MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Epidemiology of brainstem haemorrhage in a population of patients admitted at the Department of Neurology, Fann Teaching Hospital, Dakar-Senegal

Touré K., *, Sarr M., Soumah D., Sow A., Basse/Faye A., Diagne N.S., Ndao A.K., Diop/Sene M., Seck L.B., Ndiaye M., Diop A.G., Tal Dia A., Ndiaye M.M.

Abstract: Brainstem haemorrhage is a low but lethal health condition and few studies have been conducted about it in Africa. The objective of this study was to assess the epidemiology of brainstem haemorrhage among patients hospitalized in the Department of Neurology, Fann University, Dakar-Senegal. During a cohort study, patients hospitalized from February to July 2009 for brainstem haemorrhage were followed at days 1, 3, 7, 15 and 90. Sociodemographic characteristics of the patient, medical history, clinical, biological, radiological and prognostic data were collected. In a population of 711 patients, 288 cases of stroke were reported, of which 91 were haemorrhagic. The number of brainstem haemorrhage cases was 10 representing a frequency of 10.98% of the total cases of haemorrhagic stroke and 1.49% of the total population. The patients had a mean age of 54.6 years. They were mostly male (6 cases), admitted for coma (4 cases). Hypertension was the main past medical history (5 cases). The mean time of admission was 26.9 hours. The haemorrhage was mainly located at the pons and peduncle (4 cases) and all the brainstem (3 cases). Lethality rate was 70% with 10% on day 3, 33.3% at day 7, 16.7% at day 15 and 60% at day 90. It is necessary to sensitize the community about the primary prevention of stroke.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cerebral haemorrhage, brainstem haemorrhage, epidemiology, stroke, Senegal.

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Prevalence of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis among patients visiting Bahir Dar health center, Northwest Ethiopia

Awoke Derbie* and Daniel Mekonnen

Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) remains the world’s deadliest communicable diseases, responsible for ill-health among millions of people each year. Early detection and management of the disease is crucial to reduce associated burdens. Cross-sectional survey was conducted from November 2014 to February 2015 at Bahir Dar health centre. Sputum samples were collected stained with Ziehl Neelsen staining technique and examined microscopically. Data were analysed by using SPSS for Windows and descriptive statistics was used to present figures. Of 103 study subjects, the majority 70(67.9%) were males. The mean age of the participants was 36.1 years. The overall prevalence of smear positive tuberculosis was 7 (6.8%). Relatively higher smear positive tuberculosis was observed among males, illiterates, older age groups, family size 5-10, cigarette smokers and alcohol drinkers. Although the numbers of study subjects were quite limited to draw strong conclusions, the observed prevalence calls up the stakeholders to undertake prevention and control measures.[...] Read More.

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Review on global warming and disease dynamics

Gebawo Tibesso Bedasso

Abstract: The aim of this paper was to elaborate the concept of global warming and to highlight the impact of global warming on animal and human vector borne disease. Global Warming is defined as the increase of the average temperature on Earth. Global warming is a gradual process that threatens to have serious consequence over time, including elevated sea level, crop failure, famine, change in global rain fall pattern, changes to animals and plant populations and serious health effect. The diseases are global entities that depend dynamically on interaction between the host populations and the existing regional climate and thus global warming result in considerable shift of the spectrum of the diseases. Global warming accelerate the spread of disease primarily because warmer global temperature enlarge the geographic range in which disease carrying animals, insect and microorganism and germs and viruses they carry can survive. Global warming can influence the emergence and reemergence of vector borne disease such as malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis and viral disease like West Nile fever. Generally, climate plays an important role in the seasonal pattern or temporal distribution of diseases that are carried and transmitted through vectors because the vector animals often thrive in particular climate conditions. Therefore, factor that results in global warming should be reduced.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Global warming, disease dynamics, vectors, disease, transmission.

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Climate change impact on the health of African women and adaptation strategies

*Nwoke E.A and Ibe S.N.O

Abstract: Climate change is now compromising the sustainability of human development on the planet because it threatens human health and the ecological support systems on which life depends. Health impact of climate change is grouped into direct and indirect effects depending on whether they occur predominantly via the impact of climate variables upon human biology or are mediated by climate-induced changes on biological and biogeochemical systems. Direct impacts stem from extreme events such as heat waves, floods, droughts, windstorms and wildfires. Indirect effects of climate change on health may arise from the disruption of natural systems, causing infectious diseases, malnutrition, food and water-borne illnesses and increased air pollution. These effects of climate change are more and expected to be experienced more in Africa. African women whether as resident or migrants are most vulnerable group because of their social role as managers of household resources (water, fuel, food and so on) and care givers. In addition, because of their biological and social disposition, African women are confronted with greater risk of these emerging health challenges due to climate change. This paper therefore discusses the climate change impact on the health of African women and the need for this most vulnerable group, to adapt strategically to these emerging health challenges due to climate change.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Climate change, impact, health, Africa women, adaptation strategies.

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Prevalence of cognitive impairment varied with sex and education in an elderly population 60 years and over living in the commune of Diourbel, Senegal

Touré K., *, Coumé M., Sow A., Basse A., Diagne N.S., Sarr Moustapha. , Ndao A.K., Diop M. S., Seck L.B., Ndiaye M., Tal Dia A., Diop A.G. and Ndiaye M.M.

Abstract: With the aging of the population, cognitive impairment is becoming frequent. Thus, a study was conducted to estimate its prevalence in a Senegalese elderly population 60 years and over living in the commune of Diourbel, Senegal. A cross sectional study was conducted from July to august 2007 in a population of elderly aged 60 years and over living in the commune of Diourbel, Senegal to screen for cognitive impairment. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyles, physical activity, social network, medical history, familial history of dementia were collected with a structured questionnaire. Interviews were completed with a clinical exam and neuropsychological testing with the Test of Senegal. Cognitive impairment was defined as a score of ≤ 28/39 with the Test of Senegal. The population (584 elderly) had a mean age of 69.5 years (±7.3), was mostly female (54%), married (74.6%), and illiterated (80.1%). Social network was poor, alcohol and smoking rare. Hypertension (58%), arthritis (45.9%), gastro-intestinal diseases (38.2%), anemia (29.5%) and cataract (22.9%) were the main health conditions reported. History of dementia was reported by 26.2%. Prevalence of cognitive impairment was 20.7% (95% CI: 17.7%-23.7%). This prevalence was more frequent among female and illiterated elderly persons. Prevalence of cognitive impairment was high and more frequent in female and illiterated elderly population living in the commune of Diourbel, Senegal.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cognitive Impairment, Prevalence, Elderly population, Diourbel, Senegal.

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Rapid epidemiological mapping of cholera outbreak in parts of Abeokuta metropolis: A GIS-supported post-epidemic assessment

*Oyedepo, J. A., Shittu, O.B., Popoola, T.O.S. and Ogunshola, E.O.

Abstract: The paper presents the outcome of a GIS-supported post-epidemic survey of cholera in pipe-borne water of parts of Abeokuta, southwestern Nigeria. Utility pipelines were digitized and superimposed with analyzed water samples and geo-ecological features of the area. Water samples were then collected from various locations along with the corresponding geographical coordinates. Water samples were collected from Ogun River (abstraction point), from the water board treatment tank and from various faucets within the affected communities. The samples were analyzed for the presence of Vibrio cholera (V. cholera). Results revealed a high load (>180 MPN/1000 ml) of cholera bacteria at the abstraction point, which reduced to[...] Read More.

Keywords: GIS, utility board, geo-ecological characteristics, cholera, post-epidemic assessment.

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Routine checkup on overweight amongst urban school children in Tunisia

*Habib Hend Azria, Malek M. Dadi and Oussama W. Jaidi

Abstract: Our objective was to examine tracking patterns of body mass index (BMI) as well as their predictors between childhood and adolescence. A cohort of 452 Tunisian children aged 13 - 15 years was followed for 4 years (1999 - 2003). Tracking of BMI was defined as in individual maintaining a certain status or relative position (relative BMI quartile) overtime. After 4 years, almost 50% of the subjects had maintained their relative positions, but 25% had moved into a lower or higher quartile. The BMIs of thin and fat were more likely to track: 61.9 and 66.7% remained in the bottom and upper quartiles, respectively. Overweight children were 2.6 times as likely as all other children to become overweight adolescents. Individual’s initial BMIs, sex and socioeconomic status helped to predict tracking and change in BMI. Predictors of overweight tracking found in this study would be useful to select children at risk for preventive intervention.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Obesity, adolescents, cardiovascular risk factor.

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Urban-rural differentials about AIDS: knowledge and awareness

Fazle Zahid Nazrul

Abstract: This study utilized data from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2004 to identify the determinants of knowledge about AIDS for women of urban and rural areas of Bangladesh, bi-variate and multivariate logistic regression methods were employed in analyzing data. This study found that a wider gap exists between urban and rural areas regarding knowledge about AIDS, where every 8 out of 10 urban women know about AIDS but almost half of the rural women still do not know about AIDS. Mass media play a major role for growing awareness about AIDS in both of these areas. In the urban area 61.6 percent women knew at least one correct way to avoid AIDS but rural women are in miserable condition because the corresponding figure for rural women was only 31.3% that means 37.7 and 67.7% among urban and rural women respectively still did not know how to avoid AIDS. Binary logistic regression method shows that education, occupation, ever use of contraception, currently using condom, permission to go to hospital/health center, mass media exposure, region of residence and wealth index significantly influence the knowledge about AIDS among rural women, whereas, in the urban areas except occupation and currently using condom all these remaining variables appear as the significant predictors of knowledge about AIDS.[...] Read More.

Keywords: AIDS, mass media, Bangladesh, logistic regression analysis.

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Reduced Concentration of cyanotoxins synthesized by Cyanobacteria in a public water supply source

*Ayrton E. Fernando, Morena V. Gisele and Daniel Campos Santoro

Abstract: Current analysis, involving measurements of biotic and abiotic factors, determined which factor favored cyanobacteria with subsequent concentrations of microcystins in water collected from a public water supply source during the dry and rainy periods and which received residual water from agricultural production systems. Since no microcystins were detected, waters fitted within the maximum limits of 1g.L-1 for MC-LR. Nevertheless, if aquiculture production systems are not properly administered, especially for the diet factor, great risks will exist in the contamination and pollution of fresh water. This fact may cause intoxication to the population that use the water and to the aquatic plants and animals which make it their habitat.[...] Read More.

Keywords: HPLC, nitrogen, organic matter, microcystins, phosphorus.

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Sporadic preventive treatment of pregnancy affected with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in Ibadan, Nigeria

*Olofujana B. Tolu, Sanjuma D. Prudence and Dimeji E. O

Abstract: Malaria in pregnancy (MIP) remains a major public health concern, inspite of the adoption of WHO recommended sporadic preventive treatment (IPTp) with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) for its control in Nigeria. Using interviewer administered questionnaires, information on knowledge of the burden, consequences and the use of SP for malaria control in pregnancy was obtained from 800 mothers within 24 h after delivery at two health centres in Ibadan. Women who attended antenatal care (ANC) at the secondary facility were less likely to demonstrate poor knowledge of causes (OR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.08, 0.38), consequences (OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.24, 0.55) and control strategies (OR = 0.32, 95% = 0.18, 0.59) compared with tertiary facility. Only 56.4% of all the mothers were aware of IPTp SP as government policy for prevention of MIP out of which 16.9% used IPTp SP in index pregnancy. Overall, only 18.4% of all mothers used IPTp SP. Being unaware of the existing government policy and educational attainment of 9 years independently predicted non-usage of IPTp SP. This study revealed that the uptake of IPTp SP in pregnancy is poor in spite of good knowledge of burden of malaria in pregnancy and underscores the need to scale up awareness campaign and monitor implementation at all levels of health care.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Malaria in pregnancy, sporadic preventive treatment, sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine.

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