pH range of 2.0 to 8.0 while, that of L. plantarum F1 was found to be stable at pH 2.0 to 6.0. Their active principle was proteinaceous in nature since the bacteriocins were inactivated by proteolytic enzymes, but not by other non–proteolytic enzymes. mitomycin C and uv light did not affect the activity of the bacteriocins, while chloroform extraction completely destroyed their activity. Exposure to surfactant resulted in an increase in the bacteriocin titre, except Nonidet P-40, which led to total loss of bacteriocin activity. The bacteriocins were able to pass through cellulose membranes with 100,000 KDa and 1,000,000 KDa but could not pass through one with a 10,000 KDa and 1,000 KDa molecular weight cut off. The paper concluded that the ability of bacteriocins produced by the test isolates in inhibiting a wide-range of bacteria, is of potential interest for food safety and may have future applications as food preservative.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacteriocins, lactic acid bacteria, indicator organisms, fermented foods, antagonistic activity.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Constructional features of a 15-litre home-made bioreactor for fed-batch fermentations

GUEGUIM KANA, E.B.*, OLOKE, J.K., LATEEF, A. and ZEBAZE KANA, M.G.

Abstract: A 15-litre bench-top multipurpose bioreactor was designed and constructed. The vessel is a glass type with a stainless flat headplate incorporating 9 access ports allowing for a variety of interchangeable probes and actuators. The stirring speed ranges between 0 and 250 rpm, the aeration rate (0-2 l/m), the pH control loop uses HI 1131 probe, two 100 ml bottles of HCl and NaOH solutions and operates a close feedback system. The temperature control module is a close loop using a PT 100 RTD thermocouple and an auxiliary vessel containing a cooling solution. The aeration and feed flow rates are open loops. The system incorporates attributes of a good bioreactor design as discussed by Naraendranathan (1998). Sterility is achieved by autoclaving different units of the system. This machine has been tested on an array of local standard fermentation processes.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Rhesus negative pregnant women in a traditional birth home in Abeokuta, Nigeria

Idowu, O.A.*, Mafiana, C.F. and Sotiloye, Dapo

Abstract: In a survey of 200 pregnant women (mean age 24 years) attending a traditional birth home (TBH) in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 19 (9.5%) were found to be rhesus negative, 8 (42.1%) of which were primigravidae while 11 (57.9%) were multigravidae. 87.5% of the Rhesus negative primigravidae delivered at the TBH without being given the post partum injection of anti-D-gama globulin within 72 h of delivery, thereby having their systems likely sensitized (if baby is rhesus positive) against subsequent pregnancies involving Rhesus positive fetuses. Of the multigravidae involved in this study 27.3% women delivered live babies at the traditional birth home while the remaining 72.7% women were not seen again at the TBH. One woman who has had an induced abortion and was carrying a second pregnancy lost the pregnancy in the course of this study. The knowledge of these women (who were mostly without formal education) on their haematological status is nil. The need to educate the public, especially women patronizing TBH, on the rhesus problem is recommended.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Pregnancy, Rhesus factor, traditional birth home.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria

K. Abdullahi, S. Muhammad*, S. B. Manga and I. M. Tunau

Abstract: Three patients, 30, 2 and one and a half years, were diagnosed as having falciparum malaria and were placed on chloroquine therapy which failed. They were then placed on quinine therapy that then cleared the parasitaemia. This case report seeks to draw the attention of the presence of possible chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Chloroquine-resistant malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, haemoglobin level, packed cell volume.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Comparison of an African herbal formula with commercially available haematinics

Okochi VI, Okpuzor J*, Alli LA

Abstract: The haematological changes observed with commercially available haematinics (Fagon 9® and Chemiron®) were compared with those of a local haematinic referred to as African Herbal Formula (AHF). Results showed that AHF produced effects in haemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) levels which are reasonably comparable with the reference commercial and chemically defined haematinics.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Haematological changes, haematinics, African Herbal Formula, Trypanosome brucei brucei.

2003, 2(1), 1-6;

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