MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Assessment of awareness on food borne zoonoses and its relation with veterinary public health services in and around Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Sisay Girma, Girma Zewde, Ketema Tafess, and Tariku Jibat*

Abstract: A qualitative survey was conducted to assess the awareness on food borne zoonoses and its relation with veterinary public health services in Addis Ababa and its surrounding districts. Structured questionnaire was used in the study. Factors like educational level, information source, and profession, were considered for possible explanation of the results. The most frequently known zoonotic diseases were rabies (100%), followed by anthrax (94.27%), teniasis (89.06%), tuberculosis (88.54%), brucellosis (49.48%), and mentioned others (31.25%). The importance of veterinary public health in the overall public health institutions was assessed by looking at the responses to questions and it is shown that the public health institutions do not yet see the need of having veterinarians in the public health. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the awareness and use of inspected and packed animal products is relatively low, which exposes the people to risk of food borne pathogens. The authors would like to recommend to the government and concerned bodies to raise the awareness of the public, using the appropriate communication media, and to strengthen the contribution of public health veterinarians in the public health services for better community health.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Awareness, veterinarian, food borne zoonoses.

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Prevalence and factors associated with healing outcomes of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers among patients with spinal cord injury

Ezema Charles Ikechukwu, Idowu Opeyemi Ayodiipo*, Anekwe David Emeka, Adelugba Julius Kayode, Nwoba Izuchukwu Michael and Ogunbameru Temitope Deborah

Abstract: Pressure ulcers remain a perennial challenge in the management of patients with spinal cord injury in developing countries due to lack of preventive facilities and trained personnel. This study assessed the prevalence and factors associated with healing outcomes of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers among patients with spinal cord injury in a Nigerian tertiary hospital. A retrospective case chart review of patients with spinal cord injury between January, 1997 and December, 2006 was carried out. Data were gleaned on gender, age, marital status, presence and number pressure ulcers per patient, worst hit body site by pressure ulcer, cause of spinal cord injury, spinal cord injury level, American spinal injury association impairment score (AIS), diabetes status, stage of worst hit body site and outcomes of healing. Data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics at α 0.05. The prevalence of pressure ulcers in the study was 51.58%. The sacrum and coccyx (56.20%) were the worst hit body sites by pressure ulcers. Gender (p = 0.00), aetiology of spinal cord injury (p = 0.01) and stage of worst hit body site by PU (p = 0.00) were associated with healing outcomes. The prevalence of pressure ulceration was high with a high majority of the ulcers not healing.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Pressure ulcers, retrospective, spinal cord injury.

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Enteric pathogens and diarrhea disease potentials of water sources in Ahiazu Mbaise, Eastern Nigeria

Esomonu Onyenonachi Charity*, Abanobi Okwouma C. and Ihejirika Chinedu Emeka

Abstract: This research was targeted at determining the load of enteric pathogens and possible diarrheal disease potentials of the water sources to prevent possible disease outbreak through improved portable water supply for the inhabitants. Water samples were collected from boreholes, underground tanks, and streams and subjected to standard microbiological analysis. The result of total heterotrophic bacterial count (THBC) and total coliform bacterial count (TCBC) (cfu/ml) ranged between 2.0×105 to 1.2×102 and 4.8×103 to 2.0×101 cfu/ml respectively. The isolates occurred thus: Escherichia coli (50.0%), Salmonella spp. (100%), Shigella spp. (100%), Streptococcus spp. (50.0%), Vibro spp. (20.0%), Proteus spp. (30.0%), Klebsiella spp. (80.0%), and Enterobacter spp. (50.0%). This showed that Salmonella and Shigella spp. occurred highest (100%) in water samples followed by Klebsiella (80.0%); while the lowest occurrence was recorded by Vibro spp. (20.0%). The occurrence of total isolates in water samples showed thus: samples A (50.0%), B (37.5%), C (37.5), D (50.0%), E (25.0), F (75.0%), G (50.0%), H (87.5%), I (100%), and J (87.5%). These results show that stream water sources had more enteric pathogens followed by underground tank sources and borehole water sources being the least contaminated. Water sources in Ahiazu Mbaise are not free from enteric pathogens and might expose users to diarrhea.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Enteric pathogens, water sources, Ahiazu Mbaise, diarrhea, morbidity, mortality.

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Prevalence and transmission of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among women in Khartoum State, Sudan

Dahab M. M., Koko W. S., Osman E. E. and Hilali A. H. M.

Abstract: This study was carried out from January 2008 to December 2009 to determine the prevalence of trichomoniasis among women in Khartoum State, Sudan. Two different hospitals were selected. The two hospitals were Ibrahim Malik hospital which is serving an urban area and Ombada hospital which is serving a rural area and migrant people coming from other parts of Sudan particularly Western Sudan. Monthly data was collected including demographic, social and other factors related to infection with trichomoniasis using a questionnaire. Urine samples were collected weekly every month and examined using wet mount preparation method. 297 women were found infected with Trichomonas vaginalis of a total of 2473 examined making an overall prevalence rate of 12%. Prevalence of infection was slightly higher among women in Ombada hospital than those in Ibrahim Malik hospital but the difference is not statistically significant. However, difference in infection is statistically significant regarding areas of residence (P < 0.05). The highest (15.6%) and the lowest (4.8%) prevalence rates were recorded in Alsalam locality (Ombada hospital) and Khartoum locality (Ibrahim Malik hospital) respectively suggesting a difference in awareness between rural and urban areas. Significant differences related to age were recorded. The highest prevalence rates were among women in the age groups 15 to 19 and 20 to 24 years. High infection rates were recorded during the hot and rainy season from July to October. Social, traditional and behavioral factors proved to be important factors in relation to infection of T. vaginalis among women in Khartoum State. Results indicate the importance of the problem and the need for more research and efforts to control it.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Trichomonas vaginalis, prevalence, traditions, social, behavioral factors.

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A descriptive study of behavioural patterns associated with gastrointestinal illness in the general Swedish population

Jonas Toljander* and Nina Karnehed

Abstract: A nation-wide survey was conducted in 2009 to collect information about behavioural patterns possibly associated with gastrointestinal illness (GI) in the general Swedish population. One-third of the respondents used various internet and/or telephone resources to find information about GI. Nearly eighty percent said that they buy and consume certain food products or beverages, and one-third of the respondents claimed that they buy over-the-counter pharmaceutical products for treatment of GI. In the present study, information retrieval behaviour on the internet and telephone calls to health care advice services appear to be the most relevant indicators of GI in Sweden.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Beverages, consumption patterns, foods, drugs, incidence of foodborne and waterborne gastrointestinal illness, health indicators, information retrieval, outbreak detection, over-the-counter drugs (OTC drugs), surveillance.

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An ecological view of the risk factors for tuberculosis in the United States

David Young* and Sheryl Strasser

Abstract: There is scientific evidence of socio-demographic, behavioral and health risk factors associated with tuberculosis (TB) infection and TB disease. The primary objective of the study was to examine the correlation of TB risk factors at the state level in the United States (US) to obtain insights specific to the state of TB in the US. Secondary data from the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) and US Census Bureau on line databases were used. Simple and multiple linear regressions were carried out. The model created to represent the TB rate by state included the percent of the population which was non-Hispanic white (p < 0.001), the AIDS diagnosis rate/100,000 (p = 0.067) and the percentage of the population which is foreign born. Per capita income, GINI, diabetes rates, smoking rates and alcohol abuse rates were excluded from the final model. Race/ethnicity acts as a marker for a number of risk factors, and the focus of the fight against TB in the US should be on minority communities, those populated by the foreign-born and those with high rates of AIDS particularly where a large degree of income inequality is present. Keywords: Tuberculosis, race, ethnicity, HIV, foreign-born.[...] Read More.

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Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella serotypes isolated from human and animals in Sudan

Imad M.T. Fadlalla, Mohamed E. Hamid*, Ahmed G. Abdel Rahim and Mohamed T. Ibrahim

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of multidrug resistance among Salmonella enterica serotypes recovered from human and animals in Sudan. A total of 119 Salmonella isolates recovered from stools of humans, cattle, camels and poultry were subjected to in vitro susceptibility against 10 commonly prescribed antibacterial agents. The test was done by the disc diffusion assay, isolates were categorized as sensitive or resistant based on standardized zones of inhibition and the odd ratio (OR) was performed to measures of degree of association between the two result characteristics of agents. The majority of Salmonella serotypes (80.67%) were found resistant to at least one of the tested nine antibacterial agents and 45 isolates (37.82%) were found multidrug resistant (MDR). Human isolates were found to be more resistant than the animal's isolates. Ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and colistin were found to be highly active against the isolates. But the isolates showed high resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, furazolidone and sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim. The odd ratios (OR) among the isolates to combination of two antimicrobials ranged from 1.1 to 5.75. The highest OR was shown in combination cefalexin-nalidixic acid, which has an OR of 5.75. Salmonella serotypes revealed very high resistance (80.67%) and high MDR (37.82%) rates. Salmonella sp. recovered from human exhibited higher rates of resistance than those recovered from animals.[...] Read More.

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A study of fertility intentions of women in Uyo, Nigeria

Umoh A. V*, Abah G. M and Ekanem U. S

Abstract: Fertility desires are known to reflect subsequent fertility behaviour, therefore, understanding these desires therefore could help in planning strategies to modify fertility behaviour. We undertook the study to contribute useful information in planning future family planning strategies in our region. This was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study among antenatal women in two health facilities in Uyo, Nigeria. Results show that the mean number of children desired was four. Majority of women (73.2%) desired a maximum of four children while 24.1% wanted 5 to 6 children. The number of children desired was significantly related to the patient’s education (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Fertility, fertility intention, fertility desire, contraception, Nigeria.

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Primary health care services in Nigeria: Critical issues and strategies for enhancing the use by the rural communities

Abdulraheem I. S.*, Olapipo A. R. and Amodu M. O.

Abstract: Quality health is a fundamental right of all Nigerian citizens. While primary health care (PHC) centers are relatively uniformly distributed throughout local government areas (LGAs) in Nigeria, the rural people tend to underuse the basic health services. This article examines some cross cutting issues in PHC and outlines strategies to enhance the utilization of health services by rural people. The responsibility for perpetuating the existing low use of PHC services should be held by PHC policy makers and LGA. Responsible health personnel can build a new social order, based on greater equity and human dignity, in which health for all by the year 2015, including that of rural populations, will no more be a dream but a reality. Capacity building and empowerment of communities through orientation, mobilization and community organization as regards training, information sharing and continuous dialogue, could further enhance the utilization of PHC services by rural populations.[...] Read More.

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The plight of Haitian refugees in the Dominican Republic: Physical/psychosocial consequences

AbdulKareem Al-Obaidi, and Ghazwan Maqur, Ghazwan AlBadawi

Abstract: Haitians are the largest minority living in Dominican Republic. These destitute people escaped the deprivations and disasters of their home country only to face other more tyrannical situations at asylums in the Dominican Republic. This manuscript focuses on the health consequences facing Haitians living on the north coast of the Dominican Republic. Their plight is a humanitarian crisis that requires the joint efforts of the international community and the local governments.[...] Read More.

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