MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Antioxidant potential of African medicinal plants

S.E. Atawodi

Abstract: Cellular damage or oxidative injury arising from free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) now appears the fundamental mechanism underlying a number of human neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, inflammation, viral infections, autoimmune pathologies and digestive system disorders. Free radical are generated through normal metabolism of drugs, environmental chemicals and other xenobiotics as well as endogenous chemicals, especially stress hormones (adrenalin and noradrenalin). Accumulated evidence suggests that ROS can be scavenged through chemoprevention utilizing natural antioxidant compounds present in foods and medicinal plants. Africa is blessed with enormous biodiversity resources, but plagued with several diseases, including those with ROS as the etiological factor. In this review, research on the antioxidant potential of medicinal plants of African origin between 1965 and September, 2004 is considered. Keywords: Medicinal plant, antioxidant activity, chemoprevention, neurodegenerative diseases, Africa.[...] Read More.

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Microbial control of caged population of Zonocerus variegatus using Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium sp.

O.E. FAGADE, S.A. BALOGUN and C.J. LOMER

Abstract: Microbial control of caged populations of Zonocerus variegatus was carried out using indigenous fungal entomopathogens isolated from the grasshopper’s cadaver. Bioassay response indicated a dose-dependent mortality coupled with drastic reduction in food consumption among spores infected grasshoppers. Lethal time (LT50) of 4.6 days for 103 spores/ml and 3.8 days for 107 spores/ml of oil formulation of Beauveria bassiana were observed. While Metarhizium sp recorded LT 50 of 9.0 days and 2.8 days for 103 and 107 spores/ml, respectively. The results obtained were discussed in relation to use of the isolates in the control Z. variegatus infestation in forest agro-ecosystem of south west, Nigeria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Microbial control, entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana, Zonoccrus variegatus, Metarhizium sp.

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Histopathology of the gill and liver tissues of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus exposed to lead

OLOJO, E. A. A. *, OLURIN, K. B., MBAKA, G. and OLUWEMIMO, A. D.

Abstract: An investigation on the effect of the heavy metal, lead (Pb) on the gill and liver of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus was carried out in the laboratory. One hundred and sixty (160) fingerlings of the fish were exposed to continuous exposure to sub-lethal concentrations (0.006 mg/l and 0.008 mg/l) of lead for a period of three weeks. The liver and gill of fish were removed every 9 days for histological examination. The results showed that the degree of distortion of the gills and liver was proportional to the exposure periods and concentration of the metals was found to be dose and time dependent.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lead, Clarias gariepinus, histopathology, gill, liver.

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Export papaya post -harvest protection by fungicides and the problems of the maximal limit of residues

DEMBELE Ardjouma*, Traore Sory Karim, KONE Mamadou, COULIBALY Dotana Ténébé

Abstract: The post-harvest maturity of papaya fruits is influenced by several environmental factors including temperature, light and ventilation of the surrounding wall. The maturity, presence and attacks or rots, and the accumulation of fungicide residues in the papaya was evaluated on papaya fruits treated with different fungicide. Thiabendazole-treated fruits did not rot 21 days after treatment and this fungicide was the most satisfactory with detected residues lower than the European Union’s 2000/48/EC guideline.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Post-harvest, papaya, fungicides, phytotoxic, thiabendazole, residues maximal limit.

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Retention of -carotene in frozen carrots under varying conditions of temperature and time of storage

Debjani Dutta, Utpal Raychaudhuri, Runu Chakraborty*

Abstract: Carrots were blanched and stored in a freezer to study the retention of - carotene. Retention was found to be better in 3 min blanched samples than in 5 min ones. There was an increase in -carotene content in carrots after 5 days at all storage temperatures: 0, –8, –14, and –18oC. Decrease was found to be insignificant compared to the initial value even after 80 days of storage time at –18oC and for 3 min blanch time.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Carrots, -carotene, blanching, freezing, activation energy, storage time.

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Stability of yam starch gels during processing

N’Guessan Georges Amani*, Alphonse Kamenan Agnès Rolland-Sabaté, and Paul Colonna

Abstract: To evaluate their aptitude to be used as functional ingredients, twenty one varieties of yam starches of Côte d’Ivoire were submitted to different technological stress such as high temperature treatment, long term freezing and refrigeration, high speed shearing and acidic treatment, in comparison with commercial modified starches. The gel of “kangba” starch (D. Cayenensis-rotundata) is the most stable during thermal processing. The cultivar “Daminangba” ( D. alata) which present the clearest gel (63 % of clarity) is also the most stable during refrigeration with a low syneresis (26%) at 4°C.The “Esculenta 7” cultivar (D. esculenta) shows the weakest value of syneresis at -20°C. The gel of D. dumetorum species is the strongest under acidic condition with 8% of viscosity decrease from pH 7 to pH 3, whereas the “Bodo” cultivar ( D. alata) gel shows good resistance to shearing with 31% fall of viscosity from 160 rpm to 900 rpm on the RVA. The “Sopèrè”, “Lopka” and Kponan cultivars (D. Cayenensis–rotundata) present the strongest viscosities in all the technological treatments.[...] Read More.

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Effect of Nauclea latifolia leaves aqueous extracts on blood glucose levels of normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Gidado, A., Ameh, D.A.* and Atawodi, S.E.

Abstract: In Northern Nigeria, different parts of Nauclea latifolia (family: Rubiaceae) are prescribed as remedy for diabetes mellitus. This study was designed to evaluate the hypoglycemic property of aqueous extract of the leaves of the plant in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The aqueous extracts at (200 mg/kg bw.) significantly lowered glucose levels (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nauclea latifolia, hypoglycaemic activity, alloxan-induced diabetes.

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Activity staining method of chitinase on chitin agar plate through polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Vipul Gohel, Pranav Vyas and H.S. Chhatpar*

Abstract: A method for detection of chitinase activity on chitin agar plate after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is described. Different staining dyes such as calcofluor white M2R, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine B, ruthenium red and congo red were separately incorporated in chitin agar plates. After running polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the gel was transferred onto chitin agar plate containing different dyes for the activity staining. Thin layer of acetate buffer (0.2 M, pH 5) was pored on the gel, which helps faster diffusion of the enzyme from gel onto the plate. After incubation of about 7 h, bands of chitinase were visible by daylight or UV light. The method is very sensitive since it can detect even 0.5 units of chitinase. Thus, this method is sensitive, rapid, user-friendly, reliable and cost effective.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Activity staining, chitinase, dyes, sensitivity, stability.

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Pitfalls in the routine diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus

C.S.S. Bello and A. Qahtani

Abstract: Two hundred isolates of Presumed Staphylococcus aureus from routine clinical specimens, collected from two government hospitals in Abha, Saudi Arabia, had their identity verified. We used the tube coagulase test as our gold standard. Twenty (10%) of the isolates were mis-identified. Reliance by the two laboratories on DNase test, Mannitol fermentation reaction and improper performance of the coagulase test, were responsible for the mis-diagnosis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, diagnosis, pitfalls.

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The pattern of infection and in vivo response to Chloroquine by uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in northwestern Nigeria

Bello SO, *, Muhammad BY, Bello AY, Ukatu AI, Ahmad BM, Adeneye AA, Cherima JY

Abstract: The pattern of infection and in vivo response of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria to Chloroquine as first line drug and Quinine, Halofantrine or Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine as second line medications was evaluated at nested sentinel points, including Government and Private Practices, for three consecutive months. 559 cases were evaluated of which 22.5% failed on Chloroquine therapy. The age range of P. falciparum malaria cases was 4 months to 48 years, with a mean and median age of 9.2 and 3 years, respectively. There were significantly more female patients than male. Also, ages 5 years and below accounted for 63.2% of cases and as a group had an increased risk of treatment failure with Chloroquine compared to older patients. In general, male patients also had a higher relative risk of treatment failure on Chloroquine. Patients treated in Government practices were more likely to fail than those treated in Private practices. All cases of failure to Chloroquine treatment responded to Quinine, Halofantrine or Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Plasmodium falciparum malaria, Chloroquine, resistance.

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