MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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A study of blood transfusion in sickle cell anaemia patients in South-South Nigeria

Kate Tubonemi

Abstract: Sickle cell disease (SCD) and its variants are genetic disorders resulting from the presence of a mutated form of hemoglobin, hemoglobin S (HbS). The most common and severe form of SCD found in Nigeria is homozygous HbS disease (HbSS) which is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. A key component in management of patients with sickle cell anaemia is transfusion therapy. This study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors for blood transfusion among SCD patients. This was a retrospective study, in which files of patients seen in clinic or admitted in the Pediatrics Department of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital within 2 years were reviewed. Of the 131 cases, 130 had genotype Hb SS and 1 had genotype Hb SC. Fifty seven percent had received at least one blood transfusion and the commonest indication for transfusion was severe anemia. Considering the complications of blood transfusion, efforts must be made to reduce the frequency of blood transfusion by preventive measures such as early diagnosis, regular follow-up, malaria prophylaxis and folic acid usage.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Blood transfusions, sickle cell anaemia, children, prevalence, Nigeria.

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Management of severe and refractory HLA-B27 negative heel enthesitis using adalimumab

Faisal Salman

Abstract: Enthesitis is a common manifestation of HLA-B27 positive spondyloarthritis. Here, we report the successful use of adalimumab for the treatment of an unusual case of isolated heel enthesitis, in an HLA-B27 negative patient without additional clinical symptoms of undifferentiated spondyloarthritis. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence that supports the beneficial use of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapies for patients with enthesitis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Adalimumab, enthesitis, spondyloarthritis, magnetic resonance imaging.

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A study of pre and post test knowledge score of nurses on care of patient with central venous access devices in selected oncology hospital of Bangalore

Verma Kumari*, Sao Devi and Ambika Narayani

Abstract: Central venous access devices are small, flexible tubes placed in large veins for people who require frequent access to the bloodstream. Educational programs that advance knowledge, skill and competence and determine performance levels for nurses caring for patients with central venous access devices will be effective. Development of criteria rating scale, preparation of Structural Teaching Programme (STP) and content validity were the steps followed to develop STP. The present study was conducted at the New Building of Bangalore Institute of Oncology. Staff nurses had the highest mean percentage (70%) in complications and its management concept, and lowest (66%) in the area of concept with standard deviation of 1.1 and 1.5 respectively. The overall pre-test knowledge mean percentage was 67%. Staff nurses had the highest mean percentage (91%) in the complications and its management, and lowest (85%) in the area of concept with standard deviation of 1.2 and 1.6 respectively. The overall post test knowledge mean percentage was 87%. Overall, mean percent of pre test knowledge score was 67% and post test knowledge score was 87%. The data further supports that post test knowledge scores were greater than the pre test knowledge scores. So, there was 20% enhancement in the overall knowledge after the structured teaching program. The statistical paired ‘t’ test for overall knowledge was found as 8.5 (p-value = 0.0001) which emphasizes that the difference in pre test and post test knowledge score was found to be statistically significant at 0.0001 level. This implies that the teaching programme on care of patient with central venous access device among staff nurses is effective.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nurse, central venous access devices, structural teaching programme.

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Sexual behavior and knowledge of reproductive health and HIV prevention among secondary school students in Nigeria

Hassan A.O, Oladeji A.O, Atibioke O.P, Ehimatie B, Ojomo O.A, Lannap F, Osinowo K.A, Ajuwon A.J, Uzuegbunam E, Ladipo O.A

Abstract: In Nigeria, adolescents have been long identified as vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV/AIDS. They face multiple challenges including unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortion, sexual coercion resulting in sexually transmitted infections including HIV and AIDS. The study assessed sexual behavior and knowledge of reproductive health and HIV prevention among secondary school students as part of efforts to plan appropriate interventions among this population. The study employed a cross-sectional study design in which data were collected from 1914 secondary schools students across six states in all the geopolitical zones in Nigeria. Data were collected using 47-item questionnaire which explored the students’ socio-demographic characteristic, knowledge of HIV/AIDS and reproductive health, attitude towards HIV prevention and people living with HIV/AIDS, condom use and abstinence and sexual behaviour. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square and t-test at 0.05 level of significance. Majority (93.6%) of the respondents had good knowledge of HIV and other STIs. Females had a slightly higher mean knowledge of HIV and other STIs than their male counterparts (38.4 ±7. 7 vs 37.8 ± 7.5) (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: HIV/AIDS, reproductive health, sexual behaviour, adolescent, sex.

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Morbidity risk in an Italian cohort of HCV and HBV patients

Cristina Stasi*, Caterina Silvestri*, Stefano Bravi, Fabio Voller and Francesco Cipriani

Abstract: We aimed at evaluating the HBV and HCV epidemiology and the corresponding hospital admissions, as well as morbidity risk. We analysed one Hospital’s database, located in a city with a population of 57,891 foreign residents out of 378,376 as at 12.31.2012. We evaluated the HBV and HCV hospital admissions from 2000 until 2012 for liver cirrhosis using the International Classification of Diseases. 2,697 hepatitis cases were reported (1,237 HBsAg and 1,460 HCV RNA positive patients). HBV and HCV occurred more often in males (63% and 59%) than in females (37% and 41%). 1,270 (87%) in the HCV group and 492 (40%) in the HBV group had at least one hospital admission. HBV hospital admission was detected in 1% of people aged 15-30; 10% in those aged 31-45; 50% among those aged 46-60; 39% in people over 61; HCV hospital admission was detected in 1% of people aged 15-30; 6% among those aged 31-45; 48% among those aged 46-60; 45% among those over 61 . We found a high rate of hospital admissions for HBsAg and HCV RNA positive patients. This suggests that in the next future chronic hepatitis will have a high impact on health care costs. Keywords: HBV, HCV, epidemiology, hospital admissions, chronic hepatitis, International Classification of Disease. [...] Read More.

Keywords: HBV, HCV, epidemiology, hospital admissions, chronic hepatitis, International Classification of Disease.

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Effect of meteorological variables on malaria incidence in Ogun State, Nigeria

Babajide Sadiq MPH, DrPH, Perry Brown MSPH, DrPH, Fred W. Huffer PhD,

Abstract: This study aimed to examine the impact of climatic variation on malaria in Ogun state, Nigeria. A 10-year time-series analysis from 2004 to 2013 was conducted to evaluate the relationship between climatic variables (i.e. rainfall, humidity, minimum and maximum temperature) and malaria cases in Ogun State, Nigeria. Cross-correlation analysis was performed to know the association between meteorological variable at lag 0 to 4 and the number of malaria cases. The ARIMAX model was then used to measure the relationship between them using the significant climatic variables. The results from this study indicated that for every one degree centigrade rise in maximum temperature, the number of malaria cases will decrease between 90.8 and 97.8 percent and a one degree rise in minimum temperature may be related to a decrease in the number of malaria cases between 93.4 and 99.4 percent and one degree rise in minimum temperature may be related to an increase in the number of malaria cases between 0.25 and 6.47 percent. In conclusion, temperature plays a significant role in malaria transmission in Ogun State, Nigeria. Keywords: Meteorological variables, malaria, Ogun State, ARIMAX, ARIMA, Time series analysis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Meteorological variables, malaria, Ogun State, ARIMAX, ARIMA, Time series analysis.

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Theory of Planned Behavior and how they predict Lebanese medical studentsâ€™ behavioral intention to advise patients to quit smoking

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Objectives of this study were to examine the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior and determine how they predict Lebanese medical students’ behavioral intention to advise patients to quit smoking. This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 191 medical students from 6 medical schools in Lebanon. The instrument contained scales that measured attitudes toward the behavior, behavioral beliefs, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Psychometric properties of the scale were examined. Item to total scale score correlations were determined and linear regression conducted to predict the intention to advise smokers to quit. Respondents had a positive, but not very high, intention to deliver smoking cessation advice. Students reported a positive attitude toward advising patients to quit cigarette smoking and a strong belief in the physician’s obligations in smoking cessation advising. The majority reported lack of time to provide smoking cessation advice, insufficient knowledge of pharmacological aids, and the lack of openness of the patient to receive the advice. The attitude scale was the only variable that yielded a significant prediction of the intended behavior. The construct of attitude toward the behavior appeared to be the most predictive of intention to deliver advice to quit smoking among Lebanese medical students. Focusing training efforts on this construct could improve the rate of delivery of brief cessation counseling.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Medical students, lebanon, smoking cessation, theory of planned behavior, tobacco, physicians, beliefs.

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The socioeconomic patterning of perceived stress and hair cortisol in Dutch 10-12 year olds

Hans Bosma, Bart Golsteyn, Danielle Groffen, Trudie Schils, Tobias Stalder, Elena Syurina, Lex Borghansand Frans Feron

Abstract: The relation between low socioeconomic status and stress in 10 to 12 year olds was examined, using both subjective (self-reports) and objective (hair cortisol concentration) measures of stress. From 33 Dutch 10-12 year olds, data were collected (in April 2014) on the socioeconomic status of the parents (education of the father and mother, mean house value and mean income in the postal area of the child’s residence) and stress (reports of stress and self-efficacy and hair cortisol concentration in two segments of individual hair strands). Pearson (partial) correlation and linear regression analyses were used to examine the associations. Most correlations were in the expected direction. Adverse socioeconomic scores correlated with higher stress reports, lower self-efficacy, and higher cortisol levels. Due to the small sample, only two correlations were significant: low education of the mother and reports of both more stress and less self-efficacy in the child (Pearson correlation: 0.44 and–0.43, respectively (p-value = 0.01 for both correlations)). Although the sample was small, the findings clearly suggest a socioeconomic patterning of stress in Dutch 10 to 12 year olds. Adverse socioeconomic conditions, particularly related to the mother’s educational level, might predispose children to a heightened susceptibility to stress.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Children, hair cortisol, mother’s education, socio-economic background, stress.

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Prevalence of malaria parasitaemia and related anaemia among pregnant women in a semi-urban community in Nigeria

Akpan M. O. Edet, Ahmed M. S and Nathan B. Vincent

Abstract: The study was carried out to ascertain the incidence of malaria parasitaemia and associated anaemia among pregnant women in a semi-urban community nine years after commencement of roll back malaria (RBM) initiative. The study was hospital-based among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at a central hospital. Structured questionnaires were administered containing relevant information on age, educational level, number of previous pregnancies and methods used for malaria control. Thick and thin blood films from capillary blood were stained with Giema’s stain and examined microscopically for malaria parasites. Packed cell volume (PCV) and blood groups were also carried out while body temperatures were measured using mercurial thermometers. Ethical clearance and informed consents were appropriately obtained. Data was analysed using Epi info 6 statistical software. The incidence of malaria parasitaemia was found to be 308 (42.4%); Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malariae accounted for 302 (98%) and 6 (2%) of the isolates respectively. Anaemia was detected in 221 (71.6%) of the subjects with malaria parasites (P< 0.001). The rate of use of insecticide treated bed nets (ITNs) was 165 (22.7%) with a significantly lower rate of infection (22.2%) among them compared to other control methods (P< 0.001); there was a corresponding significantly higher rate of infection 253 (67.1%) among the uneducated compared to the educated (P< 0.001). Malaria is still a major health problem among pregnant women in Otukpo. Efforts should be intensified towards provision of insecticide treated bed nets (ITNs) and provision of adequate facilities for formal and informal adult education.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Malaria, parasitaemia, insecticide treated bed nets, pregnant women, Nigeria.

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Maternal Mortality in India: Problems and strategies

Debalina Datta and Pratyay Pratim Datta

Abstract: Any health or health related problem which affects a vast majority of people and hampers the progress of an area or nation or which damages normal lifestyle of people and moreover which is preventable at least to a certain extent, can be called a public health problem. In developing country like India, in the patriarchal society the social position of a vast majority of women is not up to the mark. This creates a dreadful public health problem as a result of high Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), women, pregnancy, maternal mortality, health.

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