MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit growth of yeast pathogens

Desmond M. Ncango, Carolina H. Pohl, Pieter W. J. van Wyk and Johan L. F. Kock*

Abstract: Studies on yeasts exposed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) as potential anti-mitochondrial antifungals. In this study, various NSAIDs were tested for antifungal activity on the human yeast pathogens Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Our results suggest a dual action for these drugs, that is, antifungal as well as anti-inflammatory. These results could be useful in the treatment of fungal infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Acetylsalicylic acid, antifungal, anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-mitochondrial, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Eremothecium ashbyi.

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In vivo evaluation on Malaysian coastal isolates of Gracilaria changii and Stichopus badionotus through heat-burn methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection animal model

Mariana N. S., Nik K. A. N. I.,*, Neela V. K., Norfarrah M. A. and Zamberi S.

Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus commonly causes bacterial infections such as boils, carbuncles, infections wounds, deep abscesses and bloodstream infections (or bacteraemia). Nowadays, it becomes more difficult to treat such infections due to the appearance of resistant strain known as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The objective of this study was to screen on methanolic extracts of seaweed (Gracilaria changii) and local sea cucumber (Stichopus badionotus) for their anti-MRSA activities in vitro and in vivo; by a heat-burn, wound-healing model in rats. Both extracts demonstrated in vitro anti-MRSA activity. The sea cucumber extract demonstrated the same extent of wound healing as did vancomycin at P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), heat-burn injury, seaweed, sea cucumber, Malaysia.

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Anti-tuberculosis activities of medicinal plants used in the treatment of tuberculosis in HIV patients in Nigeria

Anochie, P. I., Onyejepu, N., Ogu A. C., Adetunji, M. A. , Efere, L. O. , Onyeozirila, A. C., Onyeneke, E. C., Onyeneke, C. N., Obinna, J. U., Srikanth, A. and Bueno, J.

Abstract: Local herbalists in Nigeria claimed that extracts of certain parts, that is, stem and seeds obtained from Crinum glaucum,Treculia africana, Erythrina mildbaedi, Ficus thonningii and Xylopis aethiopica are used to treat tuberculosis patients. We conducted a laboratory-based study of this claim scientifically using the procedures employed by the local herbalists. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain used in this study was obtained locally and characterized based on cultural and biochemical tests on isolates of bacteriologically proven tuberculosis positive patients. The M. tuberculosis strains were found resistant to all the extracts. There was no growth on the isoniazid drug containing medium which was used as control. There was growth on all the LJ medium containing the extracts. The results of these findings shows that the extracts of these plants exhibited no significant anti-microbial activity against M. tuberculosis and therefore not recommendable for clinical use as an anti-tuberculosis drug.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Anti-tuberculosis, activity, medicinal plants, treatment, HIV patients, Nigeria.

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Isolation and characterization of a cold-active amylase from marine Wangia sp. C52

Jianguo Liu*, Zhiqiang Zhang, Hongyue Dang, Jianren Lu and Zhanfeng Cui

Abstract: Amylase activity was detected in the culture medium of marine Wangia sp. C52, which was isolated from the Southern Okinawa Trough deep-sea sediment. In the present study, a cold-active amylase was purified to homogeneity from the culture broth by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. The molecular mass of the amyalse was 58 kDa, and its isoelectric point was close to 5.6. The optimal pH and temperature were 30°C and 6.0, respectively. In the presence of Ca2+ and Co2+, the enzyme activity was stimulated while Cu2+, Hg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, Al3+, EDTA, EGTA and SDS reduced the activity. Km and Vmax values of the purified enzyme for soluble starch were 2.08 ± 0.3 mg/ml and 1.26 ± 0.02 mg/ml/min, respectively. The final purified enzyme had -helix of 25%, -sheet of 26% and random coil of 49%, consistent with the theoretical values. This showed that the purified amylase folded with a reasonable secondary structure.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cold-active amylase, Wangia sp., purification, enzyme characterization.

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Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) as an epidemiological marker for typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus recovered from KSA

Moussa, I. M.*, Al-Qahtani, A. A., Gassem, M. A., Ashgan, M. H., Dalia Kadry Ismail, Ghazy, A. I. and Shibl, A. M.

Abstract: In this study, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used for genomic DNA finger printings of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates. Thirty strains of S. aureus collected from major hospital laboratories and public health centers, Riyadh, King Saudi Arabia were tested phenotypically by conventional methods and genotypically by multiplex-PCR for direct detection of S. aureus 16S rRNA and mecA genes. The chromosomal DNA of the isolates was examined by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using SmaI. SmaI cut the chromosomal DNA of the examined MRSA into 9 to 13 fragments, moreover, 16 chromosomal digestion patterns were observed out of the 30 examined isolates. The first pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE1) contains 9 strains recovered from soft tissue infections and surgical wound infections. The second one (PFGE 2) contains 4 MRSA isolates, 3 of which were recovered from skin and soft tissue infections, while one was recovered from wound infection. Moreover, there are 3 chromosomal digestion patterns (PFGE 3, 4 and 5), each pattern involved two strains of MRSA which were recovered from surgical wound infections. A dendrogram of percent similarity, revealed three major clusters, the first cluster containing four groups (17 strains). The second cluster contains one group (12 strains), while the third cluster contains only one strain recovered from deep abscess.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Fingerprinting, Staphylococcus aureus, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, nosocomial infection, multiplex-PCR.

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Biodegradation of di-n-butyl phthalate by a newly isolated Diaphorobacter sp. strain QH-6

Decai Jin, Ping Wang, Zhihui Bai*, Bo Jin, Zuopeng Lv, Dongbin Wei and Guoqiang Zhuang

Abstract: Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), one of the most popular phthalic acid esters (PAEs), is commonly found in wastewater treatment plant. In this study, a bacterial strain capable of using DBP as sole carbon and energy source was isolated from activated sludge. This strain was identified as Diaphorobacter sp., designated as QH-6, based on the 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequence analysis. For the first time, we studied the biodegradation ability of PAEs by genus Diaphorobacter. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that the optimum conditions for DBP degradation were pH 7.0 to 8.0, temperature 30 to 35°C, and agitation rate 150 to 225 r/min. Under these conditions, 500 mg/L of DBP could be completely degraded with a half-life of 5.20 h. We investigated the effects of heavy metals (Cr6+ and Cu2+) on the DBP degradation. The results demonstrated that the heavy metals at a wide concentration range of 5 to 30 mg/L can restrain the DBP degradation. Furthermore, substrate utilization tests showed QH-6 can also utilize other PAEs and the degradation intermediates.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Diaphorobacter sp., dibutyl phthalate, biodegradation, heavy metal.

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Screening of higher yield of ethyl acetate yeast and researching of ester-producing conditions

MaoBin Chen, Ruili Li, Nan Peng, Da Zhen and Shangling Fang*

Abstract: A higher yield of ethyl acetate yeast Y1 was selected from Daqu and Xiaoqu, and the production volume of ethyl acetate was 2.152 g/l when cultured in corn saccharification mash. The strain is identified as Hansenula anomala. Then, through the single factor test to study the effects of diffident culture mediums and diffident culture methods on ester-producing, the results showed that the best ester-producing culture medium for Y1 yeast was the wheat saccharification mash. The ester yield of static culture was 40% higher when compared with shaking culture. several factors were selected to carry on the orthogonal test once more, the result indicated that the optimization plan were as follows: brix was 8°, pH was 5, temperature was 25°C, culture time was 4 days, and ethyl alcohol was 2%, total ester production of Y1 was 4.812 g/l in this condition.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ester–production yeast, culture method, ester production condition, orthogonal test.

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Production and oil-emulsion formulation of Cadophora malorum and Alternaria jacinthicola, two biocontrol agents against Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

Karim Dagno,*, Rachid Lahlali, Mamourou Diourté and Haïssam M. Jijakli

Abstract: Cadophora malorum isolate Mln715 and Alternaria jacinthicola strain MUCL 53159 are under development as biocontrol agents against Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in Mali. Production of spores of these agents on locally available substrates (Water Hyacinth, powdered paddy rice chaff, wheat semolina) was assessed with a view to mass production. The C. malorum isolate sporulated best on Water Hyacinth (4.08 × 107 spores ml-1), followed by wheat (1.06 ×107 spores ml-1), whereas A. jacinthicola produced more spores on paddy rice chaff and wheat (0.24 x 107 spores ml-1). The severity of the damage caused by each pathogen was evaluated in the greenhouse and in the field. Under both greenhouse and field conditions, the biocontrol efficacy of the fungal isolates was improved with (unrefined) Carapa procera (L.) oil or (refined) palm oil, supplemented with soybean lecithin and Tween 20. When such a formulation was used, the incubation time was 4 to 5 days in the greenhouse and 7 to 9 days on the field, and the damage severity (DS) recorded 6 weeks after treatment varied from 87.02 to 93. 13% in the greenhouse and from 59.11 to 63.00% in the field. For unformulated C. malorum and A. jacinthicola respectively, the incubation times were longer and the DS values were only 22.11 and 29. 05% in the greenhouse and 12.05 and 15.15% on the field. Our results highlight good substrates for mass production of these mycoherbicides and demonstrate the ability of vegetable oil formulations to improve their efficacy.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Alternaria jacinthicola, biocontrol, Cadophora malorum, oil formulation, Water Hyacinth.

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Microbiological assessment of mutton intended for export from Elkadaro export slaughter house, Sudan

Ibrahim Mohammed Elhassan, Atif Elamin Abdelgadir* and Abedalaziz Eltayeb Ibrahim

Abstract: The study is planned to evaluate the hygienic quality of mutton intended for export from Elkadaro slaughter house on basis of surface bacterial contamination. Seventy five samples were collected during five visits, 15 samples in each visit (five samples for each: slaughter hall, slaughter house chiller and the refrigerated vehicle at Airport after unloading). A metallic triangle was used as a template from which swabs were taken. The results of the bacterial counts revealed relatively high counts (ranges between 1 × 103 - 6 × 106 CFU/ cm 2), but without critical contamination levels according to the cut-off point for fresh meat (106 CFU/ cm2) and chilled meat (107 CFU/ cm2) except in the last visit (2 × 106 CFU/ cm2).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Sudan, mutton, slaughter house, export.

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Antibacterial activity of several Malaysian leaves extracts on the spoilage bacteria of yellow alkaline noodles

Teza Alfindo Rosyid, Roselina Karim*, Noranizan Mohd Adzahan and Farinazleen Mohd Ghazali

Abstract: Yellow alkaline noodle (YAN) is very susceptible to spoilage and has a short shelf life due to the high moisture content. This study was conducted to isolate and identify spoilage bacteria of YAN in an attempt to apply local plant extracts that possess antibacterial activity in extending the shelf life of YAN. Thirty colonies were isolated from spoiled YAN and were identified using the Biolog GEN III system. Eight bacteria which consisted of five Gram-positive (GP) and three Gram-negative (GN) (Bacillus pumilus, Clavibacter agropyri, Corynebacterium urealyticum, Corynebacterium jeikeium, Enterobacter cloaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus sciuri) were identified. E. cloaceae and S. sciuri were the most abundant bacteria on YAN with percentage values of 23 and 26%, respectively. The antibacterial activities of ethanol and water extracts of six types of leaves (Centella asiatica, Jasminum sambac, Pereskia bleo, Cosmos caudatus caudatus, Murraya koenigii, and Melicope lunu) against all the identified bacteria were studied. The ethanol extracts of M. koenigii are most effective extract that possess the highest antibacterial activity against all the eight spoilage bacteria studied.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Yellow alkaline noodle, spoilage bacteria, plant extracts, antibacterial activity.

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