MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Isolation and screening of -glucosidase enzyme inhibitor producing marine actinobacteria

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: a-Glucosidase enzymes are responsible for hydrolyses of carbohydrates thereby converting dietary disaccharides into absorbable monosaccharide. Inhibitors of such enzymes can be used as clinical tool for treating diabetes. Conventionally such inhibitors are reported from plant and microbial sources. However, microbial inhibitors are considered to be the most important as they are capable of producing micro molecular compounds. Hence the present study was conducted to test actinobacteria for their ability to produce yeast and rat α-glucosidase inhibitors. a-glucosidase inhibitor producing ability of 30 strains of marine actinobacteria was characterized. The strains showed significant inhibitory activity against yeast and mammalian a-glucosidase. Of the 30 strains, only four strains showed significant yeast a-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Among the four, PSG-22 showed 90% significant inhibitory activity. Similarly, six strains showed above 50% of inhibition of mammalian α-glucosidase enzyme in the rat system. Among the six strains, PSG-22 showed significant activity of about 80% inhibition activity. Interestingly strain PSG-22 was looking like an indigenous marine form as it required seawater for its growth.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Actinobacteria, a-glucosidase inhibitor, marine, enzyme inhibitor.

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The prevalence, antibiogram and characterisationof methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among the patients from the Doon Valley hospitals

Sachin Sharma and Anju Mall*

Abstract: In 1880, Staphylococcus aureus was first discovered by a surgeon named Sir Clifton Smithin pus from surgical abscesses in Aberdeen, Scotland. Methicillin, as the first beta-lactamase resistant penicillin, was used to treat S. aureus infection in 1961. The first methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was identified in the United Kingdom in the same year. It appeared in the United States in 1981 among intravenous drug users. MRSA is an important agent of hospital-acquired infection. Two hundred patients who were admitted in the Doon valley hospitals were screened for nasal colonization of MRSA. Morphological and biochemical identification was also done. Out of 200 nasal samples, 97 S. aureus were recovered. Crome agar was used in order to detect MRSA, only 23 S. aureus were recovered out of total 97 isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by using the disk diffusion technique on Mueller-Hinton agar. A total of 12 antibiotics were used. Our study reveal the presence of MRSA in the Doon valley hospitals this might also be prevalent in other parts of India as antibiotic misuse is equally common there. This will help in treating this problem in referral hospitals.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Doon valley, prevalence, antibiotics.

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Enhanced production of mycelial biomass and ganoderic acid in submerged culture of Ganoderma applanatum ACCC-52297 elicited by feeding rutin

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: In this study, it was found that supplementation of 0.6 g/L rutin could improve the fermentation performance of Ganoderma applanatum ACCC-52297 in terms of mycelial growth and ganoderic acid (GA) production. Albeit retarded mycelial growth was detected at the first 36 h in the submerged culture of G. applanatum ACCC-52297 with the addition of rutin, kinetic model analysis revealed that rutin could improve mycelial growth and GA synthesis at the later phase of the fermentation (after 36 h). As such, rutin post-feeding strategy was proposed to elevate the final GA titer and at the same time minimize the inhibitory effect of rutin on mycelia growth. As a result, higher GA production (293 mg/L) and dry mycelia weight (DCW) (30.5 g/L) were achieved, GA were increased by 102.1 and 7.32%, and DCW were increased by 200 and 130% compared with those culture without addition of rutin and addition of 0.6 g/L rutin at the beginning of fermentation, respectively. Rheology analysis showed that addition of rutin was adversely related with the broth consistency coefficient and apparent viscosity, possibly due to the inhibitory effect of rutin on the biosynthesis of some macromolecules such as proteins and polysaccharides, which could partially account for the improved production of mycelia and GA during G. applanatum ACCC-52297 fermentation. Quericean, a metabolite of rutin, was also found to accumulate within the mycelium. It was concluded that rutin does not participate in the synthesis of GA as a precursor but rather facilitates the synthesis of GA and mycelia biomass by increasing the dissolved oxygen concentration during fermentation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ganoderma applanatum, rutin, ganoderic acid, dry cell weight, rheology.

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Effect of mixing urea with zeolite and sago waste water on nutrient use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.)

Latifah Omar, Osumanu Haruna Ahmed* and Ab Majid Nik Muhamad

Abstract: The efficiency of urea is poor due to the substantial amount of N lost to the atmosphere by ammonia volatilization. Thus, the objectives of this greenhouse study were to evaluate the effectiveness of mixing urea with zeolite and sago waste water on N, P and K uptake and their use efficiency in maize cultivation, and soil exchangeable ammonium, available nitrate, pH, exchangeable K, and available P contents. The treatments evaluated were: No fertilizer (T0), 2.02 g urea (T1), 2.02 g urea + 30 g zeolite + 7 L sago waste water (T2), 2.02 g urea + 40 g zeolite + 7 L sago waste water (T3), and 2.02 g urea + 7 L sago waste water (T4). Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) and Muriate of Potash (MOP) were used as sources of P and K for all the treatments except for T0. These fertilizers were applied twice that is 10 and 28 days after planting. Phosphorus and K requirements of the test crop were met by applying TSP and MOP (standard rate for the test crop) to plants of all the treatments except T0. The mixtures of sago waste water, and zeolite, with urea had significant effect on dry matter, N, P, K uptake and N, P, K use efficiency compared with urea without additives. These mixtures also significantly increased soil exchangeable ammonium, K, Ca, Mg, available P, and nitrate contents compared with urea without additives. Amending urea with sago waste water and peat soil water can reduce ammonia loss by encouraging formation of ammonium and nitrate over ammonia. Additionally, the mixtures ensure N, P, K uptake and their use efficiency while at the same time making soil ammonium, K, Ca, Mg, P, and nitrate available for plant use.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Urea, ammonia volatilization, zeolite, sago waste water, exchangeable ammonium, available nitrate, maize.

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Optimization of a cryoprotective medium and survival of freeze-dried Bifidobacterium infantis 20088

Shamekhi Fatemeh, Shuhaimi Mustafa*, Arbakariya Ariff, and Yazid A. Manap

Abstract: Supplementations of formulae with synbiotic compounds of human milk have shown to be able to decrease several gut-related diseases in formula fed infants. This study was carried out to develop a synergistic cryoprotective drying medium for infant formulae probiotic application. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the concentrations of skim milk and prebiotics for improvement of the cell survival of Bifidobacterium infantis 20088, during freeze-drying. The optimal composition was found to be 2.8% prebiotics blended with 16.1% skim milk which could protect 47.63% of cells’ viability. No significant difference (p > 0.05) between the predicted and experimental values validated the model adequacy. Then, the protective effects of optimal composition on the survival of freeze-dried cells were evaluated through different conditions of rehydration, storage and simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) as compared to cells dried in phosphate buffer (control). After 120 days storage of freeze-dried stationary phase cells at 4°C, there was 2.33 log (CFU/ml) improvement in the viability of cells as compared to control. With increasing temperature to 25°C, the protective effect of optimized medium was more apparent. Direct rehydration with water led to 0.65 log (CFU/ml) increment in the mortality rate of freeze-dried cells as compared to rehydration with skim milk solution. Also, the mortality rate of cells after sequential incubation in simulated GIT conditions including gastric conditions (pH 3.0 and 4.0, 90 min) and intestinal conditions (pH 7.5, 5 h) were reduced by 1.81 and 0.35 log (CFU/ml), respectively, as compared to the control.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis 20088, freeze-drying medium, response surface methodology, storage, infantile gastrointestinal conditions.

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Antifungal and biochemical effects of pseudoguaianolide sesquiterpenes isolated from Ambrosia maritima L.

S. A. M. Abdelgaleil*, M. E. I. Badawy, T. Suganuma and K. Kitahara

Abstract: Five pseudoguaianolide sesquiterpenes, namely neoambrosin, damsinic acid, damsin, ambrosin and hymenin isolated from the aerial parts of Ambrosia maritima, were tested for their antifungal activity against the most economic plant pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum which cause grey mold and root rot diseases, respectively. In mycelial radial growth inhibition assay, neoambrosin and damsin were the most potent, while hymenin and damsinic acid were the lowest effective among the tested compounds. F. oxysporum was more sensitive for inhibition than B. cinerea. On the other hand, the sesquiterpenes caused significant reduction in spore germination of both fungi at 50, 100 and 200 mg/L compared with the control. Complete inhibition was observed when the spores treated with damsinic acid and ambrosin at 200 mg/L. In vivo activities of polyphenol oxidase, polygalacturonase and pectin-lyase in both fungi that treated with 0.5 and 1 fold of the EC50 value were also carried out in order to investigate the biochemical influences of the tested compounds. The compounds showed significant inhibitory effects on the enzyme activities compared with the control however; the activity was not consistently related to the in vitro inhibitory effects.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Sesquiterpenes, Ambrosia maritime, antifungal activity, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, biochemical effects.

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Application of extracts of Henna (Lawsonia inamis) leaves as a counter stain

Chukwu O. O. C.*, Odu C. E., Chukwu D. I., Hafiz N., Chidozie V. N. and Onyimba I. A.

Abstract: Aqueous (cold and hot) and ethanol extracts solutions of the Henna plant (Lawsonia inamis) leaves was adapted for the first time as a counter stain in Gram staining reaction. Different extracts of L. inamis leaves were formulated into various staining solutions of different concentrations and modified with hydrogen peroxide, ferric chloride, potassium alum and potassium permanganate. These staining solutions were used to stain both known Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial isolates using Gram staining technique. The experimental Henna plant extracts solutions were used with usual counter stains (neutral red, safranine and dilute carbol fuchsin) as positive controls. Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of tannin (hennatonic acid or Lawsone) and saponin. The aqueous extracts of the Henna plant (cold and hot) oxidized with potassium permanganate (pH 7.00 to 7.16) gave a better staining reaction with Gram negative bacteria, while the ethanol extract oxidized with potassium permanganate (pH 6.55) had no staining reaction with Gram negative bacteria. Hence the aqueous Henna leaves extracts (cold or hot) when oxidized with potassium permanganate can be a substitute to the usual counter stains used in Gram staining procedure. The results of staining ability of the various henna leaves extracts solutions are discussed.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lawsonia inamis, extracts, bacteria, Gram staining, counter stain.

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Dramatic scenario of urogenital Candida albicans in presence of Lactic acid bacteria

Mohammed Sh. Jebur

Abstract: Yeast infections of the vagina are more prevalence and frequently recurring problem of women. Such infections are caused primarily by Candida albicans and apparently occur when the environmental balance in the-vagina is disturbed. Lactobacillus acidopbilus restricts the growth of pathogenic microorganisms per se displayingwide inhibitory spectrum substances. Fifteen (30%) C. albicans isolates were obtained through 50 vaginal swabs from patients who visited the obstetrics and Gynecology clinic departments of hospitals in Baghdad city during the period of March to July 2010. Local isolates of L. acidophilus was evaluated as antifungal activity against vaginal isolates of C. albicans. Such activity was comprised with common four antifungal agents (Nystatine, Fluconazol, Griseofulvin and Amphotricin B). Susceptibility of C. albicans isolates to L. acidophilus bacteria were determined by means of disc diffusion assay. Results of susceptibility were showed in-vitro that all isolates 15 (100%) sensitive to Nystatine after cultivation on ESDA agar at 37°C for 24 h. Sensitivity of C. albicans to L. acidophilus suspension was less than Nystaine but still high with 13 sensitive isolates (86.6%). Fluconazol and Griseofulvin antifungal agents were showed same susceptibility of 10 sensitive isolates (66.6%) against C. albicans growth, while Amphotricin B had relatively low sensitivity with 7 isolates (46.5%). All results of susceptibility are being detected by the importance of L. acidophilus bacteria in re equilibrium normal flora of vagina that prevent or reduce the chances of vaginal infection especially recurrent vaginal candidiasis (RVC) cases. Also the findings of the study suggest that using of yoghurt as local application can be an important role to reduce or prevent RVC cases, and this can be verify by continuous efforts to make sure of probiotic effects of lactobacilli species.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Candida albicans, vaginitis.

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Evaluation of a new chromogenic selective medium for isolation and enumeration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Hajime Teramura*, Shingo Mizuochi and Hidemasa Kodaka

Abstract: The X-VP agar, chromogenic selective medium for Vibrio parahaemolyticus, was evaluated for inclusivity and exclusivity by using 169 strains including 55 V. parahaemolyticus and compared with Thiosulfate Citrate Bile salt Sucrose (TCBS) and CHROMagar Vibrio media as conventional methods using V. parahaemolyticus inoculated seafood samples. Our results suggested the X-VP agar was useful for isolation and enumeration of V. parahaemolyticus.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Chromogenic selective agar medium, seafood, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, X-VP agar.

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The integrated use of entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana with botanical insecticide, neem against Bemisia tabaci on eggplant

Md. Touhidul Islam*, Dzolkhifli Omar, M. A. Latif and Md. Mahbub Morshed

Abstract: In a previous experiment, sweetpotato whitefly was found to be difficult to control with either neem or Beauveria bassiana alone. This earlier research also reported that the combined application of neem and B. bassiana increased mortality of whitefly nymphs when both of these products were applied to eggplant foliage; but a higher concentration of neem (more than 0.5%) was slightly toxic for young eggplant. Therefore, the present research was undertaken with these two products in which neem was applied as soil drench and B. bassiana was applied to foliage. Three concentrations of neem- 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0%; and three concentrations of B. bassiana- 106, 107 and 108 conidia/ml were used to investigate the combined efficacy against sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. The results demonstrate that maximum nymph mortality (92.3%) occurred when 1.0% neem was combined with 108 conidia/ml of B. bassiana. The highest (14.3) mortality ratio (N/Bb; mortality caused by neem/mortality caused by B. bassiana) occurred when 1.0% neem was combined with 106 conidia/ml of B. bassiana; and the lowest mortality ratio (5.7) occurred when 0.25% neem was combined with 108 conidia/ml of B. bassiana. The results showed that neem was compatible with B. bassiana; and suggest that soil application of neem along with foliar application of B. bassiana might be useful for the control of B. tabaci.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Botanical insecticide, compatibility, eggplant, entomopathogenic fungus, integrated pest management (IPM).

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