MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Integron and genotype patterns of quinolones-resistant uropathogenic ESCHERICHIA COLI

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Abstract: Uropathogenic ESCHERICHIA COLI are the most common cause of urinary tract infections, and quinolones-resistant strains cause growing concern in developing countries. This study provides relevant data in relation to the molecular epidemiology of these isolates with respect to the distribution of integron among them and in doing so, to control the infections and adopt efficient strategies. This study was performed on 96 strains of E. COLI isolated from patients with community acquired urinary tract infections in Jahrom, Iran. Having determined the antibiotic susceptibility patterns, isolates were resistant to quinolones (Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin and Nalidixic acid) screened for integron classes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then the genetic patterns of the strains were compared by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Of the 96 samples, 30 were resistant to at least one of the above mentioned antibiotics. Integrons were detected in 20.8, 25 and 25% of the Nalidixic acid, Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin resistant isolates, respectively. By using pulsed field gel electrophoresis among the 30 samples, we obtained 30 genetic patterns. The patterns revealed no clonal relationships between the strains. The gene cassettes observed in class 1 and 2 integrons did not correlate completely with the quinolone resistance observed in these isolates.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Quinolones-resistant Uropathogenic Escherichia coli, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, integrons.

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Effect of heat moisture treatment on the functional and tabletting properties of corn starch

B. Iromidayo Olu-Owolabi, T. Adeniyi Afolabi* and Kayode O. Adebowale

Abstract: The effect of heat moisture treatment on the functional and tabletting properties of corn starch BP was investigated. Corn starch was hydrothermally modified by heat moisture treatment (HMT) at 100°C, 16 h; 20% moisture level (HIC – 20), 25% moisture level (HIC – 25), and 30% moisture level (HIC – 30). The tablet formation properties were investigated using Heckel and Kawakita equation, while its tabletting properties were assessed using tensile strength, crushing strength, friability and disintegration time. The results reveal that HMT reduces the gelatinisation temperature and pasting properties of the corn starch. However, all the starches swell as the temperature is increased, HMT of the corn starch lowered the swelling power of the starch, while the solubility profile increased. The X-ray diffractometry study reveal that the native and HMT starches maintained the characteristic ‘A’ diffraction pattern of the cereal starch with strong peaks at 15.35, 17.15, 18.2 and 23.55 Å. The bulk density of the starch was in the order: HIC–30 ≈ HIC–25 > HIC–20 > NaIC, with reduction in the Carr’s index, compressibility index, and Hausner’s ratio after HMT treatment. The mean yield pressure, Py, (from Heckel analysis) which is inversely related to the ability of the materials to deform plastically under pressure, was relatively high after HMT of the corn starch. Also, the Pk values (from Kawakita analysis), which is related to the deformability of the individual powder increased after HMT of the corn starch compacts in the following order: NaIC[...] Read More.

Keywords: Heat moisture treatment, corn starch, tabletting properties, functional properties.

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Integron-plasmid mediated antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in clinical Salmonella enterica serovars in rural Western Kenya

David Miruka Onyango*, Rose Kakai, Waindi Eliud Nyandago, B. Ghebremedhin, W. Konig and B. Kong

Abstract: Integron-mediated antibiotic resistance is common among diverse Salmonella serovars. Phenotypic antibiotic resistance was correlated with the presence of intergron–mediated genes in 65 Salmonella typhimurium isolates using conventional microbiological methods and PCR gene amplification. The resistance genes detected in the 20 S. typhimurium isolates were mainly those identified as part of the chromosomal multiresistance cluster balPSE-1, blaTEM and aadA. The plasmid encoded sul 1/ 2 and aphA - 1, aac (6) -1 located on the chromosome were not observed, however strB and Grm genes were observed. Genes coding for PSE -1 was predominant in the isolates as compared to TEM. The two genes were distributed differently between the various resistance phenotypes as could be observed of variability in int gene. Pathogenicity also varied in relation to individual isolate antimicrobial mechanism profile. These findings demonstrate integron mechanism as a means of antibiotic resistance in the isolates.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Intergron–mediated, Salmonella typhimurium, multiresistance, pathogenicity.

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Therapy of Alzheimerâ€™s disease: An update

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Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder manifested by deterioration in memory and cognition, impairment in performing activities of daily living, and many behavioral and neuropsychiatric illnesses. The pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease is widespread neuritic plaques which are accumulations of amyloid beta protein and neurofibrillary tangles. Studies report that deficit in cholinergic system is responsible for cognitive decline and memory loss in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Various pharmacologic approaches are developed for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The leading edge therapies of Alzheimer’s disease are approved drugs; Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonist. The experimental therapies are mostly disease modifying and have neuroprotective approaches. Gamma secretase inhibitors aim to reduce amyloid beta formation. Antioxidants, antiinflammatory agents and statins help by preventing oxidation and inflammation. PPAR gamma agonists, estrogen, heavy metal chelators, 5HT6 antagonists and nicotinic receptor agonists are other therapeutic strategies likely to alter the current treatment paradigm of Alzheimer’s disease. The behavioral abnormalities are best treated first by non-pharmacologic interventions. The pharmacological agents used for treatment of Neuropsychiatric illnesses include antipsychotics, antidepressants and mood stabilizers. Treatment of Alzheimer’s disease also includes health maintenance activities and proper nursing care of the patients.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, therapy of Alzheimer’s disease, cholinesterase inhibitors, neuroprotective agents, gamma secretase inhibitors.

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Phyllanthus amarus against extended spectrum - lactamase producing Escherichia coli isolated from stool samples of HIV sero-positive patients with or without diarrhoea

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Abstract: The antibacterial activity of extracts of the root and leaf of Phyllanthus amarus was assessed against extend spectrum -lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli isolated from the stool samples of HIV sero - positive patients with or without diarrhoea between January, 2009 and April, 2009 using Bauer disc diffusion method. The phenotypic confirmation of ESBL -E. coli were done by Double Disc Synergistic Methods (DDST). The phytochemical analysis of both root and leaf revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycoside, terpenes and anthraquinones. The strains isolated from both HIV sero- positive patients were susceptible to various concentrations of the extracts (5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg ml-1). In view of the efficacy of these extracts in inhibiting the growth of extend spectrum -lactamase producing E. coli in HIV sero-positive patients, the utilization of the extracts in the formulation of new antibacterial drugs for the treatment of gastroenteritis in HIV positive patients caused by this organism is strongly recommended especially when the availability and low cost of these medicinal plants are put into strong consideration.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Escherichia coli, susceptibility, Phyllanthus amarus, HIV, cephalosporin, beta-lactamase.

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On the production of CONAVIRÂ® immune-booster by good manufacturing practice: Development of specifications for the herbal component

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Abstract: CONAVIR ® is an immunostimulant phytomedicine developed at the National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja. The paper describes the steps taken and the results obtained in the attempt to develop specifications for the herbal component – the aerial parts of Andrographis paniculata Ness (Family: Acanthaceae), grown in the Institute’s gardens. The said steps are vital for production as per good manufacturing practice. Qualitative and quantitative tests on the fresh and air-dried materials were carried out as prescribed in standard texts. Quantitative results on the dried herb included: bitterness value, 2.86 ± 1.74 x 103 units per g; loss on drying, 10.64 ± 0.36 %w/w; total ash, 14.10 ± 4.49 %w/w; acid insoluble ash, 1.00 ± 0.06 %w/w; and water extractable matter, 30.37 ± 2.63 %w/w. Tests for phytochemicals revealed the presence of glycosides, saponins, tannins and alkaloids, but not of anthraquinones. Normal phase thin layer chromatography of the aqueous or ethanolic extract gave 5 spots, while the reverse phase of the same extracts gave 6. These results, including macroscopic and sensory examinations of the fresh herb, provided the quantitative and descriptive data needed for identifying and characterizing the herbal component of CONAVIR®.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Conavir, immune-booster, phytomedicine, specifications, herbal component, Andrographis paniculata, Acanthaceae, good manufacturing practice (GMP).

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Medicinal plants and animals sold by the â€œYan-Shimfidasâ€ of Sabo Wuse in Niger State, Nigeria

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Abstract: Sabo Wuse, a resettlement in Tafa Local Government Area of Niger State inhabits the original inhabitants of Wuse in Abuja, the Federal Capital of Nigeria. Despite the close proximity of about 65km to the urban settlement of Abuja, Sabo Wuse is still a relatively remote settlement; their lifestyle remained more or less unchanged and therefore, relied on their traditional knowledge for health care delivery. Recent ethnobotanical survey in Sabo Wuse has documented plants not indigenous to the area. In view of this, a survey was carried out to identify and document plants and animal materials sold by the Yan- shimfidas in the local settlement and to study their uses in treatment of ailments and other socio-cultural problems. The result shows that most of the herb sellers of Sabo Wuse were immigrants from the northern part of the country who had stayed in the village of Sabo Wuse for over twenty years. Thirty-four different plant species in twenty-one different families were documented. These were in the form of stem barks, leaves, roots, fruits, seeds, flower buds and fruit juices. Six different animal fats and skin, dung or other parts of animal of twenty two different species were also documented. All the materials documented were used for the treatment of various diseases and ailments ranging from the physical to the metaphysical. The study uncovered the remains of ancient medical practices which still exist in traditional societies in Nigeria. Therefore, the documentation of these practices can conserve the culture and traditional knowledge of this community.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Indigenous knowledge, ‘Yan-Shimfida’, Sabo-Wuse, Nigeria.

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Spasmogenic, spasmolytic and antihypertensive activity of Forsskalea tenacissima L.

Syed Wadood Ali Shah, Samir Kamil, Waqar Ahmad and Niaz Ali*

Abstract: Crude methanolic extract of Forsskalea tenacissima was screened for possible spasmogenic, spasmolytic and anti hypertensive activities. The extract was studied in isolated rabbit’s jejunum preparations. The extract was also screened for in vivo antihypertensive effect in spontaneous hypertensive Wistar rats. Crude methanolic extract produced spasmogenic activity (15 ± 2% of control, n = 6, p 0.05) at a test dose of 0.1 mg/ml of the cumulative test dose(s) tried as 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 5 and 10 mg/ml. However, at higher dose 5.0 mg/ml, maximum spasmolytic activity was observed (EC50 = 2.7 ± 0.06 mg/ml, n = 6). The extract also produced bradycardiac effects at test doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg. Statistically significant fall in blood pressure (BP) was 19 and 21 mm Hg for test doses of 30 and 100 mg/kg, respectively (p 0.05). Our current work confirms the folkloric uses of F. tenacissima as spasmogenic, antispasmodic (in large doses) and antihypertensive drug.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Forsskalea tenacissima, spasmogenic, spasmolytic, antihypertensive, EC50 values.

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Essential medicines access survey in public hospitals of Burkina Faso

H. Saouadogo* and M. Compaore

Abstract: To solve the problem of essential medicines availability and affordability in the public hospital of Burkina Faso, the Ministry of health conducted a research to implement a hospital pharmacy in each public hospital. The survey expected outcomes include the establishment of an effective self-sustaining essential medicines supply system and promoting community involvement in providing health care by registered deliverance at the patient bed in each hospital. This paper aims to highlight the finding of recent essential medicine availability and the situation of the hospital pharmacy management quality from March 19th to May 29th, 2008. The survey has been performed in nine regional hospitals (CHR) and three university hospitals (CHU) and was realized with five outpatients, five inpatients, pharmacists, physicians and hospital managers. The results indicated that the public hospital system has 22 beds per 100 000 habitants and the average ratio of the essential generic medicines procurement and supply on the hospital budget is 0.9%. To facilitate the medicines access, each hospital is using the supply agreement and the request for proposal or the purchasing order. The pharmaceutical products supply and distribution problems in the hospitals are the main handicap of the health facilities in each hospital. The average cost of prescription for one prescription costs 5187 CFA (8 Euros) in the University Hospital Centres (CHU) and 3841 FCFA (6 Euros) in the Regional Hospital Centres (CHR). In the CHU, only 39% of the prescribed pharmaceutical products are available, but in CHR, only 61% of the pharmaceutical products are available. Conclusion: This survey provides evidence that the essential medicines are less available and affordable for the households in the CHUs. In 2007, the patients spend 78%, in the CHUs, and only 07%, in the CHRs, of their gross domestic product (GDP) for paying the essential medicines fee. For developing the hospital pharmacy, Burkina Faso must create a hospital pharmacy supplier and build a very good status, career and treatment for the pharmacists. Therefore, other question is how the municipality’s councils must be involved in the hospital pharmacy by the municipal health fund?[...] Read More.

Keywords: Pharmacy, medicine and laboratories council, Ministry of health, Burkina Faso.

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Effect of Telfairia occidentalis on oral glucose tolerance in rats

Olorunfemi Eseyin*, Patrick Ebong, Eyong Eyong, Oladoja Awofisayo and Akeem Agboke

Abstract: The effect of ethanolic extracts of the leaf, seed and fruit of Telfairia occidentalis on oral glucose tolerance was determined. 500 mg/kg of the leaf, seed and fruit extracts were administered separately to a set of overnight fasted rats simultaneously with glucose solution (1 g/kg). Also, 500 mg/kg of the extracts were separately administered 45 min before glucose solution (1 g/kg) was given. Blood glucose concentration was evaluated at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after treatment in both cases. In the simultaneous administration of extracts with glucose, only the leaf extract reduced glucose concentration significantly with AUC and GI values of 11,121.75 and 80.7% compared to control values of 13,782.00 and 100%. When the extracts were administered 45 min before glucose, the leaf and fruit extracts reduced glucose levels significantly with AUC and GI values of 11,240.25 and 84.5%; 10,650.75 and 80.1%, respectively, compared to control values of 13,294.50 and 100%. These results suggest that the ethanolic leaf extract of T. occidentalis could be useful in treatment of impaired oral glucose tolerance.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Telfairia occidentalis, oral glucose tolerance, glucose, area under the curve, glycemic index.

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