MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Tracking of overweight among urban school children: A 4 years cohort study in Sousse Tunisia

Harrabi Imed, Maatoug Maaloul Jihene *, Ben Hammouda Hamida, Gaha Rafika, Lazreg Fatma, Boussaadia Amel and Ghannem Hassen

Abstract: Our objective was to examine tracking patterns of body mass index (BMI) as well as their predictors between childhood and adolescence. A cohort of 452 Tunisian children aged 13 - 15 years was followed for 4 years (1999 - 2003). Tracking of BMI was defined as in individual maintaining a certain status or relative position (relative BMI quartile) overtime. After 4 years, almost 50% of the subjects had maintained their relative positions, but 25% had moved into a lower or higher quartile. The BMIs of thin and fat were more likely to track: 61.9 and 66.7% remained in the bottom and upper quartiles, respectively. Overweight children were 2.6 times as likely as all other children to become overweight adolescents. Individual’s initial BMIs, sex and socioeconomic status helped to predict tracking and change in BMI. Predictors of overweight tracking found in this study would be useful to select children at risk for preventive intervention.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Obesity, adolescents, cardiovascular risk factor.

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Simplifying mathematical modelling to test intervention strategies for Chlamydia

Catherine Heffernan* and Jacob A. Dunningham

Abstract: In recent years, there has been a rise in applications of mathematical modelling in sexually transmitted infections. This paper outlines a new approach to mathematical modelling that tests intervention efforts on Chlamydia. The aim was to produce a simple model that can be used when new data comes to hand without the need to re-run the simulation. A simple model was developed to study the effects of interventions in lowering rates of Chlamydia in a high-risk population of 16 to 24 year olds. Parameters are informed by the best available data. The model was verified by running it backwards in time to see if it correctly ‘retrodicts’ rates of Chlamydia in the past. The model predicted that Chlamydia would disappear long-term if there were 45% condom use, annual check- ups and 23.5% successful contact tracing among the high-risk 16 – 24 year old age group. The model’s expressions can be applied readily to different populations of interest and to address specific questions, indicating that the model is a quick and easy tool to apply in public health policy making.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mathematical modelling, Chlamydia, public health interventions, partner notification, annual check-up, condom use.

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Determinants of knowledge and awareness about AIDS: Urban-rural differentials in Bangladesh

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: This study utilized data from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2004 to identify the determinants of knowledge about AIDS for women of urban and rural areas of Bangladesh, bi-variate and multivariate logistic regression methods were employed in analyzing data. This study found that a wider gap exists between urban and rural areas regarding knowledge about AIDS, where every 8 out of 10 urban women know about AIDS but almost half of the rural women still do not know about AIDS. Mass media play a major role for growing awareness about AIDS in both of these areas. In the urban area 61.6 percent women knew at least one correct way to avoid AIDS but rural women are in miserable condition because the corresponding figure for rural women was only 31.3% that means 37.7 and 67.7% among urban and rural women respectively still did not know how to avoid AIDS. Binary logistic regression method shows that education, occupation, ever use of contraception, currently using condom, permission to go to hospital/health center, mass media exposure, region of residence and wealth index significantly influence the knowledge about AIDS among rural women, whereas, in the urban areas except occupation and currently using condom all these remaining variables appear as the significant predictors of knowledge about AIDS.[...] Read More.

Keywords: AIDS, mass media, Bangladesh, logistic regression analysis.

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The use of intermittent preventive treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in pregnancy in Ibadan, Nigeria: Implications for policy

Tongo O. Olukemi, Orimadegun Adebola Emmanuel and Akinyinka Olusegun Olusina*

Abstract: Malaria in pregnancy (MIP) remains a major public health concern, inspite of the adoption of WHO recommended intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) for its control in Nigeria. Using interviewer administered questionnaires, information on knowledge of the burden, consequences and the use of SP for malaria control in pregnancy was obtained from 800 mothers within 24 h after delivery at two health centres in Ibadan. Women who attended antenatal care (ANC) at the secondary facility were less likely to demonstrate poor knowledge of causes (OR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.08, 0.38), consequences (OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.24, 0.55) and control strategies (OR = 0.32, 95% = 0.18, 0.59) compared with tertiary facility. Only 56.4% of all the mothers were aware of IPTp SP as government policy for prevention of MIP out of which 16.9% used IPTp SP in index pregnancy. Overall, only 18.4% of all mothers used IPTp SP. Being unaware of the existing government policy and educational attainment of 9 years independently predicted non-usage of IPTp SP. This study revealed that the uptake of IPTp SP in pregnancy is poor in spite of good knowledge of burden of malaria in pregnancy and underscores the need to scale up awareness campaign and monitor implementation at all levels of health care.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Malaria in pregnancy, intermittent preventive treatment, sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine.

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Socio-demographic and behaviour of obese people in the common of Tchamba (Togo)

Assane Hamadi, Balaka Abago, Tchamdja Toyi*, Djagadou Kodjo Agbéko and Djibril Mohaman Awalou

Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the socio-demographic and behavioral profile of obese people in the municipality of Tchamba. We conducted a cross-sectional study examining the obese population of Tchamba Municipality during the period of 20 October to 20 December 2011. The sample of this study was characterized by female with a sex ratio F/H equal to 2.46. The age range of 46 to 60 years was the most represented (35%), and the most common occupation was that of merchant (52.20%). The food was predominantly carbohydrate type of cereals (maize, rice and yam) in all subjects with 85.60 % who were taking three meals a day. Snacking was practiced daily and rarely respectively for 13.33% and 67.80% of the subjects. It was more practiced by the female subjects (65.6%). The sport was not regularly used in 80% of cases. The socio-demographic characteristics most frequently observed within 3 degrees of obesity (lightweight, medium and severe) were as follows: female gender (respectively 64.44 %, 70.96 % et 92.85 %), the profession of trader (respectively 44.44 %, 54.83 % et 71.42 %), sedentary occupation (respectively 64.44 %, 80.64 % et 85.71 %), and not instruction (respectively 73.33 %, 77.41 % et 71.42 %). Behaviours observed among the subjects of our study were distributed as follow: Non sport (respectively 73.33 %, 83.87 % and 92.85 %), snacking (respectively 92.85 %, 9.67 % et 57.14 %), the number of daily meals (respectively 80 %, 90.32 % et 100 %). The main demographic factors observed among obese in our study were: female sex, age (from 46 years), and low levels of education. Sedentary lifestyle, snacking, taking more than 3 meals a day and not in physical exercise were the most found behaviors in obese subjects. Awareness campaigns should be directed towards these targets to promote healthy eating and participation in physical exercise to reduce obesity. keywords: Obesity, behaviour, rural area, non-commutable disease, Togo, Africa [...] Read More.

Keywords: Obesity, behaviour, rural area, non-commutable disease, Togo, Africa

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, Rodrigue Pierre*, C Perry Brown, Charlotte Baker, Matthew Dutton, Oghenekome Onokpise, Brian Hickey

Abstract: Despite the many cardiovascular studies conducted in the United States (US), nationally representative estimates of incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) have been lacking. This study aimed at investigating incidence estimates of CHD in a nationally representative sample of the US population and to compare race- and sex-related incidence estimates. We used data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study (NHEFS) [n = 6,346]. We determined cumulative incidence and incidence density and used log-rank and chi-square test for estimates comparison. A total of 382 CHD events occurred among 6,346 study participants from 1971 to 1992. The cumulative incidence was 9.93% in the NHEFS cohort; 13.46% among men and 7.00% among women (P< .001); 9.72% among Whites and 11.01% among non-Whites (P = .64). The incidence density, per 1,000 person-years, was 3.68 in the NHEFS cohort; 4.99 among men and 2.66 among women (P< .001); 3.65 among Whites and 3.90 among non-Whites (P = .67). From 1971 to 1992 in the US, the cumulative incidence of CHD was 9.93% and the incidence density was 3.68 per 1,000 person-years. While CHD incidence did not vary across race, males had a higher incidence than females. Keywords: Cumulative incidence, incidence density, coronary heart disease, sex-related differences, race-related differences, Kaplan Meier, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study. [...] Read More.

Keywords: Cumulative incidence, incidence density, coronary heart disease, sex-related differences, race-related differences, Kaplan Meier, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study.

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Neurological disorder burden in Faisalabad, Punjab-Pakistan: Data from the major tertiary care centers of the city

André Marie*, Constant Duméril, Martin Bouquet, Legrand d'Aussy, Louis Thuillier and François Thuillier

Abstract: Neurological disorders (NDs) cause functional, structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities in the nervous system and may result in cognitive impairment, mood alteration, muscle weakness, paralysis, poor coordination, seizures, and pain. The burden of NDs in developing countries is 4-5%, compared to 10-11% documented in developed countries. However, the burden of NDs is rising in developing countries due to factors such as prolonged life expectancy, improved health facilities, easy access to diagnostic facilities, and a trend in urbanization. There is inadequate data about the epidemiology of major NDs in Pakistan and most available information are hospital-based estimations or physicians’ collected data, mostly in Karachi. Data concerning other areas of Pakistan is limited. In the present study, we focused on Faisalabad, Pakistan’s third largest city. Data from more than 3,000 patients were collected between March 2015 and May 2015 from the neurology and psychiatry departments of Allied, DHQ, Aziz Fatima Trust, Faisal, and Al-Noor hospitals. Our data indicated that 19.6% (n=602) of the study population has depression, 16.6% (n=508) epilepsy, and 15.2% (n=466) migraines. The distribution of NDs varied between the 8 towns, ranging from 1.9% in Tandliyanwala town to 30.7% in Layalpur town. Of all ND cases, 27% (n=382) demonstrated an inherited pattern of transmission. The male group accounted for a smaller percentage of NDs (41.5%, n=1300) than the female group (58.5%, n=1829). Age groups I (10-30 years) and II (31-50 years) had a similar distribution of NDs(37.8%, n=1073; 37.5%, n=1065), respectively, while the distribution was significantly lower in age groups III (51-70 years) and IV (70-90 years), with rates of 20.7% (n=587) and 4% (n=115), respectively. This descriptive study reports the epidemiology of NDs in this region and establishes a foundation of data to address the existing gap in literature on NDs in this region. Keywords: Neurological disorders, disease burden, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. [...] Read More.

Keywords: Neurological disorders, disease burden, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.

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Chronic conditions and multimorbidity in the Swiss primary care population

Mezzadri Ehrat*, , Patrick Utzinger, Mohr Strambini, Marc Bastl, Rosset Aeschlimann, Nikles Ivo, and Adrien Michel

Abstract: 1Mezzadri Ehrat* (correspondent author, markus.gnaedinger@hin.ch),2,3 Patrick Utzinger,4Mohr Strambini, 5Marc Bastl, 1,3Rosset Aeschlimann, 1Nikles Ivo, and 6Adrien Michel[...] Read More.

Keywords: Multimorbidity, comorbidity, morbidity, drug treatment, drug utilization, polymedication, polypharmacy, care-dependency, hospitalization, primary health care, patient care management, delivery of health care, adult, child, Switzerland.

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Prostate cancer screening knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs among men in Bamenda, Cameroon

Kaninjing Ernest, Rahman Saleh, Close Fran, Pierre Rodrigue, Dutton Matthew, Lamango Nazarius and Onokpise Oghenekome

Abstract: In Cameroon, few population-based studies have examined factors associated with screening for prostate cancer. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate prostate cancer-related knowledge, assess rates of prostate cancer screening, and explore factors influencing screening in Bamenda. Questionnaires were administered to a cluster random sample of 556 men. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of the factors on screening. A medium level of knowledge was found among 55.2% of participants regarding prostate cancer risk factors while the screening rate for that affection was 8.1% among the study population. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for prostate cancer screening among men who are 65 years-old and older as opposed to men aged 40 to 44 years-old was 4.4 [1.1 - 17.6]. Furthermore, 6.4 [1.9 – 20.9] was the adjusted OR and 95% CI for screening among men with income > 150,000.00 Francs relative to those with income < 50,000.00 Francs. The adjusted OR and 95% CI was 14.8 [6.6 – 33.4] for screening among men aware of screening tests relative to those not aware. Age, income, and awareness were the factors associated with prostate cancer screening among men in Bamenda where screening rate was low and knowledge level was average. Keywords: Prostate cancer, screening, knowledge, awareness, attitudes and beliefs, Bamenda, Cameroon.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Prostate cancer, screening, knowledge, awareness, attitudes and beliefs, Bamenda, Cameroon.

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Factors contributing to non-compliance with treatment among tuberculosis patients-Kassala State- Sudan-2016

Mohammed El-Muttalut* and Mustafa Khidir Elnimeiri

Abstract: Tuberculosis is a global health problem. Sudan shoulders 8% of tuberculosis burden in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Kassala State, in Eastern Sudan, is one of the most affected states with annual TB risk of 120 new cases per 100,000 of populations. Non-compliance to tuberculosis treatment is common, and is the most important cause of failure of initial therapy, relapse and emergence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis cases. The overall objective of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with non-compliance with TB treatment among TB patients in Kassala State. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Kassala State. The sample size mounted to 366 participants who were selected using simple random sampling technique. A standardized administered pre-tested, pre-coded questionnaire was used to collect the data. The questionnaire consisted of 10 sections with a total of 80 questions. A multivariate logistic regression analysis model was built using the enter method for the statistically significant variables at univariate analysis level taking P-value of 0.25 to determine the association between non-compliance and the study outcomes. 366 TB patients were included in this study, of whom 60 were treatment defaulters. TB patients aged 40 years and above, and those living in rural areas were found to be at higher risk of default with P-value 0.023 and 0.013 respectively. Lower education level and low income were also found to be significantly associated with treatment default with P-value 0.024 and 0.045 respectively. The study revealed that discontinuing treatment after feeling better (and wrongly perceiving it as cure) at the start of continuation phase was the most important predictor of treatment default with P-value 0.004. Non-compliance was found to be influenced by multiple factors including lack of patient knowledge and awareness about TB and its treatment (stopping treatment after feeling better), low education level, low income level and age and residence of the patient. It is necessary to educate patients about various aspects of tuberculosis and its treatment as it is the key intervention to lower the default rate. Moreover, effective supervision, close follow up and support for TB patients is crucial, particularly for those aged 40 years and above, living in rural areas and those of low education and income level. Keywords: Tuberculosis, non-compliance, cross-sectional, Kassala State, Sudan. [...] Read More.

Keywords: Tuberculosis, non-compliance, cross-sectional, Kassala State, Sudan.

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