MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Efficacy of defatted soy flour supplement in

Awadhesh Kumar Singh, Dattatreya Mahadev Kadam*, Mili Saxena and R. P. Singh

Abstract: Study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of defatted soyflour mix levels in Gulabjamun (sweet dessert comprised of fried milk balls dipped in sugar syrup) and its impact on the quality parameters. Soy flour was fortified in three levels (3.33, 6.66 and 9.99%) w/w to prepare different compositions of Gulabjamuns by replacing wheat-flour in control recipe. 10 g spherical shape balls were made using thoroughly mixed ingredients dough and these were deep -fried in oil before soaking in sugar syrup (50°Brix for 4 h) at 70°C. Standard methods were used to estimate protein and crude fat content in Gulabjamun. Significant effect of raw premixes, prior to sugar syrup dipping, was observed due to addition of defatted soy flour on protein and fat content. Protein content was decreased to 18.24% from 20.66% and fat content increased to 28.36 from 12.09% in deep-fried samples from raw premix. Hardness, cohesiveness, springiness/elasticity, gumminess and chewiness values were increased with the increase in the soy flour levels. Appearance, colour, texture, flavour and overall acceptability of the Gulabjamuns had improved with the addition of 3.33% soy flour and decreased there after.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Fat, fortification, Gulabjamun, protein, sensory attributes, soy flour, TPA.

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Mechanisms of arsenic toxicity and carcinogenesis

Obinaju, Blessing Ebele

Abstract: Industrialization has excessively modified the discharge and distribution of arsenic in the environment through natural and anthropogenic activities. Gastrointestinal tract, Lung and Dermal absorptions account for various adverse effects associated with arsenic toxicity. The knowledge of arsenic biotransformation holds the trivalent species (DMA3+ and MMA3+) accountable for most arsenic toxicity with mechanisms of action such as the inhibition of DNA replicating or repair enzymes, interference with tissue respiration and oxidative stress. There is information of transplacental arsenic carcinogenesis and arsenic disruption of endocrine activity but most of these mechanisms remain poorly understood. More importantly, the exact dose at which arsenic induces tumours in vivo is still a major research question and therefore necessitates more scientific investigation/ research.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Arsenic, toxicity, carcinogenesis.

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Cholesterol concentration in different parts of bovine meat sold in Nsukka, Nigeria: Implications for cardiovascular disease risk

Chukwunonso E. C. C. Ejike * and Tufon N. Emmanuel

Abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality globally. Reducing dietary fat and cholesterol intake is central to the reduction in the risk of CVD. In Nigeria and other developing countries, meat is a good source of protein and other nutrients, and its consumption is increasing. This study investigates the cholesterol concentration of ten parts of bovine meat – rib muscle, fore-limb muscle, hind-limb muscle, lungs, large intestine, small intestine, colon, liver, kidney and heart. Standard biochemical methods were used for all assays. The results show that cholesterol concentration was highest in the liver (6.5 ± 0.15 mg/g) and lowest in the large intestine (1.0 ± 0.01 mg/g). Organ meats had more cholesterol per 85 g serving than the daily recommendations of the American Heart Association. Considering that meat has some beneficial effects, we conclude that while bovine meat should not be avoided completely, its consumption (especially bovine organ meats consumption) should be minimized particularly by individuals and populations at risk of CVD and its co-morbid conditions.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bovine meat, cardiovascular disease, cholesterol concentration.

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Toxic effects of aqueous stem bark extract of Cassia sieberiana on some biochemical parameters in rats

Direct ex vivo effects of herbal extracts on serum bilirubin in neonatal blood samples

Abstract: Herbal drug therapy is a common practice adopted in traditional and alternative medicine and has been used in the treatment of neonatal jaundice or hyperbilirubinemia from ancient times. This is done with the help of different herbal extracts and using different treatment methods. The knowledge of new possibilities and the fact that herbal drugs have been used in some communities for a long time, clarifies the importance of studying herbal drugs. Herbal drug therapies are used commonly which amplifies the need to evaluate the efficacy of these drugs. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of commonly used herbal drugs in neonatal jaundice, through in vitro techniques. In this study 0.5 cc (50 µg/ml) of different herbal extracts such as Chi corium intybus, Fumaria parviflora, Zizyphus jujuba and Alhagi pseudoalhgi, Purgative manna which were obtained through hydrochloric instillation and were added to 1 cc of neonatal serum with hyperbilirubinemia. Then the level of bilirubin was checked by diazo blank method. Among all of the herbal extracts, only Chi corium intybus demonstrated a lowering effect on indirect serum bilirubin. Although Chi corium intybus showed lower levels than the control group, but statistically there was no significant difference in direct bilirubin levels between these groups. Herbal drugs can decrease the bilirubin level through different mechanisms, such as increasing the activity of liver enzymes and decreasing the enterohepatic circulation. But the extract of the herb Chi corium intybus imposes its affect directly on bilirubin. Therefore further investigation is needed in order to separate the active agent in chi corium intybus.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Hyperbilirubinemia, Fumaria parviflora, Zizyphus jujuba, Chi corium intybus, Alhagi pseudoalhagi, Purgative manna.

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Anti anaemic properties of Scoparia dulcis in Trypanosoma brucei infected rabbits

Orhue N. E. J*. and Nwanze E. A. C.

Abstract: A major feature of infection with trypanosomes is the development of anaemia. In this study, the effect of Scoparia dulcis ( Atiotiousha in Akoko-Edo) on Trypanosoma brucei induced anaemia was investigated in fifteen rabbits divided into three groups of n = 5 over a period of twenty eight days. Changes in Packed cell volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, Red blood cell count (RBC), Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH), Mean cell haemoglobin concentration, (MCHC) and Mean cell volume (MCV) were monitored over the period. The results obtained indicate that infection with T. brucei results in a significant decrease (p0.05) changes were observed in MCH, MCHC and MCV. However the severity of observed anaemia was significantly less pronounced (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Scoparia dulcis, Trypanosoma brucei, Rabbits, PCV, Haemoglobin.

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Enhancing antioxidant availability in grains of wheat plants grown under seawater- stress in response to microalgae extracts treatments

Hanaa H. Abd El-Baky

Abstract: This study investigated the antioxidant capacity and the levels of enhanced total carotenoids (TCAR), tocopherols (TOC) and phenolic (TPC) and protein (PC) contents in whole grains of wheat plants irrigated 10 and 20% (v/v) seawater (SW) in response to water extracts of microalgae Spirulina maxima (SME) and Chlorella ellipsoida (CEE) and exogenous plant growth enhancers of ascorbic acid (Vit. C) and benzyladinin (BA) treatments. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in amounts of TCAR (ranged 80 to 140 µg/g), TOC (ranged 50.4 to 115 µg/g), TPC (ranged 0.80 to 2.96 mg/g) and PC (ranged 9.34 to 13.79 %) in wheat grains among all treated plants were observed. The levels of their compounds increase related to irrigation-SW combined with algal treatments. The ethanolic extracts of grains of SW-stress plants treated with algal extracts exhibited high antioxidant capacity based on scavenging of DPPH and ABTS radicals than other samples. This activity remarked correlation with levels of antioxidant compounds present in these extracts. The electrophoretic profiles (SDS-PAGE fingerprint) of grains protein of treated samples exhibited similar pattern that in controls samples. It is concluded that the application of algal extracts to wheat plants irrigated SW lead to increase antioxidative components and protein content; hence consumption of these whole grains may render beneficial health effects.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Microalgae, antioxidant activity, phenolics, proteins, seawater.

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Purification and characterization of a laccase from the basidiomycete Funalia trogii (Berk.) isolated in Tanzania

Ferdinandi Patrick, Godliving Mtui*, Anthony Manoni Mshandete, Gunnar Johansson and Amelia Kivaisi

Abstract: A lignolytic basidiomycete fungus, Funalia trogii (Berk.), was isolated from decayed wood in coastal Tanzania and cultivated in submerged culture. Initially screened crude enzyme filtrate showed complete rhemazol brilliant blue - R (RBBR) decolorization 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline)-6-sulfonate and guaiacol oxidation after 7 days of incubation. The fungal filtrate had maximum laccase activity of 593 U/ml after 15 days of incubation. A laccase was purified by anion exchange and size exclusion chromatography to good purity as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and isoelectric focusing (IEF). The isolated main component had a molecular weight of ca 58 kDa as determined by MS and an isoelectric point (pI) of 3.8. The optimal pH and temperature range for the purified laccase were 4.0 - 5.0 and 50 - 70 ºC, respectively, using 2, 6-dimethoxyphenol as a substrate.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Funalia trogii, laccase, anion exchange chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing.

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Fatty acid composition and properties of skin and digestive fat content oils from Rhynchophorus palmarum L. larva

Edmond Ahipo Dué*, Hervé César B. L. Zabri, Jean Parfait E.N. Kouadio and Lucien Patrice Kouamé

Abstract: Skin and digestive fat content (DFC) oils from Rhynchophorus palmarum L. larva (Curculionidae) were extracted and their physicochemical properties were characterized. Water content (0.41 %) of skin oil was higher than the amount of DFC (0.04 %). While, the lipid fraction of the skin (35.16%) was slightly lower than the DFC (49.05%). The fatty acid compositions of the both oils were determined. Results showed that the most abundant fatty acids in skin and DFC oils were palmitic and oleic acids. In both oils, oleic fatty acid showed the highest percentage of composition of 45.62 and 46.71% for skin and DFC, respectively with palmitic acid followed close by 39.87 and 40.44%, respectively. In this study, saturated fatty acids accounted for 45.06 and 44.97% of total fatty acids, for skin and DFC oils, respectively. Myristic, myristoleic, stearic and linoleic acids were also detected in the both oils. Physicochemical properties of skin and DFC oils respectively include: iodine index, 51.22 and 48.35; acid value, 4.72 and 2.21; saponification value, 189.22 and 198.26; unsaponifiable matter, 0.97 and 0.98; peroxide index, 6.90 and 0; oleic acidity, 7.76 and 0.568; vitamin A, 0 and 12.04 and refractive index, 1.45440 and 1.45424. Results suggested that Skin and DFC oils from R. palmarum L. larva could deserve further consideration and investigation as a potential new multi-purpose product for nutritional, industrial, cosmetic and pharmaceutical uses.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Fatty acids, digestive fat content, skin of larvae, oil, Rhynchophorus palmarum.

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Direct detection of Brenneria rubrifaciens by (polymerase chain reaction) PCR-based assay using rubrifacine synthetic gene

Shree Prasad Thapa, Chun Keun Lim, Sam Kyu Kim, Jun Mo Cho, Jang Hyun Hur and Duck Hwan Park*

Abstract: A rapid high-throughput, specific and sensitive (polymerase chain reaction) PCR-based assay coupled with DNA hybridization technique for the detection of deep bark canker (DBC) pathogen Brenneria rubrifaciens directly from mixed bacterial cells and in planta was developed. These result shows that the specific genetic markers have a powerful potential to detect B. rubrifaciens directly from crude samples at field conditions.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Brenneria rubrifaciens, deep bark canker, PCR (polymerase chain reaction), rubrifacine.

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Isolation and partial characterization of a bacteriophage infecting the shrimp pathogen Vibrio harveyi

Parichat Phumkhachorn and Pongsak Rattanachaikunsopon*

Abstract: A bacteriophage infecting Vibrio harveyi was isolated from shrimp pond water, it was designated PW2. It infected all strains of V. harveyi but not other bacteria used in this study. The phage adsorption rate increased rapidly in the first 15 min of infection to 80% and continued to increase to 90% within 30 min of infection. The stability of phage PW2 was dependent on temperature and pH. It was inactivated by heating at 90°C for 30 min and by treating at pH 2, 3, 11and 12. From its one step growth curve, latent and burst periods were 30 and 120 min, respectively with a burst size of about 78 plaque-forming unit (pfu) per infected center. As analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, phage PW2 had an icosahedral head (50 ± 3.8 nm in diameter) with a noncontractile tail of 136 ± 6.2 nm long and 11 ± 0.5 nm wide and belongs to the Siphoviridae family. Six structural proteins (75, 60, 35, 30, 20 and 15 kDa) were detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, its genome was found to be double stranded DNA with an approximate size of 46 kb.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacteriophage, shrimp, Vibrio harveyi.

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