MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Effect of conversion of co-educational schools to single sex schools on girl student discipline in Trans-Nzoia District, Kenya

Judith S.K Achoka and Jane Barasa

Abstract: Provision of equal educational opportunities to girls and boys is a key objective of the government of Kenya. This study was conducted in girls’ schools that were converted from co-educational schools in Trans-Nzoia District, Kenya. It sought to determine the effects of the conversion on girls’ discipline. This is in light of the goal that education must prepare and equip the learner with skills, expertise and attitudes that enable him/her to play an active role in National Development. For meaningful realization of this goal, students’ discipline needs to be enhanced in all learning institutions. Secondary schools in Kenya are broadly categorized into three: Boys only, Girls only and co-educational. Apparently, majority of indiscipline issues have been manifested in co-educational schools which consequentially have led to low realization of learning objectives. Studies have cited that girls in co-educational schools face many challenges that deny them the opportunity to benefit from the school system. In reaction, some co-educational schools have opted to be converted into single sex schools by gender. The target population of this study was 11 girls’ secondary schools. Purposive sample technique of 6 schools (54%) out of 11 schools was used. Respondents comprised of 100%: Principals, Deputy Principals, Education secretaries, Heads of guidance and counseling departments, directors of studies and boarding mistresses, totaling 52. Two research instruments: Questionnaires and Interviews schedules were used to collect data. All principals, deputy principals and education secretaries were interviewed while teachers responded to questionnaires. Findings of this study revealed that the conversion from co-educational to single sex schools yielded positive effects on girls’ discipline. Based on the findings it is recommended that other co-educational schools be converted to single sex schools as the conversion seems to enhance good girls’ discipline that is helpful in the achievement of educational objectives.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Co-education, opportunity, discipline, conversion, single sex, gender.

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Quality improvement in Higher Education in India: A Review

R. Ravi Kumar

Abstract: The University Education Report had set goals for development of higher education in the country. While articulating these goals Ramakrishnan Commission on University Education, 1948-49 put it in the following words: “The most important and urgent reform needed in education is to transform it, to endeavor to relate it to the life, needs and aspirations of the people and thereby make it the powerful instrument of social, economic and cultural transformation necessary for the realization of the national goals. In the present context, education policies and strategies have to reckon with emerging challenges and opportunities that come from increasing globalization. The task of nation building has to take into account increasing demand for certain professional skills and knowledge that is linked to the labour market. The definition of quality teaching depends on the meaning of “quality”, a multi-layered and complex word. Quality can be defined as an outcome, a property, or a process. Therefore it is hardly surprising that the phrase “quality teaching” has been given several definitions because definitions of quality are “stakeholder relative”. The National Policy on higher education of 1986 translate this vision of Radhakrishnan and Kothari Commission in five principles goals for higher education which include Greater Access, Equal access (or equity), Quality and excellence, Relevance and Promotion of social Values . The policy directions and actions covered in the 1992 “Program of Action “have been developed in a manner such that it translates these goals in to practice, giving the importance of the first three goals, namely Access, Equal Access and quality.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Professional skills, demand for knowledge, university education, quality teaching, stakeholder relative, greater access, quality and excellence, labour market, promotion of social values, equal access, nation building.

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Challenges in leadership and management of church sponsored secondary schools in Kenya: Examining the relationship between principals and sponsors

Henry Onderi and Andrew Makori

Abstract: The Kenya’s Education Act 1968 and revised 1980 makes provision for the appointment of sponsors in school management and empowers them to participate in the management of schools or colleges that they sponsor. This article reports on the findings of a study conducted in Kenya. The study utilised a survey design which comprised 81 principals drawn from 81 secondary schools. The schools were purposively sampled. Data was collected through the use of questionnaires, both open and closed-ended and was analysed using Statistical package for social sciences resulting in descriptive statistics and were expressed as percentages. The study mainly focused on role of secondary school sponsors and their relationship with the principal. The study findings report that some school principals had excellent relationship with their sponsors, while some blamed sponsors on a number of areas: undue interference with the running of the schools, harassment and intimidation of the principals and also promoting unnecessary transfer of school principals. Other felt that some people nominated by sponsors to serve in the board of governor lacked necessary exposure, skills and knowledge. The sponsors also offered limited or no financial support to the schools they sponsored. It also emerged in the study that Seventh-day Adventist and Catholic Church were the main sponsors in the study.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Secondary school, Kenya, sponsors, principals, Education Act 1968 and 1980.

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Influence of class size on techniques of teaching science in primary schools of Vihiga County, Kenya

Nebert Kevogo, William W. Toili , and Stanley N. Mutsotso

Abstract: Kenya re-implemented Free Primary Education (FPE) in January, 2003 leading to an increase in student enrolment in some classes more than in others. This could have had far reaching implications on the quality of education of children. Consequently, this study aimed at establishing the influence of increased student enrolment on the techniques used to teach science in upper primary schools. The study employed descriptive survey research design. The sample size was 108 questionnaire respondents and 36 interview respondents, respectively. However, the study only managed to achieve 116 (90 questionnaire and 26 interview) respondents. Sampling involved multi-stage sampling, purposive sampling, proportionate purposive sampling and simple random sampling. Data collection was done using Questionnaire for Science Teachers (QST) and Science Teachers’ Interview Schedule (STIS). The data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The significance level of the differences between mean frequencies of use of the teaching techniques was done at the a value of 0.05. The study found that increase in student enrolment influenced use of lecture technique positively while the use of practical, project and assignment techniques were influenced negatively. Such enrolment did not influence demonstration, discussion, field course excursions and question and answer techniques. Consequently, increase in student enrolment impacted negatively on the acquisition of science process skills and attitudes.[...] Read More.

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A study on the oxidative properties of dietary galactose on reduced glutathione (GSH) in experimental rats

Dele-Osibanjo Taiwo A

Abstract: Twenty (20) albino rats of the wistar strain were self-bred and divided into two groups, each containing ten (10) rats and acclimatized for two (2) weeks in separate wooden, but well ventilated cages, labeled test and control. The test group was placed on a diet composed of 30% D-galactose and corn starch as the carbohydrate source, while the control group was placed on the same diet composition but with corn starch only, serving as the carbohydrate source. Both groups were fed ad libitum with food and water, and observed closely for a period of four (4) weeks. Weight and weight changes of the rats were measured on a daily basis. At the end of four (4) weeks, about 80% of the rats in the test group had developed cataract (as evidenced by the appearance of white patches in the lenses of the rats), while there was no sign of cataract in the lenses of the rats in the control group. For all the organs analyzed, the concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the test rats was found to be much reduced, when compared with that of the rats in the control group. The result of this study thus indicates that with continued administration of excess amount of dietary D-galactose, the concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the body organs will be significantly depleted. Keywords: D-galactose, Reduced Glutathione (GSH), Cataract. [...] Read More.

Keywords: D-galactose, Reduced Glutathione (GSH), Cataract.

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Economic immigrants and dislike of foreigners: Enroute to Tanzania

Massawe Martin P and Agola Laurent

Abstract: The term economic migrant refers to someone who has emigrated from one country to another country for the purposes of seeking improved financial position. Dislike of foreigners can simply be termed as fear or hatred of foreigners. The foreigners in the host country should not engage into unskilled jobs or petty trade and business meant for indigenous population. Unless, this is well managed and checked; it might gradually turn into a source of dislike of foreigners. The focus of this paper is to discuss the concept ‘economic immigrants and dislike of foreigners’ in Tanzania. The paper begins with an introduction and analysis of legal framework in this area. Then, it discusses the linkage between immigration and dislike of foreigners in Tanzania and other jurisdictions and suggests possible fruitful solutions. It concludes by calling upon the government to revisit the enforcement of existing immigration laws as well as putting in place a suitable policy that will enable smooth integration of foreigners into Tanzania market with little adverse effect on homeland population. In writing up this paper, the author applied purely library research and internet materials.[...] Read More.

Keywords: immigration, migration, dislike of foreigners.

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Comparative Bioavailability of Celecoxib Formulations in Healthy Males: A Randomized Crossover Study

Muhammad Akhtar*, Mahmood Ahmad, Irshad Ahmad, Naveed Akhtar, Asad Ullah Madni, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Naeem Aamir, Sonia Khiljee, Mohammad Sualeh, Shujaat Ali Khan and Muhammad Aleem

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 14 (5), pp. 001-005, May, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Comparative Bioavailability of Celecoxib Formulations in Healthy Males: A Randomized Crossover Study

Muhammad Akhtar1*, Mahmood Ahmad1, Irshad Ahmad1, Naveed Akhtar1, Asad Ullah Madni1, Muhammad Usman1, Muhammad Naeem Aamir1, Sonia Khiljee1, Mohammad Sualeh2, Shujaat Ali Khan3 and Muhammad Aleem4

1Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
2Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal Urdu University, Karachi, Pakistan.
3Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
4Department of Statistics, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.

Accepted 7 October, 2024

The purpose of this study was to assess bioequivalence of two marketed formulations of celecoxib capsules in healthy human male volunteers. The study was conducted according to a single dose, randomized sequence, open label, two-period and crossover design. Both test and reference formulations comprised labeled dose of 200 mg celecoxib and were administered to each subject after an overnight fasting on two treatment days separated by one week of washout period. After drug administration, blood samples were collected at predetermined time points for a period of 48 h. Plasma separated from blood was analyzed for celecoxib concentrations using validated reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method. Various pharmacokinetic parameters including Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-∞, T1/2 and Kel were determined from the plasma concentration for both formulations. Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-∞, were evaluated for bioequivalence after log-transformation of data. The 90% confidence intervals for the ratio of Cm ax (93.26 to 100.70%), AUC0-t (87.00 to 117.50%) and AUC0-∞ (86.49 to 118.56%), values for the test and reference products were within the acceptance range of 80 to 125%, proposed by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA). Based on these statistical inferences, it was concluded that two formulations of celecoxib are bioequivalent in their rate and extent of absorption.

Key words: Celecoxib, pharmacokinetics, bioequivalence, healthy human male volunteers.

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Development and Biopharmaceutical Assessment of Fast Dissolving Nifedipine-Cyclodextrin Tablets

Saleh A. Al-Suwayeh*, Jia-You Fang, Ibrahim M. El-Bagory, Ehab I. Taha and Mohsen A. Bayomi,

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 14 (5), pp. 001-008, May, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Development and Biopharmaceutical Assessment of Fast Dissolving Nifedipine-Cyclodextrin Tablets

Saleh A. Al-Suwayeh1*, Jia-You Fang1,2, Ibrahim M. El-Bagory1,3, Ehab I. Taha1 and Mohsen A. Bayomi1,3

1College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
2Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan,
Taiwan.

3Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, Box 2460 Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.

Accepted 11 March, 2025

In this study, nifedipine tablets were formulated with different types of cyclodextrins (CDs) by direct compression method. Spray dried lactose and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were used as tablet fillers. The prepared tablets showed good appearance with acceptable crushing strength and disintegration time. The tablets showed fast dissolution within 11 to 68 min for 80% of the drugs depending on the type of CD and tablet filler. Some of the formulated tablets presented good fast release properties similar to soft gelatin capsules (USP XXIV) and based on the calculated dissolution efficiency (DE%), tablets containing hydroxypropyl- -CD and lactose as a filler were chosen for in vivo study by oral administration to beagle dogs when compared with the commercially available 10 mg soft gelatin capsule (Adalat®) and 10 mg film coated tablets (Corinfar ®). The formulated tablets showed significantly higher area under the curve (AUC0- ) than the commercial soft gelatin capsule and film coated tablets as result of increased drug absorption. It was concluded that the formulated fast release tablets could replace the nifedipine soft gelatin capsules with the advantages of ease of preparation and less restricted storage and handling conditions.

Key words: Nifedipine tablets, cyclodextrins, bioavailability, beagle dogs.

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Determination of Acetylator Status in Pakistani Population: A Study of Sulphamethazine Metabolism in Male and Female Volunteers

Full Length Research Paper

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 14 (5), pp. 001-009, May, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Determination of Acetylator Status in Pakistani Population: A Study of Sulphamethazine Metabolism in Male and Female Volunteers

Naheed Akhter, Tahira Iqbal* and Amer Amil
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Accepted 09 January, 2025

The acetylation polymorphism is one of the most common inherited variations in the biotransformation of drugs and chemicals and large number of studies has been done to determine the distribution of acetylator phenotypes among populations of different geographic origin. The aim of this study was to investigate the acetylator phenotypes of the Pakistani population and compare it between male and female healthy volunteers. The polymorphic acetylation of sulphamethazine has been investigated in male and female volunteers (50 each) of Pakistani population. Sulphamethazine was administered orally in Capsule form as 500 mg to each healthy male and female volunteer. Sulphamethazine and acetylsulphamethazine were determined in the six hour plasma samples by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Acetylator phenotype was determined from the metabolic ratio of acetylsulphamethazine to sulphamethazine in the plasma samples. The acetylation of sulphamethazine by arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) showed bimodal population frequency distribution. 60% of the female volunteers were found to be fast and 40% to be slow acetylators while that of male volunteers were 62% fast and 38% slow acetylators.

Key words: NAT2 acetylation phenotype, sulphamethazine, male & female volunteers, HPLC assay.

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Antimicrobial Prescribing Practices in Otorhinolaryngology: A Tertiary Care Hospital Study

Farhan Ahmad Khan*, Sheikh Nizamuddin and Mohammad Tariq Salman

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN 2326-7267 Vol. 14 (5), pp. 001-007, May, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antimicrobial Prescribing Practices in Otorhinolaryngology: A Tertiary Care Hospital Study

Farhan Ahmad Khan1*, Sheikh Nizamuddin2 and Mohammad Tariq Salman3

1Department of Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre,
Moradabad-244001, India.
2Department of Ear Nose and Throat (ENT), Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre,
Moradabad-244001, India.

3Department of Pharmacology, Era's Lucknow Medical College, Sarfarazganj, Hardoi Road, Lucknow.-226003. India.

Accepted 12 September, 2024

The objective of this research is to study the pattern of antimicrobial prescription in outpatient (OPD) and inpatient (IPD) of the Department of Otolaryngology in a tertiary care teaching hospital of North India. This was a prospective study conducted at the Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre, over a period of 12 months. All the patients who attended the Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) OPD and IPD were included. The results show that out of 4800 patients, only 54% (n=2600) of patients were included in the study on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria and 31.25 % (n=1500) were defaulters. Majority of the patients were male 60% (n = 1560). Majority of the patients had suffered from ear disorders, 55% (n=1430). The most frequently prescribed antibacterials were - Lactams (75.68%) followed by aminoglycosides (9.43%). Among the penicillin group, the commonest drug prescribed was a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (9.58%), in cephalosporins was cefixime (37.98%) and in aminoglycosides was gentamicin (6.25%). In the concomitant medications antihistaminic were prescribed in 11.53%, proton pump inhibitors in 20.38% cases and NSAIDS in 7.26% cases. The average number of drugs used in each prescription was 2.70. All the drugs were prescribed with trade names. The average cost per prescription per day in OPD and IPD patients were Rs.45 and Rs.185, respectively. Out of 2600 patients; culture sensitivity tests were performed for only 71 patients (inclusive of OPD and IPD). Of which only 43 patients depicted a positive culture sensitivity tests. Our study showed that antimicrobials were mostly prescribed in patients of ear diseases while it was least in throat disorders. Proton pump inhibitors were the most common concomitant drug used. The cost of treatment in IPD patients were 4.11 times more than the OPD patients.

Key words: Antibacterial agents, drug utilization, ear nose and throat (ENT) infections, prescribing pattern, pharmacoepidemiology.

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