MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Uptake of textile dye Reactive Black-5 by Penicillium chrysogenum MT-6 isolated from cement-contaminated soil

Serkan Erdal and Mesut Taskin*

Abstract: The present study focused on the decolorization of textile dye Reactive Black- 5 by actively growing mycelium of fungus Penicillium chrysogenum MT-6, which was isolated from the cement-contaminated soil. Dye decolorization was probably associated with fungal growth and hyphal uptake mechanism (Biosorption/Bioadsorption) . Dye uptake was strongly depended on mycelial morphology. Small uniform pellets with 2 mm size and nutrient-poor medium were found to be better for dye uptake. Optimal conditions for dye uptake by the fungus were determined as initial pH of 5.0, shaking speed of 150 rpm, temperature of 28°C, spore concentration of 107/ml, 10 g/l sucrose and 1 g/l ammonium chloride. The maximum removal/uptake of dye by fungus was 89% (0.267 g removed-dye) with 3.83 g/l of biomass production at an initial dye concentration of 0.3 g/l in 100 h. The fungus was found to be a good bio -system for the decolorization of the medium containing Reactive Black-5. It was shown for the first time in the present study that the cement-contaminated soil was a good source of microorganisms, being capable of removing snythetic textile dye.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Penicillium chrysogenum MT-6, dye removal, optimization, reactive black-5.

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Isolation and characterization of plum-seeds degrading aerobic bacteria from plum-grove soil

Haruka Kurishita, Hitomi Yoshida, Namika Yamaji, Naoko Okumura, Asuka Kirimura, Satoru Matsuda* and Hiroshi Ueno

Abstract: The aim of this study was to isolate plum-seeds degrading bacterium from plum-grove soil. Some bacteria utilizing plum-seeds were isolated from the plum-grove soil samples by biodegradation assay. Among them, five bacteria had the activity of cellulase and xylanase. Four of the strains grew in the medium containing xylan instead of glucose. Partial sequencing of 16S rRNA and genome indicated that all the isolates belong to the Psedomonas section but two bacteria are unknown. It is proposed that some Pseudomonas bacteria could be deployed as inoculant to attain the treatment of plum-seeds.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Biodegradation, plum-seeds, cellulase, xylanase, microorganism.

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Optimizing the conditions of - amylase by an Esturian strain of Aspergillus spp

Arun Sasi*, Manthiri Kani, A. Panneerselvam, G. Jegadeesh, K. Muthu and M Ravi Kumar

Abstract: Water samples and sediments were collected from waterways in between two back water lakes namely Vambanad and Asthamudi, in Alukadavu, Kollam along the west coast of Kerala, India. 20 fungal species were isolated and identified by lacto phenol cotton blue staining method. From this, Aspergillus flavus was selected for starch hydrolysis Agar Medium for amylase activity under submerged fermentation for amylase production. The effect of different carbon source, nitrogen source, heavy metals, amino acids, dry biomass was studied and enzyme was optimized by using different physico-chemical parameters. The purity of enzyme was analyzed by thin layer chromatography. Minimal medium with starch has produced high amylase enzyme and soluble protein dry biomass with a temperature of 30°C and pH of 6, which includes 256.2 and 108 µg/ml, respectively.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Amylase enzyme, back water fungi, Aspergillus flavus, submerged fermentation, SDS-PAGE, Ion exchange chromatography.

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Antibiotic resistance microbes in tropical mangrove sediments in east coast peninsular, Malaysia

K. C. A. Jalal*, Nur Fatin U.T, Mardiana M.A, Akbar John B, Kamaruzzaman Y. B, Shahbudin S, and Muhammad Nor Omar

Abstract: The study has been conducted at Tanjung Lumpur, mangrove swamp on January 2009 to isolate and identify the bacterial community in mangrove soil and their resistance against antibiotics. Identified bacteria were Aeromonas hydrophila group 1 and 2, Escherichia coli 1, Chryseomonas luteola, Chromobacterium violaceum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia rubudaea, Klebsiella pnuemoniae and Enterobacter cloacae. The identified bacteria were introduced to fourteen different antibiotics to determine the bacterial susceptibility. All the isolates showed 100% resistant towards -lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, amoxicillin and penicillin), vancomycin, sulphafurazole, gentamicin, erythromycin, tetracycline, novobiocin, clindamycin and bacitracin indicates the presence of bacterial amidases and -lactamases in the bacteria which inhibit the action of - lactam antibiotics. Bacteria isolated from mangrove soil showed 66.7 and 77.8% resistance against chloramphenicol and streptomycin, respectively, suggesting that the lipid composition might play a key role in preventing the entrance or binding of antibiotic to the cell. All the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin since it inhibits the enzyme topoisomerase II that cause the negative super coil in DNA and thus permits transcription or replication. All bacterial isolates showed Multi Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index higher than 0.2 and proved high-risk sources of contamination of the environment. This study proved the presence of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains in mangrove soil that could be used for further studies.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Tanjung Lumpur, mangrove swamp, bacterial community, -lactam antibiotics, multi resistance antibiotic index.

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Diagnostic criteria in Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever disease and cost analysis

Sevki Hakan Eren*, lhan Korkmaz, Fatma Mutlu Kukul Güven, Can Aktas and Didem Ay

Abstract: In recent years, Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever disease (CCHF) has created a serious health problem in our country. The disease takes place among haemorrhagic viral diseases. This study was made with CCHF diagnosed patients accepted in emergency services to determine the diagnostic criteria and cost effectivness for CCHF. CCHF patients who were accepted in our emergency service between 2004 and 2008 were analyzed retrospectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive value was calculated only for the patients who had 5 pathological laboratory parameters together (thromobcytopenia, high LDH, AST, ALT and CPK), and cost effectiveness analysis was made. During the five-year period, 687 patients had been evaluated. Significant pathologic results were established for alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), creatine phosphokinase (CPK) enzymes, platelet counts and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Fatigue, fever, bleeding, gastro intestinal symptoms and diffuse pain were the symptoms seen according to their frequencies. The patients were frequently admitted in July. Mortality, costs per patient and emergency service's crowdedness can be reduced by rapid diagnosis which can easily be made with a brief history of the patient’s occupation, physical examination and mentioned laboratory results sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive value.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, emergency service, diagnostic criteria.

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Effects of Enterobiasis on primary school children

Ali Çeliksöz*, Mehmet Aciöz, Serpil De erli, A. Yasemin Öztop and Ahmet Alim

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible adverse effects of Enterobiasis vermicularis infection on primary school children in Sivas, Turkey, to know whether it affects their school success, mean weight and height or not. Seven primary schools in the central region of Sivas were included in the present study. A total number of 3659 questionnaires were completed by class teachers and parents for each student. In the questionnaire, the height and weight of children, school success and other information about children were asked. The stool and cellophane tape specimens collected from the participated students were examined by light microscopy for the diagnosis of enterobiasis. The 365 (17.0%) out of 3569 of parasitic infections were E. vermicularis along with other parasites, and the 225 (10.5%) out of 3569 had only E. vermicularis. The weights and heights were found to be lower in children with enterobiasis. When school successes of the students were compared, there were statistically significant differences between the non parasitic group and the group with E. vermicularis. Enterobiasis is still an important problem seen among primary school children causing adverse effects on school success and physical growth especially in children from the first grades of primary schools.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Enterobiasis, school success, physical growth.

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Effects of Rhizobium innoculation, lime and molybdenum on nitrogen fixation of nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Sylvie Bambara and Patrick A. Ndakidemi*

Abstract: A field and glass house experiment was conducted with the aim of evaluating Rhizobium inoculation, molybdenum (Mo) and lime supply on growth and nitrogen fixation of nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris. The experiment was laid in a split-split plot design. The experimental treatments consisted of 2 levels of Rhizobium inoculation (with rhizobia and without rhizobia) 3 levels of Mo (0, 6 and 12 g kg-1 of seeds) and 3 levels of lime (0, 2 and 3 t ha-1). Rhizobium inoculation showed significant increase in dry matter yield of different organs and decreased 15N values in all organs assessed, thus resulting to improved % nitrogen derived from atmosphere (%Ndfa) in all organs and the amount of N derived from fixation. Molybdenum and lime were significantly effective in promoting plant growth in most organs and decreased 15N values in all organs for glasshouse and field experiment. Lowest 15N values were recorded in Mo and lime supplied at the highest rates of 6 and 12 g kg-1 of seeds and 2 and 3 t lime per ha, respectively. Molybdenum and lime application also significantly improved %Ndfa in all organs and N derived from N-fixation in most organs. Significant responses in N nutrition were also reported in treatments involving the combination of Rhizobium x Mo x lime with better result being recorded in treatments involving Rhizobium inoculation and higher levels of Mo and lime.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nodulated root, 15N, %Ndfa, total N.

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Prevalence and diagnostic aspects of sputum smear positive tuberculosis cases at a tertiary care institution in Rwanda

Claude Mambo Muvunyi, *, Florence Masaisa, Claude Bayingana, Andre Musemakweri, Leon Mutesa and Teresa Carbonell Hernandez,

Abstract: Approximately one third of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 9.27 million new cases of TB occurred in 2007. Developing countries disproportionately shoulder the global burden of disease with the highest estimated rates in the world, with an estimated 55% of global cases in Asia and 31% in the African region. The incidence of new sputum smear positive in Rwanda through recent national survey was an estimated 162 per 100 000 population. The aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of smear positive pulmonary TB among patients at the University of Butare Teaching Hospital, a tertiary health facility in South province, Rwanda. In addition, some aspects of the performance of the pulmonary TB diagnosis are discussed. The overall prevalence of sputum smear positive cases were 17.3% (63 0f 364) and most of the positive patients were within the age range 15 - 44 years. The highest percentage of TB was seen in the age group of 15 - 24 years compared with the lowest percentages in the age group below 14 years and above 45 years. A total of 63 (17.3%) suspects were found to have at least one positive. Of these, 56 (88.9% of those with one or more positive smears and 92% of those who fulfilled the case definition) were detected from the first specimen and 7 (11.1%) were positive on the second specimen but not the first. The third specimen did not have any additional diagnostic value for the detection of AFB. The prevalence of sputum smear positive cases of 17.3% increases with age up to the age 44 years. Our result show that examining two sputa smears was sufficient for the detection of AFB in our laboratory. Further research involving different laboratories from all of the regions of Rwanda is needed to reassess these findings.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Smear positive tuberculosis, prevalence, diagnostic aspects, Rwanda.

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A comparative study on biofilm formation of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa under single culture or co-culture

Lan Liu *, Lijuan Chu , Qian Liu , Cai Wang , Yongwu Xia , Xuesong Peng

Abstract: Individual bacteria can accumulate to form biofilm which can help bacteria escape from host immune defense and many antimicrobial agents. Therefore biofilm involves a large number of bacteria which can induce chronic diseases. Here, we compared the differences of biofilm formation among Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) single culture condition, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) single culture condition and NTHi- P. aeruginosa co -culture condition. Biofilm clone formation unit (CFU) counting revealed that the number of clinical isolated P. aeruginosa was larger than clinical isolated NTHi 3 days after incubation. In co-culture condition, the CFU was significantly higher than both types of single culture condition. Consistent with this result, measurement of crystal violet staining of bacteria attached on the plate well showed that, when co-cultured, the absorbance at 570 nm enhanced 2 - 3 times compared with this two types of single culture condition. Our results were confirmed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). 3 days after inoculation, the co-cultured bacteria stacked more densely to form channels and mushroom-like structure. Whereas both single cultured groups exhibited a more or less sparse, flat-net shape. Intriguingly, both clinical isolated NTHi and P. aeruginosa showed weaker capability in the case of biofilm formation compared with their sibling strains NTHi49247 and P. aeruginosa 27853, respectively. Because all the clinical strains were isolated from children whose immuno-system had not yet developed mature or strong enough, bacteria that had less infectious capability were opportunistically invasive. Our results indicate that NTHi and P. aeruginosa can form biofilm in vitro synergistically.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nontypeable haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dynamic observation, biofilm formation.

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Periodic changes in Prosopis cineraria associated AM population at different soil depth and its relationship with organic carbon and soil moisture

Neelam Verma, J. C. Tarafdar* and K. K. Srivastava

Abstract: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spore population was studied at eight levels of soil depth under two different sites viz., P. cineraria under agro forestry area (with moong bean) and P. cineraria as sole crop at four different quarters of the year (July, October, January, April). In agro forestry areas the spore population recorded higher as compared to P. cineraria grown as sole crop. The upper layer (0-30 cm) contains more number of AMF population in comparison to deeper layers. The trend in decrease of spore population to soil depth was as follows: 11 - 20 cm > 0 - 10 cm > 21 - 30 cm > 31 - 40 cm > 41 - 50 cm > 51 - 60 cm > 61 - 70 cm > 71 - 80 cm. AMF population was also correlated with organic carbon content at different soil depths. The per cent organic carbon content varied between sites and among the soil depths. The more organic carbon content was recorded at upper layers and decreasing towards deeper layers. The maximum moisture content was found in first quarter, that is, in month of July and minimum in fourth quarter, that is, in April. However, spore population was positively correlated with soil organic matter throughout the year but not with soil moisture. The results demonstrated that status of AMF population under P. cineraria depends on soil depth, soil organic carbon, soil moisture content and the site of plantation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhiza, organic carbon content, Prosopis cineraria, soil depth, soil moisture.

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