MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Prevalence and diagnostic aspects of sputum smear positive tuberculosis cases at a tertiary care institution in Rwanda

Claude Mambo Muvunyi, *, Florence Masaisa, Claude Bayingana, Andre Musemakweri, Leon Mutesa and Teresa Carbonell Hernandez,

Abstract: Approximately one third of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 9.27 million new cases of TB occurred in 2007. Developing countries disproportionately shoulder the global burden of disease with the highest estimated rates in the world, with an estimated 55% of global cases in Asia and 31% in the African region. The incidence of new sputum smear positive in Rwanda through recent national survey was an estimated 162 per 100 000 population. The aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of smear positive pulmonary TB among patients at the University of Butare Teaching Hospital, a tertiary health facility in South province, Rwanda. In addition, some aspects of the performance of the pulmonary TB diagnosis are discussed. The overall prevalence of sputum smear positive cases were 17.3% (63 0f 364) and most of the positive patients were within the age range 15 - 44 years. The highest percentage of TB was seen in the age group of 15 - 24 years compared with the lowest percentages in the age group below 14 years and above 45 years. A total of 63 (17.3%) suspects were found to have at least one positive. Of these, 56 (88.9% of those with one or more positive smears and 92% of those who fulfilled the case definition) were detected from the first specimen and 7 (11.1%) were positive on the second specimen but not the first. The third specimen did not have any additional diagnostic value for the detection of AFB. The prevalence of sputum smear positive cases of 17.3% increases with age up to the age 44 years. Our result show that examining two sputa smears was sufficient for the detection of AFB in our laboratory. Further research involving different laboratories from all of the regions of Rwanda is needed to reassess these findings.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Smear positive tuberculosis, prevalence, diagnostic aspects, Rwanda.

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A comparative study on biofilm formation of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa under single culture or co-culture

Lan Liu *, Lijuan Chu , Qian Liu , Cai Wang , Yongwu Xia , Xuesong Peng

Abstract: Individual bacteria can accumulate to form biofilm which can help bacteria escape from host immune defense and many antimicrobial agents. Therefore biofilm involves a large number of bacteria which can induce chronic diseases. Here, we compared the differences of biofilm formation among Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) single culture condition, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) single culture condition and NTHi- P. aeruginosa co -culture condition. Biofilm clone formation unit (CFU) counting revealed that the number of clinical isolated P. aeruginosa was larger than clinical isolated NTHi 3 days after incubation. In co-culture condition, the CFU was significantly higher than both types of single culture condition. Consistent with this result, measurement of crystal violet staining of bacteria attached on the plate well showed that, when co-cultured, the absorbance at 570 nm enhanced 2 - 3 times compared with this two types of single culture condition. Our results were confirmed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). 3 days after inoculation, the co-cultured bacteria stacked more densely to form channels and mushroom-like structure. Whereas both single cultured groups exhibited a more or less sparse, flat-net shape. Intriguingly, both clinical isolated NTHi and P. aeruginosa showed weaker capability in the case of biofilm formation compared with their sibling strains NTHi49247 and P. aeruginosa 27853, respectively. Because all the clinical strains were isolated from children whose immuno-system had not yet developed mature or strong enough, bacteria that had less infectious capability were opportunistically invasive. Our results indicate that NTHi and P. aeruginosa can form biofilm in vitro synergistically.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nontypeable haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dynamic observation, biofilm formation.

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Periodic changes in Prosopis cineraria associated AM population at different soil depth and its relationship with organic carbon and soil moisture

Neelam Verma, J. C. Tarafdar* and K. K. Srivastava

Abstract: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spore population was studied at eight levels of soil depth under two different sites viz., P. cineraria under agro forestry area (with moong bean) and P. cineraria as sole crop at four different quarters of the year (July, October, January, April). In agro forestry areas the spore population recorded higher as compared to P. cineraria grown as sole crop. The upper layer (0-30 cm) contains more number of AMF population in comparison to deeper layers. The trend in decrease of spore population to soil depth was as follows: 11 - 20 cm > 0 - 10 cm > 21 - 30 cm > 31 - 40 cm > 41 - 50 cm > 51 - 60 cm > 61 - 70 cm > 71 - 80 cm. AMF population was also correlated with organic carbon content at different soil depths. The per cent organic carbon content varied between sites and among the soil depths. The more organic carbon content was recorded at upper layers and decreasing towards deeper layers. The maximum moisture content was found in first quarter, that is, in month of July and minimum in fourth quarter, that is, in April. However, spore population was positively correlated with soil organic matter throughout the year but not with soil moisture. The results demonstrated that status of AMF population under P. cineraria depends on soil depth, soil organic carbon, soil moisture content and the site of plantation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhiza, organic carbon content, Prosopis cineraria, soil depth, soil moisture.

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Association of IGF-1 gene polymorphism with milk production traits and paternal genetic trends in Iranian Holstein bulls

Yousef Mehmannavaz*, Cyrus Amirinia, Mortaza Bonyadi and Rasoul Vaez Torshizi

Abstract: The effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 polymorphism were examined on milk production traits and genetic trends in the Iranian Holstein bulls. A total of 282 bulls were genotyped for SnaBI restriction site in the 5' flanking region of IGF-1 by applying PCR-RFLP method. The allele frequencies for C and T alleles were 0.562 and 0.438, respectively. The results indicated that genetic variants at the 5'-noncoding region of the bovine IGF-1 gene had a marked effect on estimated breeding values of milk (EBVM) and fat yields (EBVF). The heterozygous bulls (CT genotype) had higher EBVM and EBVF than homozygous bulls (P < 0.1) . The average substitution effects of alleles were not significant for none of studied traits (P > 0.1). The studied polymorphism of IGF-1 showed no significant association with genetic trends of milk related traits (P > 0.1). These results suggest that allelic interaction in IGF-1 polymorphism as over dominance and might be effectiveness in animal improving by crossbreeding.[...] Read More.

Keywords: IGF-1, polymorphism, Holstein, genetic trend.

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Extracellular leucine aminopeptidase produced by Aspergillus oryzae LL1 and LL2

Shie-Jea Lin, Li-Lin Chen, Chiou-Yen Wen and Wen-Shen Chu*

Abstract: In a screen of 175 fungal strains, Aspergillus oryzae LL1 and LL2 were identified as having the highest extracellular leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity. LAP activity was optimal when A. oryzae LL1 was subjected to submerged fermentation with an inoculum size of 105 spores per ml and an agitation of 100 rpm at 30°C in media containing defatted soybean and rice husk with a pH of 4.5 for 72 h. Partial characterization of A. oryzae LL1 LAP revealed that it could be greatly inhibited by 2 mmol L-1 of Pb2+, Cu2+, or Fe2+. In contrast, 2 mmol L-1 Zn2+ stimulated LAP activity about one-fold compared to adding 30 mmol L-1 zinc increased DH to 33.3% for LAP LL1 during a piolot plant scale experiment hydrolysis of chopped chicken breast meat (Lin et al., 2008; Eur Food Res. Technol., 2008) . To determine the stability of A. oryzae LL1 LAP, the samples were stored at -80, -20, 4 and 25°C for eight weeks with residual activities being reduced to 84, 72, 61 and 58%, respectively. Taken together, our data suggest that A. oryzae, LL1 LAP has tremendous potential for use in the food industry.[...] Read More.

Keywords: leucine aminopeptidase, Aspergillus oryzae, culture conditions, fermentation, Zn2+.

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Bacterial contamination of crockery and cutlery within the kiosksâ€™ restaurants of the Federal University of Technology, Yola

Lynn Maori and Nandita De*

Abstract: An investigation was undertaken to determine bacteriological quality of crockery and cutlery of seven restaurants in Federal University of Technology, Yola (FUTY) kiosk. Samples (147) were collected and cultured in appropriate media and the bacterial isolates were identified according to their morphological and biochemical characteristics. The result revealed a profile of seven (7) different bacterial species including Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and the species of Shigella, Klebseilla and Bacillus. The total values of bacterial count (TBC per ml) of the samples were in the range of 1.1 x 104 - 3.0 x 105 for cups, 2.2 x 104 - 1.6 x 105 for forks, 1.0 x 104 - 3.3 x 105 for knives, 1.2 x 104 – 2 .5 x 105 for plates and 1.5 x 104 - 4.7 x 105 for spoons cfu/ml. So, it may be concluded that in order to prevent food-borne infection, food inspectors should monitor the hygienic status of the restaurants within FUTY kiosk.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Proteus vulgaris, Klebseilla.

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Prevalence of antibodies to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in chickens in southwestern Nigeria

B. O. Emikpe*, O. G. Ohore, M. Olujonwo and S. O. Akpavie

Abstract: A total of 672 sera from apparently healthy commercial and indigenous chickens of different ages were screened for antibodies to infectious bronchitis (IB) virus using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples obtained from breeder, layer, grower and indigenous chicken flocks in Oyo, Ogun, Ondo and Lagos states of southwestern Nigeria were screened. The total seroprevalence was 82.7% with ELISA units of 77.0 ± 8.0. Among the groups of birds, layers had the highest ELISA units of 80.0 ± 9.0, breeders had 73.0 ± 8.0 while indigenous chickens had 73.0 ± 7.0 ELISA units. These chickens, except the breeders, had no history of vaccination against infectious bronchitis. The higher prevalence observed in layers, growers and indigenous chickens may be due to field infection since maternal antibody was expected to have waned between three and four weeks of life. These findings indicate a high infectious bronchitis virus activity in southwestern Nigeria chickens hence there is an urgent need for the development of prevention and control policies against IB in Nigerian poultry farms and a national control programme for infectious bronchitis virus infection should be planned.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Chickens, infectious bronchitis virus, Nigeria, prevalence, southwest.

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Nutritional factors affecting the antifungal activity of Penicillium steckii of mangrove origin

Jyotsnamayee Sabat and Nibha Gupta*

Abstract: A fungal strain namely, Penicillium steckii was obtained from saline environment of mangrove plant Avicennia marina and evaluated for antifungal activity in PDA against dieback pathogen of rose. Amendments at the level of different carbon and nitrogen source and their concentrations, inorganic and organic salts resultant into the development of new and modified medium of basal PDA under which our fungi exhibited enhanced level of antifungal activity. Achievement of this medium composition may be useful further in process development to elaborate the antagonistic active principle against plant pathogens.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mangrove, avicennia, antifungal, penicillium, dieback, nutrient.

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Initial microbial colonization in the alimentary tract of a new â€“ born baby in different modes of parturition

I. Joseph and A. J. A. Ranjit Singh*

Abstract: The intestinal microflora is a positive health asset that crucially influences the normal structural and functional development of the mucosal immune system. In the new born, the colonization of microbes in the alimentary system starts as soon as the womb comes out. A study on the early colonized bacterial species in a new - born will help to understand the immuno protective functions in the new-born. The initial colonization of bacterial population in the alimentary tract of a new-born baby varied according to the mode of child birth. In the alimentary tract of the normally delivered baby, beneficial probiotic microbial invasion in the intestinal region is high and such microbes are mostly from the mother. In a surgically (Caesarian) delivered baby, the alimentary tract receives mostly non beneficial microbes from the environment and hence such babies are susceptible to infection.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lactobacillus, new-born, probiotic, immune system, nosocomial infection, Caesarian, normal child birth.

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Predominant lactic acid bacteria associated with the traditional malting of sorghum grains

H. Sawadogo-Lingani*, B. Diawara, R. K. Glover, K. Tano-Debrah, A. S. Traoré and M. Jakobsen

Abstract: The traditional processes of sorghum grains malting were investigated in Tamale (Northern Ghana) from the raw materials through to the sun-dried malted sorghum including steeping and germination stages. Samples were taken at each processing stage and cultured for the isolation of LAB. The isolates were characterized by basic phenotyping, ITS-PCR / RFLP analysis and identified by partial sequencing of 16S r RNA genes. Their antimicrobial and amylolytic activities and exopolysaccharides production were also investigated. During steeping, the LAB counts in the steep water increased from 105 to 109 - 1010 cfu/ml and pH of the steep water decreased from 5.08 ± 0.22 to 4.20 ± 0.50. A total of 106 isolates were identified and the predominant isolates belonged to the species Lactobacillus fermentum (58.49%), Pediococcus acidilactici (22.64%), Weissella confusa (11.32%), Enteroccocus faecium, Pediococcus pentosaseus and Lactococcus lactis. Some isolates showed interesting antimicrobial activity (39.62%), slight amylolytic activity (37.73%) and ability to produce exopolysaccharides (90.5%). L. fermentum isolates dominated the microbiota from sorghum grains to malted sorghum. These isolates had technological properties comparable to those responsible for the acidification of sorghum beer (dolo, pito) wort produced from sorghum malt (previously studied), suggesting their potential for use as starter cultures. Suitable isolates of L. fermentum are promising candidates to be used as starter cultures from the initial step of malting, that is, the steeping and are expected to inhibit the growth and survival of pathogens and spoilage microflora, and to control the lactic fermentation of dolo and pito wort or other sorghum malt-based products like infant formulations.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Sorghum, sorghum malt, lactic acid bacteria, identification, technological properties.

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