MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Isolation of a bacteriophage against Salmonella Dublin and determination of its physical resistance under varied in vitro conditions

Mudit Chandra*, Sunita Thakur, Deepti Narang and H. M. Saxena

Abstract: In the present study a phage against Salmonella Dublin was isolated using agar overlay technique. On physical characterization of the phage (pH, temperature and sun light exposure) it was found that the phage could survive at varied pH conditions with reduction in its numbers. A temperature of above 50°C and direct sunlight beyond 5 days was found to be deleterious for survival of the phage.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Salmonella, bacteriophage, physical parameters, pH, sunlight.

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mRNA expression of iron metabolism relation genes in macrophages by infection with Salmonella typhimurium

Pan Xin

Abstract: A total number of 13 iron metabolism relation genes expression profiles of RAW264.7 murine macrophages infected or uninfected with Salmonella typhimurium were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to evaluate the metabolism of iron in host-pathogen interplay. The living wild-type S. typhimurium induces expression of the transferrin receptor (Tfr1) in host cell macrophages, which results in a sustained increase of the labile iron pool inside the host cell after 1 or 24 h infection. Gene expression analysis showed that wild-type S. typhimurium drives an active iron acquisition program with induction of ferrireductase (Steap3), iron membrane transporter Dmt1, and iron regulatory proteins (Irp1 and Irp2), while not too much iron efflux changing through ferriportin (Fpn1). The spiA-Salmonella mutant strain used in our studies also caused an increase in Tfr1 at 1 or 24 h, but leading to decrease in Fpn1 at 24 h as compared with 1 h. The assessment of the labile iron pool after infection with spiA- Salmonella after 24 h shows an increase. The same of these two phenotypes allowed iron overload in macrophage and became one of the reasons for Salmonella survival inside the macrophage.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Macrophage, Salmonella, iron metabolism.

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Survey of Ascaris lumbricoides among pupils of primary school in Jos south local government area of Plateau State, Nigeria

Dangana A.,* Abayomi R. O., Way G. D. and Akobi O. A.

Abstract: Ascaris lumbricoides was surveyed among pupils of primary schools in Jos south local government. Four schools were visited: National Research Institute Staff Primary School, Rita Primary School, Joseph Primary School and St Andrew Primary School. A total of 471 samples were collected from pupils of these schools and processed using formol-ether concentration technique. Only 1 (0.2%) pupil from St Andrew Primary School was positive for A. lumbricoides. The prevalence of the infection among the age group showed that 1 (0.9%) in the age group (5 to 9) years was positive while the sex distribution showed a prevalence of 1(0.4%) among the male and no positive case was recorded among the females. The overall prevalence of other parasitic infections was 8.3% with hookworm having the highest prevalence of (5.3%), followed by Entamoeba histolytica with (0.6%), and Giardia lamblia (0.5%), while Hymenolepis nana and Taenia species had both a prevalence of (0.2%). Key word: Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Taenia, prevalence, primary schools, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Taenia, prevalence, primary schools, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.

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First report on Enterobacter sakazakii from Sudanese patients

Humodi A. Saeed¹* and Rania M. Musallam²

Abstract: Enterobacter sakazakii (E. sakazakii) has been identified as emerging opportunistic pathogens that can cause enterocolitis, bacteraemia, meningitis, brain abscess, and urinary tract infection. They have been particularly associated with meningitis in neonates where infant milk formulae have been epidemiologically linked to the disease. This study was carried out during the period of November 2008 to March 2009; to determine the occurrence of E. sakazakii in clinical specimens and its resistance to traditionally used antimicrobial agents in the Sudan. A total of 389 (311 urine specimens, 11 wound specimens, and 67 stool specimens) were collected from outpatients of three leading hospitals in Khartoum State. The urine specimens and wound swabs were cultured on blood and MacConkey's agars for primary isolation of pathogen, while stool specimens were cultured on selenite F broth and incubated overnight then subcultured on xylose lysine deoxycholate agar. Identification of the E. sakazakii was done by colonial morphology, Grams stain and biochemical tests using API 20E. Modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was adopted to determine the resistance rate of E. sakazakii to fifteen antimicrobial agents. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial agents was determined by E-test. The result showed that out of 389 specimens examined, 6 (1.5%) E. sakazakii were recovered, 4 (1.03%) from urine, 1(0.3%) from wound and 1(0.3%) from stool. The results more over revealed that the antimicrobial resistance of E. sakazakii was as follows; ceftazidime, amoxicillin, amoxyclav (100% each), co-trimoxazole, ticarcyline (83.3% each), chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ceftriaxone, nitrofuratoin, cephotaxime, tobramycin (66.7% each), ciprofloxacin, amikacin and nalidixic acid (16.7% each). None of the isolates were found to be resistant to gentamicin. In addition to that, the result indicated that the MIC, MIC50 and MIC90 of different antimicrobial agents range from 0.001 to > 240, 0.1 to > 240 and 0.5 to > 240 µg/ml respectively. The results indicated for the first time the presence of E. sakazakii in the examined clinical specimens in Sudan. The occurrence was high and the antimicrobial resistance of the isolated E. sakazakii was also high.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Enterobacter sakazakii, API 20E, E-Test, Khartoum, Sudan.

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Effect of oligosaccharides and isoflavones aglycones in defatted soy meal fermented by Lactobacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium longum

T. R. Chen*, Q. K. Wei, and Z. X. Chi

Abstract: The study determined bacterial population, pH value, oligosaccharides and isoflavone in defatted soy meal fermented by Lactobacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium longum at 37°C for 48 h. B. longum and L. paracasei fermented in defatted soy meal has significantly increased the maximum bacterial population over 9.6 log CFU/h and reduced pH to 4.9. Furthermore, content of oligosaccharides, including sucrose, raffinose and stachyose, in FDSM were significantly reduced by L. paracasei (97.7, 98.3 and 98.5%) and B. longum (98.0, 97.5 and 86.3%, P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Oligosaccharides, isoflavones, defatted soy meal, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium.

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Characteristics of the secretory expression of pectate lyase A from Aspergillus nidulans in Escherichia coli

Zhihua Han, Qingxin Zhao,*, Huanli Wang, and Yijun Kang,

Abstract: Pectate lyases from Aspergillus spp. are a major kind of industrial pectinases, can improve the surface properties of natural fibers and have promising applications in medicine, food, textile and other industries. Pectate lyases catalyze the eliminative cleavage of de-esterified pectin, which is a major component of the primary cell walls of many higher plants. The Pectate lyase A (PelA) gene without an N-terminal signal peptide sequence from Aspergillus nidulans was recombinantly expressed using Escherichia coli as the host strain and pET-20b(+) as expression vector with a pelB N -terminal signal pepetide. PelA biosynthesis reached the maximum production field (450 U ml-1 medium) at 0.5 mM IPTG, 37°C, 200 rpm, for 2 h and the expressed PelA primarily appeared in extracellular medium. Calcium ion had a more obvious promotion than glycine and SDS to the extracellular enzyme fields, and the C-terminal sequence of Pel A might have an important effect on the transportation through the outer-membrane of E. coli. The time (2h) of reaching the maximum enzyme at 37°C implied that the PelA expression was very significant to pectate lyase industrial production.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Characteristics, extracellular expression, pectate lyase A, Aspergillus nidulans, Escherichia coli.

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Screening of the PGPR strains compatible with Cajanus cajan and used as biofertilizer

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial bacteria that colonize plant roots and enhance plant growth by a wide variety of mechanisms. The use of PGPR is steadily increasing in agriculture and offers an attractive way to replace chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Here, we have isolated and characterized PGPR traits from the rhizosphere soil of pigeon pea and tested for the growth enhancement of pigeon pea. Rhizosphere soils were collected from different areas of Samalkot, Pithapuram, Peddapuram and Kakinada in India. A total of 65 isolates have been identified and characterized for their morphological, cultural, staining and biochemical characteristics, of which 35 isolates have been selected for further screening of PGPR traits. Sixteen isolates were successfully characterized for the PGPR traits like indole acetic acid (IAA) production, phosphorus solubilization and 1-aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylate (ACC) deaminase. Among the sixteen isolates, seven were found to be high IAA producing. Six were found to be efficient phosphate solubilizers, two were shown to be promising in both IAA production, phosphate solubilization and mineralizing capacity. These isolates showed growth promotion in pigeon pea for seedling emergence, increase of shoot length, root length, dry matter production, nodule number and nodule mass. Furthermore, PGPR isolates remarkably increased seed germination of pigeon pea. The two promising isolates were identified for 16sRNA sequencing and found to be Bacillus cereus and Enterobacter cancerogens.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Indole acetic acid (IAA), plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), phosphorus solubilization, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), seed germination.

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Determination of insecticidal toxicity of three species of entomopathogenic spore -forming bacterial isolates against Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

N. Du Rand and M. D. Laing

Abstract: Bioassays were conducted using larvae of mealworms, Tenebrio molitor, to determine lethal concentration for five entomopathogenic strains of spore-forming bacteria. Lethal concentration was determined by feeding T. molitor larvae cabbage discs dipped in whole cell cultures of these five strains of bacteria. The strains of bacteria were isolates of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis and Brevibacillus laterosporus. An isolate of B. cereus required the highest concentration of viable spores (8.531 x 107 spores ml-1) to achieve its LC50, whereas an isolate of B. laterosporus required the lowest concentration of viable spores (3.388 x 106 spores ml-1) to achieve LC50.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mealworms, spore-forming bacteria, bioassays.

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Characterization of biofilm formation by Salmonella enterica Serovar Pullorum strains

Yan Lu, Hongyan Dong, Sujuan Chen, Yiping Chen, Daxin Peng* and Xiufan Liu

Abstract: Salmonella enterica Serovar Pullorum causes acute or persistent infection in chickens, resulting in significant economic losses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biofilm-forming ability of S. enterica Serovar Pullorum strains and association with the pathogenicity. A total of 62 S. enterica Serovar Pullorum isolates were measured for biofilm formation by crystal violet staining. Thirty-nine out of 62 strains were found to produce biofilm which were further confirmed by observation under light microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy. Analysis of the major components for biofilm formation showed that bacterial colonies were smooth phenotype and the architecture of biofilm was composed of exopolysaccharides and curli other than cellulose. In addition, animal experiments were performed to determine the 50% lethal doses (LD50) of four S. enterica Serovar Pullorum isolates with or without biofilm-producing ability. Although the virulence of S. enterica Serovar Pullorum strains was independent of the ability of biofilm formation, prior growth as a biofilm for a biofilm producer of S. enterica Serovar Pullorum lead to enhanced virulence in chickens. The results suggested that biofilm may be one of the important virulence factors for S. enterica Serovar Pullorum infection.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Salmonella enterica Serovar Pullorum, biofilm, curli, virulence.

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Influence of growth conditions and nutritional requirements on the production of hydrogen peroxide by lactic acid bacteria

Abimbola Enitan*, Josiah Adeyemo and S. T. Ogunbanwo

Abstract: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from raw and fermented milk samples. They were evaluated for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. Sixty–three strains of LAB belonging to the genera Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Lactococcus and Streptococcus were isolated and all the isolates produce H2O2 with Lactococcus lactis having the highest yield of 0.4279 mg/L in de Mann Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) broth. Among the high–level H2O2-producing strains are Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, L. lactis and Streptococcus thermophiles. They were subsequently selected and their culture supernatants were evaluated at different temperatures, pH values and using different carbon and nitrogen sources. The highest quantity of H2O2 (0.6517 mg/L) was produced at 37°C by S. thermophilus, while L. casei produced the lowest quantity of 0.1132 mg/L at 40°C . S. thermophilus produced the highest quantity of 0.5912 mg/L at pH 5.5, while the lowest quantity of 0.1042 mg/L was produced at pH 7. L. bulgaricus produced the highest concentration of0.6512 mg/L when galactose was used as carbon source and lowest quantity of 0.0210 mg/L was produced by L. lactis in basal medium containing sorbitol as carbon source. L. casei produced both the highest and lowest quantities of 0.1895 and 0.0207 mg/L of H2O2 in medium supplemented with yeast extract and ammonium sulphate as nitrogen sources respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the culture supernatants against Escherichia coli K12, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans using agar well diffusion assay was evaluated. Cell-free supernatant by L. bulgaricus had the highest inhibitory activity against E. coli K12 with 21 mm zone of inhibition and against S. aureus with 15 mm zone of inhibition but showed no antagonistic activity against C. albicans. The study revealed that lactic acid bacteria isolated from raw and fermented milk in South-West Nigeria are capable of producing hydrogen peroxide which has antagonistic effect on pathogenic organisms, thus, may be promising sources of preservative that may in future be applied to food.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Hydrogen peroxide, growth conditions, nutrient utilization, antagonistic activity, lactic acid bacteria (LAB).

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