MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Effects of indigenous medicinal plants of Bangladesh on blood glucose level and neuropathic pain in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Kazi Rafiq, *, Shamshad J. Sherajee, Akira Nishiyama, M. A. Sufiun and Mahbub Mostofa

Abstract: We investigated the effect of freshly prepared aqueous extracts of Psidium guajava, Momordica charantia, Coccinia indica leaves and their combination on blood glucose level and neuropathic pain in hyperglycemic rats. Streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg, Iv) was injected to albino rats to induce diabetes. Oral administration of freshly prepared aqueous extracts of each of the leaves and their combination were given to STZ-induced diabetic rats until 8 weeks after the STZ injection at a dosage of 500 mg/kg bwt/day. Oral glucose tolerance test to follow the changes in blood glucose and von Frey test to evaluate the tactile allodynia were performed to investigate the antidiabetic effects. Treatment with these freshly prepared leaf aqueous extracts significantly reduced blood glucose in diabetic rats (p < 0.001). Blood glucose lowering effect of the combination treatment was significantly greater than individual treatments (p < 0.01). Oral glucose tolerance test also showed the improvement of glucose tolerance by each extracts (p < 0.001). These effects were significantly greater in the combination treatment group over the individual treatment groups (p < 0.01) . STZ- induced loss of body weight was attenuated by the individual and their combination treatment (p < 0.02). Diabetic rats developed stable tactile allodynia measured by von Frey test. Treatment with these freshly prepared leaf aqueous extracts significantly improved tactile allodynia in diabetic rats (p < 0.01) . Effect of the combination treatment on tactile allodynia was also significantly greater than individual treatments (p < 0.05). These data suggest beneficial effect of freshly prepared aqueous extracts of P. guajava, M. charantia and C. indica leaves on hyperglycemic and neuropathic pain. Their combination therapy works better against hyperglycemia and neuropathy of STZ-induced diabetes rats. Therefore, the use of these plants as antidiabetics in folkloric medicine is justified.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Psidium guajava, Momordica charantia, Coccinia indica, hyperglycemia, neuropathic pain, STZ-induced diabetic rats.

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Rapid and sensitive fluorometric analysis of novel galactosylated cationic liposome interaction with siRNA

Shantal Dorasamy, Moganavelli Singh and Mario Ariatti*

Abstract: RNA interference (RNAi) is being harnessed for application in the gene knockdown approach to the treatment of disease conditions. Targeted delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) is however an important consideration for application of this technology. We report here on the preparation of two new hepatocyte-directed liposomes designed for this purpose, containing the cholesteryl cytofectins 3 [N-(N’, N’-dimethylaminopropane)-carbamoyl] cholesterol (Chol-T) and 3 [N-(N’, N’, N’-trimethylammonium propane)-carbamoyl] cholesterol iodide (Chol-Q). Further we describe a simple yet sensitive fluorometric assay based on the displacement of siRNA-bound SYBR Green, to monitor the association of the duplex RNA with cationic liposomes under the conditions of high dilution encountered in transfection experiments.[...] Read More.

Keywords: siRNA, cationic liposomes, SYBR green, displacement assay.

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In vitro antiviral activities under cytotoxic doses against herpes simples type-1 and parainfluensa-3 viruses of Cicer arietinum L. (Chickpea)

Asuman Kan, Berrin Özçelik* and Murat Kartal

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluation antiviral activities of the extracts from the seed, fruit skin and aerial parts of ten registered varieties Cicer arietinum (Chickpea) against Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) and Parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) viruses. Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney and Vero cell lines were employed for antiviral assessment of the Cicer arientinum L. extracts, in which acyclovir for HSV-1 and oseltamivir for PI-3 were tested as reference drugs. This is the first report showing that C. arietinum seed extracts of Cse-5 possesses significant antiviral activity both of DNA (32 - 4 µg ml-1) and RNA (32 - 16 µg ml-1) viruses compared to the fruit skin and aerial part extracts as well as the controls. Besides, the extracts of fruit skin (Cfs-4) and aerial parts (Cap-5) showed remarkable activity against DNA viruses at 32 - 1 µg ml-1.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral activity, Cicer arietinum, chickpea.

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Acute and sub-acute toxicological evaluation of the methanolic stem bark extract of Crossopteryx febrifuga in rats

O. A. Salawu, B. A. Chindo, A. Y. Tijani*, I. C. Obidike, T. A. Salawu and A. James Akingbasote

Abstract: Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel.) Benth. (Rubiaceae) widely used in Northern Nigeria for management of trypanosomiasis, malaria and pain, has been previously shown to possess analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-plasmodial effects. In the present study, acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of the methanolic stem bark extract of C. febrifuga were carried out in rats. Using modified lorkes (1983) method. In the sub acute toxicity study, 4 groups of 5 rats per group were used. Group 1 rats (control) received normal 10 ml normal saline/kg body weight while rats in groups 2, 3 and 4 were given daily doses of 250,500 and 1000 mg extract/kg body weight for 28 days. The effect of the extracts on feed intake, water intake and body weight changes, haematological and biochemical parameters as well as histological studies of vital organs (heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, brain, spleen and gonads) were assessed. Treatment related mortality was observed in the rats at a dose of 4000 mg/kg orally and 600 mg/kg intraperitoneally in the acute toxicity study. The oral and the intraperitoneal median lethal dose (LD50) values of the extract were calculated to be 2828.48 and 471.17 mg/kg body weight respectively. The extract at 500 and 1000 mg extractkg body weight doses produced significant (P < 0.05) decrease in fluid and feed intake, as well as body weight. The haematological parameters were normal except a significant (P < 0.05) increase in platelet counts observed at all dose levels used. At 1000 mg extract/ kg body weight dose, the extract exerted a significant (P < 0.05) decrease that lies within the normal range values of serum aspartate, alanine transaminase and creatinine levels for this animal species. Histological findings indicated possible toxicity in the Liver, Lungs, Kidney, Testes and Uterus At 1000 mg/kg. These results suggest that oral administration of C. Febrifuga may not produce severe toxic effects at doses lower than 500mg extract/kg body weight.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Crossopteryx febrifuga, sub-acute toxicity, haematology, biochemical and histopathology.

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Evaluation of anti arthritic potential of Hybanthus enneaspermus

S. Tripathy*, S. P. Sahoo, D. Pradhan, S. Sahoo and D. K. Satapathy

Abstract: The effect of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of the whole plant of Hybanthus enneaspermus Muell (Violaceae) on freund’s adjuvant induced arthritis was evaluated. The percentage of yield was found to be 12.8 and 10.6% for alcoholic and aqueous extracts respectively. Both the extracts significantly (p < 0.001) decrease the paw thickness at the end of 30 days treatment. Though in acute phase inflammation both of them show the same potency in chronic phase alcoholic extract exhibit more potency than the aqueous extracts. At the end of the studies the alcoholic extract shows more pronounce effect (59.4%) as comparable to aqueous extract (57.4%). The phytochemical analysis revels the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, carbohydrates and tannins in the extracts. The increase in body weight was observed in tested animals as comparable to the control. This result support the folkore use of this plant against the inflammmatory conditions like arthritis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Hybanthus enneaspermus, adjuvant induced arthritis, whole plant, acute and chronic phase inflammation, body weight.

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Design, Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel acridine-polyamine conjugates against prostate cancer

Hildebert B. Maurice*, Rodger Phillips and Nazira Karodia

Abstract: Prostate cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in men, aged 85 and over. Androgen receptor, a single polypeptide with three functional domains is very important during initiation and progression of the disease. In this study, a DNA intercalating agent, acridine is linked to the testosterone via a polyamine linker to obtain a compound with trifunctional characteristics, where the acridine intercalates the DNA, the polyamine linker binds the phosphoryl groups of the DNA backbone and the testosterone moiety binds into the AR ligand binding domain, with which its DNA binding domain is bound already to the DNA. This trifunctional compound and related derivatives have been synthesized and tested against androgen dependent- and androgen independent- prostate cancer cell lines and they have demonstrated to be cytotoxic at the micromolar concentrations.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Polyamines, Testosterone, Prostate cancer, Acridine, Synthesis.

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Antiplasmodial activity of various parts ofPhyllanthus niruri according to its geographical distribution

P. Njomnang Soh, J. T. Banzouzi, H. Mangombo, M. Lusakibanza, F. O. Bulubulu, L. Tona, A. N. Diamuini, S. N. Luyindula and Françoise Benoit-Vical, *

Abstract: Extracts of Phyllanthus niruri L., collected from three different areas in the Congo (Kisantu, Kimwenza and University of Kinshasa), used for malaria treatment were tested in vitro in order to evaluate their antiplasmodial properties. Whereas the whole plant is traditionally used, aqueous extracts of the various parts of the P. niruri plant (stems, leaves and roots) tested on the chloroquine- resistant strain FcM29- Cameroon showed that only the leaves and the stems presented real in vitro antiplasmodial activity without any cytotoxicity. This information is particularly important because the leaves are affordable and their use is less damaging to plant stocks.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ethno-pharmacology, Plasmodium falciparum, harvest areas, parts of plant.

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Anti-inflammatory activity of the venom from samsum ants Pachycondyla sennaarensis

M. A. Dkhil*, A. S. Abdel-Baki, S. Al-Quraishi and M. Al-Khalifa

Abstract: Black ants considered as heath hazard problem in many parts of the world. Sting of these ants caused local to systematic reactions and sometimes anaphylaxis. In this study, we proved that the black ant (samsum) venom exerts an anti-inflammatory action on mice model. It was proven that the venom inhibited xylene induced ear swelling in mice with a percentage nearly equal to that of diclofenac. This result was supported by the histological studies which revealed that venom reduced the thickness of the inflamed ears and the cellular infiltration.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Samsum ant, venom, anti-inflammation, xylene induced ear swelling.

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Management of superficial fungal infections with Senna alata (â€œalataâ€) soap: A preliminary report

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The paper presents a preliminary report on the observational studies on Senna alata soap for the management of superficial skin infections among the inmates of Ilesa Prison, Nigeria. Thirty three inmates were recruited for the study and randomly distributed into 19 treatments and 14 controls. S. alata leaf powder was incorporated into the soap consisting of caustic soda (NaOH) and palm kernel oil (PKO) to make 1.5% w/w. The herbal soap mixture was poured and allowed to solidify and then cut into stable tablets (65 g each). Tinea versicolor and Tinea corporis were the major fungal infections found on the skin lesions at diagnosis prior to commencement of study, while Epidermophyton floccusum and Cryptococcus sp were microscopically observed to be responsible for the lesions. The ‘alata soap’ significantly cleared the lesions on 16 subjects (94.1%), comprising (11) T. versicolor and (5) T. corporis. None of the controls was cleared significantly. The study clearly confirmed the folkloric claims on S. alata as an antimicrobial agent for treating skin infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Superficial skin infections, Senna alata, Tinea versicolor, Tinea corporis, alata soap.

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Effects of ethanol extract of Azadirachta indica leaves on some immunological and haematological parameters of diabetic Wistar rats

Itemobong S. Ekaidem*, Item J. Atangwho, Henry D. Akpan, Itoro F. Usoh, Oboso E. Etim and Patrick E. Ebong

Abstract: The effects of ethanol extract of Azadirachta indica (Family: Meliaceae) leaves on immunological and haematological parameters of alloxan-induced diabetic rats were investigated with a view to ascertaining its involvement in the immunological or inflammatory control of diabetic vascular complications. Total white blood cell, red blood cell, total lymphocyte and neutrophil counts were determined by microscopy. CD4+ cell counts by flow cytometry as well as packed cell volume (PCV), and haemoglobin determination by spectrophotometry were also performed on normal control (NC) and diabetic rats treated orally for 14 days with 400 mg/kg bodyweight of A. Indica leaf extract (DTAI) or 7.14 mg/kg bodyweight of chlorpropamide (DTCH) or distilled water (DC). The different groups comprised of six rats each. The result showed that total white blood cells, total lymphocytes and CD4+ cells were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in untreated diabetic (DC) rats compared to normal control (NC) rats, whereas the increase in neutrophil was not significant. These immunological parameters in diabetic rats treated with the extract (DTAI) and those treated with chlorpropamide (DTCH) were not different from those of the normal control group. Also PCV, haemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count were not significantly different among the test and control groups. The immune cell lowering effects of the A. indica leaf extract appeared to be of clinical significance in the control of atherosclerosis and other diabetic vascular complications in rats. These effects were comparable to those of chlorpropamide on the immune cells.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Azadirachta indica, immune cells, atherosclerosis, vascular complications.

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