MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

Research Article

HPLC analysis of nicotinamide, pyridoxine, riboflavin and thiamin in some selected food products in Nigeria

Chimezie Anyakora, Ibukun Afolami, Teddy Ehianeta and Francis Onwumere

Abstract: Food fortification is an important tool for improving the health of the population. Motivated by this, the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) has in the past few years embarked on a campaign to create this awareness. There has been varying degree of compliance to this, and so it is of utmost importance to know the food products that contribute significantly to the dietary vitamin B intake. This study investigates the amount of four Vitamin B compounds, namely nicotinamide, pyridoxine, riboflavin and thiamin, present in different packaged food items available in Lagos metropolis of Nigeria. The food items analyzed include dairy products, fruit juices and cereal products. These foods were chosen because of their widespread consumption in the area. The analysis was done using a high performance liquid chromatographic technique with a UV detector. The separation was carried out on a C18 column, using a mobile phase made up of 70% buffer (a solution of sodium salt of hexane sulphonic acid) and 30% HPLC grade methanol. The identification was based on retention time match against a standard while the quantitation was based on the peak area match against those of a standard. The calibration curves for the standards were linear with a linear regression coefficient close to unity. Keywords: Vitamin B, HPLC, Food Fortification.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Vitamin B, HPLC, Food Fortification.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：864

Research Article

Preliminary studies of blood pressure lowering effect of Nauclea latifolia in rats

Z. A. M. Nworgu+, D. N. Onwukaeme, A. J. Afolayan, F. C Ameachina and B. A. Ayinde

Abstract: Roots of Nauclea latifolia are used in Nigeria for the treatment of hypertension. Ethanolic extract of the root of N. latifolia was administered to anaesthetised rats through the jugular vein while the blood pressure was measured through the carotid artery. The extract reduced systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure in normotensive and in one kidney one clip hypertensive rats in a dose dependant manner. 10 mg/kg of the extract reduced the mean arterial pressure from 115.7 ± 0.4 to 99.6 ± 3.8 mm Hg, while it reduced the systolic and diastolic from 125.6 ± 0.5 to 102.4 ± 4.0 and from 110.5 ± 0.3 to 95.0 ± 3.2 mm Hg respectively. The changes caused in hypertensive rats were much greater. The same dose of the extract reduced the mean arterial pressure from 157.4 ± 4.7 to 72.0 ± 3.6 mm Hg, while it reduced the systolic and diastolic blood pressures from 180.0 ± 5.7 to 90.1 ± 2.6 and from 146.2 ± 3.3 to 63.0 ± 4.9 mm Hg respectively. The extract (10 mg/kg) also reduced the heart rate of normotensive rats from 365 ±12.8 to 280 ± 6.0 beats/min, while it reduced the heart rate of hypertensive rats from 550 ± 22.5 to 120 ± 8.0 beats/min. The reduction in blood pressure and heart rate was not affected by prior treatment with atropine or promethazine. Keywords: Blood pressure, Nauclea latifolia root, phytochemical.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Blood pressure, Nauclea latifolia root, phytochemical.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：861

Research Article

The anticonvulsant and sedative properties of stems of Cissus quadrangularis in mice

E. Ngo Bum, GT Ngoupaye, E. Talla, T Dimo, G. C. N Nkantchoua, M. M Pelanken and G. S. Taiwe

Abstract: Cissus quadrangularis Linn grows in Savannah areas in Africa (Cameroon, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, etc). In traditional medicine, the plant is used to treat anorexia, asthma, sickle cells, colds, pains, malaria, asthma and as an analgesic. In vivo animal models of epilepsy (maximal electroshock, n-methyl -d-aspartate, pentylenetetrazol, isonicotinic hydrazid acid and strychnine -induced convulsions or turning behavior) and insomnia (diazepam -induced sleep) were used. The aqueous extract of the stems of C. quadrangularis strongly increased the total sleep time induced by diazepam (50 mg/kg i.p.). It also protected mice against maximal electroshock, pentylenetetrazol, strychnine and n-methyl-d-aspartate-induced seizures or turning behavior and delayed the onset time of seizures induced by isonicotinic hydrazid acid. The results lead to the conclusion that the extract of C. quadrangularis possesses anticonvulsant and sedative properties in mice and could explain its use in traditional medicine in Africa, in the treatment of insomnia and epilepsy.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Traditional medicine, plant, extract, seizures, Cissus quadrangularis.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：862

Research Article

Performance of starch obtained from Dioscorea dumetorium as disintegrant in sodium salicylate tablets

Ibezim, Emmanuel C., Ofoefule, Sabinus I, Omeje, Edwin O* and Odo, U. E.

Abstract: Starch obtained from Dioscorea dumetorium was employed as a disintegrant in Sodium Salicylate based tablets at concentrations of 5 –15 %w/w. Properties of the starch evaluated include: bulk and tapped densities, water uptake by capillarity, Hausner’s quotient and percent compressibility. Compound tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution rate. Batches of tablets containing equivalent concentrations of AC-di-sol or maize starch were employed as standards. Results obtained indicate that Dioscorea dumetorium starch performed as much better as a disintegrant in sodium salicylate tablets as maize starch but less than Ac-di-sol.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Disintegrant, starch, Dioscorea dumetorium, sodium salicylate.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：820

Research Article

Citalopram in the treatment of depressive disorders: An open label, multicenter study in China

Tianmei Si and Liang Shu

Abstract: Results of randomized, placebo- controlled trials with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram suggest that this agent is safe and effective for the treatment of depressive disorders. We investigated the safety and efficacy of citalopram in the treatment of Chinese patients with depressive disorders. An 8-week, open-label, multicenter study evaluated the safety and efficacy of citalopram in the treatment of patients with an ICD-10 diagnosis of depressive disorder or depressive episode of bipolar disorder. Efficacy measures included the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI). A total of 6080 patients (2553 men, 3527 women) (mean age 40.9 ± 15.6 years, range 18 – 92) participated in the study. Mean HAMD scores decreased significantly (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antidepressant, citalopram, depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：829

Research Article

Current status of salt iodization and level of iodine nutrient in India

Umesh Kapil

Abstract: In India, Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) are present throughout the country. Out of 282 districts surveyed by Government of India institutions like Indian Council of Medical Research and Central Goiter Survey Teams in different States and Union Territories, 241 have been found to be endemic for iodine deficiency disorders. Issues relating to the safety of Universal Salt Iodization were carefully examined by eminent Scientists, Programme Managers and Administrators and based on hard scientific evidences, the Government of India implemented a policy decision, in 1984, for Universal Salt Iodization (USI ) that is, all edible salt in the country should be fortified with iodine. This became the mandate for the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme. The present research communication reviews the history of iodine deficiency disorders, progress of achieved under USI, safety of iodized salt and impact of this intervention on the iodine status of Indian population.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：810

Research Article

Lysine vasopressin blocks the effect of chlorodiazepoxide in behavioral tests

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The aim of the study presented here was to determine the influence of subcutaneously administered lysine-vasopressin (LVP, 1 U/kg, s.c.), chlorodiazepoxide (BDZ, 20 mg/kg, i.p.), and vehicle (veh, chlorobutanol + saline (0.85%) + Tween 80, 0.1 mL/100 g) administered through the peritoneum on anxiety-related- behavior using the Vogel conflict test, the elevated plus-maze test (EPM) and the marble-burying test. The results of the Vogel test referring to the number of shocks received by rats after administration of vehicle + BDZ was highly significant (p < 0.01), that is, the animals did not show any inhibition during the phase of shock. However, when LVP + BDZ were used the data obtained showed that there was a significant inhibition of BDZ action on the number of shocks received (p > 0.05). In the second phase of the test the veh + BDZ group received a significant number of shocks, benzodiazepine effect and the group receiving LVP + BDZ showed the same result as the vehicle + LVP group (p > 0.05). In the elevated plus-maze (EPM), the group of mice treated with veh + BDZ showed no significant change in their behavior, that is, number of entries and time spent on the open arm was not inhibited (p < 0.01). Already the veh + LVP group has shown inhibition in the number of entries and the time spent on the open arm (p > 0.05). The same result was obtained when the LVP + BDZ group was used in the EPM. In the marble-burying test, the number of marbles hidden was significantly higher in mice treated with the veh + BDZ (p < 0.01). The group treated with veh + LVP presented a small number of hidden spheres (p > 0.05). The data obtained in this study show that LVP in behavioral tests related to anxieties presents an inhibitory action on the BDZ, and the LVP alone does not present any significant effect when compared with the veh (p > 0.05). Veh is the shortened form of vehicle which is the chemical element (solvent) used for dilution of the compound test. Key word: lysine-vasopressin, chlorodiazepoxide, behavioral tests, rodents.[...] Read More.

Keywords: lysine-vasopressin, chlorodiazepoxide, behavioral tests, rodents.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：836

Research Article

Does alcohol consumption increase the risk of severe adverse events to ivermectin treatment?

Takougang I.*, Ngogang J., Sihom F. , Ntep M., Kamgno J., Eyamba A., Zouré H., Noma M. and Amazigo U. V.

Abstract: The present investigation is a case-control study designed to assess the level of association between alcohol consumption and the occurrence of severe adverse reaction (SAE) following ivermectin consumption. Thirty-six (36) cases of SAE occurred in the health districts of Bankim, Nanga Eboko, Obala, Okola and Sa’a. Case and control (43) individuals were submitted to a questionnaire related to their alcohol consumption 24 before and 24 to 48 h following ivermectin intake. An in-depth interview of siblings and local health worker was conducted to assess alcohol consumption around Mectizan intake. The degree of alcohol use was assessed using the level of serum transaminases and the alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT). The alcoholic beverages of the study communities were conventional such as beer, whisky, or locally made. Locally produced beverages included “arki” (“Odontol”, “Hah”, ...) and palm wine. The bark, sap or fruit of plants adjuvant are known to contain alkaloids and tannins which are potent neurotropic substances. The likelihood of developing SAE among cases and controls did not differ significantly with history of consumption of alcoholic beverages. Nor did it differ for other indicators of chronic alcohol consumption.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Alcohol consumption, onchocerciasis, audit, serious adverse events, encephalopathy.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：891

Research Article

Pharmacognostical studies on Dodonaea viscosa leaves

Sama Venkatesh*, Y. S. R Reddy, M. Ramesh, M. M. Swamy, N. Mahadevan and B. Suresh

Abstract: Dodonaea viscosa Jacq is a popular medicinal plant. Its leaves are used as anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-bacterial and antifungal agents and in the treatment of fractures. In view of its medicinal importance and taxonomic confusion, pharmacognostic studies, microscopical structure, morphological characters, chemical analysis and numerical values in epidermal study were carried out. These studies provided referential information for identification of this crude drug.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Dodonaea viscosa, macroscopy, anatomy, ash values, extractive values, leaf constants, microscopy, phytochemical.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：931

Research Article

Evaluation of the effect of colloidal silver on the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of the lichen Parmelia Perlata

Momoh, M. A.* and Adikwu, M. U.

Abstract: Substances extracted from lichens have previously been reported to possess antimicrobial activities against various groups of bacteria, fungi and viruses. Due to the high abundance of Parmelia perlata in the Eastern parts of Nigeria, we decided to explore the effect of colloidal silver on the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The lichen extract was obtained via cold maceration with ethanol. The phytochemical tests was carried out on the extract of lichen. The minimum inhibitory zone MICs of the ethanolic extract against S. aureus was determine and the solution of the colloidal silver was also determine separately on S. auerus, the MIC of each was noted and their admixture in the presence of concentration of colloidal silver using bore- plate method. Result of the phytochemical tests showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, steroidal aglycone, carbohydrates. The result also shows that, the ethanol extract of the lichen has activity on S. aureus while the colloidal silver at the dilution used, has very little activity on the S. aureus. It was also seen from the result that the zone of inhibitory of the ethanol extract was increased in the presence of colloidal silver and MICs is concentration dependent. It was therefore finally concluded that colloidal silver potentates the effect of ethanol extract of the lichen P. perlata[...] Read More.

Keywords: Parmelia perlata, lichen, Staphylococcus aureus, evaluation, colloidal silver.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：849

Research Article

Synthesis, antiviral and cytotoxic activities of some novel 2-Phenyl-3-Disubstituted Quinazolin-4(3H)-ones

Periyasamy Selvam*, K. Babu, R. Padamraj, Leentje persoons and Erik de Clercq

Abstract: The 2-phenyl-benzoxazin-4-ones were condensed with primary amine to form the 2, 3-disubstituted quinazolin-4(3H)-ones. Their chemical structure was elucidated by means of spectral (FT-IR, 1H- NMR, MS) and elemental analysis. The antiviral activity and cytotoxicity of the compounds were tested in HeLa cells (vesicular stomatitis virus, Coxsackie virus B4 and respiratory syncytial virus), HEL cells [herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2), vaccinia virus], Vero cells (parainfluenza-3, reovirus-1, Sindbis virus, Coxsackie virus B4 and Punta Toro virus). Among the new derivatives evaluated, specific antiviral activity was noted with compound QAA against vaccinia virus, parainfluenza-3 virus and Punta Toro virus, compound QOPD against HSV-1, HSV-2 and vaccinia virus, and compounds QONA and PD-NFIN against Coxsackie virus B4.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Quinazoline, antiviral, HSV, vaccinia, sulphanamides.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：834

Research Article

Gender independent pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in healthy black African subjects

Mbang A. Owolabi*, Grace E. Ukpo, Martin E. Okenne, Olayinka O. Oyeniyi, Olajumoke O. Oladipo and Smith I. Jaja

Abstract: The pharmacokinetic profile of levofloxacin in healthy black African subjects as well as the influence of gender on its pharmacokinetic parameters was investigated. Sixteen healthy adult volunteers (8 males and 8 females) enrolled in the study and took single oral dose of 500 mg levofloxacin (LevofloxÒ) after informed consent. The blood of the volunteers was withdrawn from their antecubital vein at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24 and 36 h post dosing and analysed for levofloxacin concentration. The results of this study revealed that levofloxacin was well tolerated and detectable in the plasma seventeen min after dosing being faster in female than male. Bioavailability was not affected by gender and Tmax showed no significant difference between the genders (p 0.05). The Cmax and AUC0- were higher in the female than in the male subjects, plasma clearance (CL) was lower in female than in the male thus explaining the differences in the total systemic exposure of the drug. The volume of distribution (Vd) was significantly reduced in female compared to the male. When pharmacokinetics parameters were expressed relative to mg drug/total body weight or renal function, gender-related differences were attenuated. This result indicates that subject body weight or renal function may be involved in the pharmacokinetic differences of the subjects, thus drug administration based on sex is not relevant.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：824

Research Article

Phytochemical screening and antibacterial evaluation of the leaf and root extracts of Cassia alata Linn

El-Mahmood, A. M.* and Doughari, J. H.

Abstract: Phytochemical screening of the leaves and roots of Cassia alata (Linn) revealed the presence of some bioactive components, which have been linked to antimicrobial properties. The effects of water, methanol and chloroform extracts on some pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis showed that the plant parts can be used to treat infections caused by these bacteria. S. aureus, S. pyogenes and P. mirabilis were more susceptible, while E. coli and P. aeruginosa were less sensitive. The effectiveness of the crude extracts were enhanced at elevated temperatures and at near neutrality pH values, which attests to its use in traditional medicine to treat skin, urinary tract and gastrointestinal infections. The aqueous extract was less effective than the organic solvents, thus suggesting the inability of the traditional medicine practitioners to exhaustively extract all the bioactive components with water. The MICs and MBCs of the extracts against the test bacteria were high and correlate with sensitivity test results. The effectiveness of the extracts were less than the conventional antibiotic, metronidazole.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antimicrobial bioactive, pathogenic, phytochemical, traditional medicine.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：859

Research Article

Effects of plants and medicinal plant combinations as anti-infectives

Ramesh, Putheti and Okigbo, R. N

Abstract: The ascendancy of the Human Immuno Deficiency virus (HIV) has spurred intensive investigation into plant derivatives, which may be effective, especially for use in underdeveloped nations with little access to expensive western medicines. This review describes mostly the current state of ant microbial substances of plant origin ranging from extracts commonly in use, largely by the community, to substances being prospected screened and tested by researchers and clinicians. This review focuses on plant and their extracts, which are anti microbial in nature or in other words the anti microbial substances of plant origin and their eventual therapeutic effects on human affairs. Only phytochemicals or anti microbial substances reported to have anti microbial or anti-infective properties are examined.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Phytomedicines, medicinal plants, human, diseases.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：823

Research Article

Effect of viscosity grades of ethylcellulose on the sustained release properties of indomethacin from its tablets matrix

Amri Ahmed* and Sfar Souad

Abstract: The objective of the present study was to estimate the influence of ethyl cellulose (EC) with different viscosity grades on in vitro drug release from EC matrix tablets containing Indomethacin. Four viscosity grades of EC (7, 10, 50 and 100 cp) were studied. The 90 - 125/µm particle size fraction was collected by manual dry sieving and the compression force was varied to produce tablets of equal hardness. The drug release from Indomethacin tablets was determined by dissolution testing as described in the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP). The tablets pore characteristics were studied using helium pycnometry and mercury porosimetry. The release rate constant ranged from 1.25 ± 0.98 for the 7cp viscosity grade tablets to 1.49 ± 1.02 for the 100cp viscosity grade tablets whereas porosity ranged from 5.6% ± 0.3 to 6.8 ± 0.1 when based on gaz pycnometry and from 3.9% ± 0.4 to 5.1 ± 0.2 when based on mercury intrusion. These results indicate that the release rates marginally increased with an increase in viscosity grade. The main explanation for the viscosity grade effect on release rates would be differences in tablet porosity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Matrix, ethylcellulose, viscosity grade, indomethacin, dissolution, porosity.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：898

Research Article

Determination of prednisolone, dexamethasone and hydrocortisone in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluid samples

K. Balaji, G. V. Raghunadha Reddy, T. Madhusudana Reddy and S. Jayarama Reddy*

Abstract: A simple, sensitive and accurate voltammetric studies on prednisolone (PE), dexamethasone (DE) and hydrocortisone (HC) were carried out by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at bare carbon paste electrode (CPE) and -cyclodextrin modified carbon paste electrode (CDMCPE) in Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer solution. PE, DE and HC show marked enhancement of peak currents at CDMCPE when compared to CPE due to the inclusion complex between keto- group from the drug and -cyclodextrin (modifier) . All these compounds exhibit a well-defined single peak in the studied pH range which is attributed to the reduction of keto-group. BR buffer of pH 3.0 was found to be reliable supporting electrolyte for the analytical estimation of these compounds. CV studies indicate that the process was irreversible and adsorption controlled. The reduction peak currents at CDMCPE for PE, DE and HC changes linearly over the concentration range from 5.6 × 10-7 M to 2 × 10-5 M (PE), 4.1 × 10-7 M to 2 × 10-5 M (DE) and 4.2 × 10-7 M to 2.5 × 10-5 M (HC) with a correlation co-efficient of 0.9991, 0.9986 and 0.9995 for the respective compounds. DPV technique is used for the determination of PE, DE and HC in pharmaceuticals and biological fluid samples. For quantification, standard addition method was carried out in both pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluid samples.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：886

Research Article

Evaluation of antimicrobial potentials of stem bark extracts of Cochlospermum planchoni

Doughari, J. H.*, El-Mahmood, A. M. and Phillip, B.

Abstract: Antimicrobial activity of root extracts of Cochlospermum planchoni against some pathogenic bacteria and fungi were investigated using the filter paper disc diffusion method. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence saponins, tannins, glycosides and aikaloid as phytochemicals. Methanol extracts (40 mg/ml) exhibited the highest activity (16 - 30 mm zone diameter of inhibition, MIC and MBC values 2.5 - 22.5 mg/ml) against the test organisms. Chloroform extracts demonstrated the least activity. The activity of the extracts increased with increase in temperature (4 - 100ºC) and increasing acidity (pH 2.5 - 6), but alkaline pH (pH 10) neither enhanced nor depreciated the activity of the extracts. The plant can be used to source newer antibiotic substances and can be used for the treatment of typhoid fever, dysentery, urinary tract and wound infections and mycotic infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, disc diffusion method, extracts, infections, pathogenic, phytochemicals.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：853

Research Article

Antidiabetic activity of hydro-ethanolic extracts of Nymphaea Stellata flowers in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats

K. Rajagopal and K. Sasikala

Abstract: The antidiabetic effect of hydro-ethanolic extract (HEE) of Nymphaea stellata Willd flower was investigated in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In the present study, the animals were divided in to normal control, diabetic control, diabetic treated and control treated group (n = 6). Effect of oral administration of HEE (300 mg/kg) for 30 days on the level of blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), phospholipids, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), Hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Glucose-6-phosphatase in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats were evaluated. When comparing the values of the HEE treated group with those of the control diabetic group, we found that the HEE significantly decreased the elevated blood glucose level, glycosylated hemoglobin, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, LDL, VLDL and it showed a significant increase in liver glycogen, insulin and HDL level. Treatment with HEE in diabetic rats increased the Hexokinase, LDH activity and decreased the glucose 6-phosphatase activity. These results clearly indicated that N. stellata flowers possess promising antidiabetic effect in diabetic rats.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：825

Research Article

Accelerated stability testing of celecoxib nanoemulsion containing Cremophor-EL

Faiyaz Shakeel*, Sanjula Baboota, Alka Ahuja, Javed Ali and Sheikh Shafiq

Abstract: Celecoxib (CXB), a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor has been recommended for the treatment of arthritis and osteoarthritis upon oral administration. However, long term oral administration of celecoxib cause serious gastrointestinal adverse effects. Therefore the aim of the present study was to enhance CXB’s physical and chemical stability using nanoemulsion formulation in order to eliminate gastrointestinal adverse effects of its oral administration. Optimized nanoemulsion formulation was prepared by spontaneous emulsification method. Nanoemulsion was characterized by droplet size, viscosity and refractive index. Stability studies were performed for the period of 3 months. Droplet size, viscosity and refractive index were determined every month. Shelf- life of nanoemulsion formulation was also determined by accelerated stability testing. It was found that droplet size, viscosity and refractive index were slightly increased at refrigerator and room temperature in 3 months period. However, the changes in these parameters were not statistically significant (p 0.05). The shelf-life of optimized nanoemulsion formulation was found to be 2.38 years at room temperature. These results indicated that both physical as well as chemical stability of celecoxib can be enhanced in nanoemulsion formulation using Cremophor-EL as surfactant.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nanoemulsion, celecoxib, shelf life, cremophor-EL.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：810

Research Article

Proniosome based drug delivery system of piroxicam

A. Chandra* and P. K. Sharma

Abstract: Piroxicam is a widely used potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, with due potential for dermal delivery. Permeation of piroxicam from proniosome based reservoir type transdermal gel formulation across excised rat abdominal skin was investigated using Keshery Chein diffusion cell. There was considerable improvement in flux over the control gel formulation. The lipid vesicles were evaluated for entrapment efficiency and vesicle size of niosomes formed. It was observed that Span 60 based formulations produced vesicles of smallest size and higher entrapment efficiency while those of Span 80 produced vesicles of least entrapment efficiency. Incorporation of lecithin further enhanced entrapment efficiency. Proniosomes were prepared by conventional technique and employing maltodextrin and sorbitol as base. The morphology of the proniosomes was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Maximum flux achieved was 35.61 g/cm2/h, an enhancement of 7.39 times was achieved for transdermal system based on proniosomal gel as compared to control gel. Anti-inflammatory studies revealed that proniosome based transdermal drug delivery system of piroxicam were promising carriers for delivery of piroxicam. There was significant reduction in carrageenan induced rat paw inflammation compared to control.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Piroxicam, niosomes, permeation enhancement, dermal delivery.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：813

Research Article

Stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatographic determination of atorvastatin calcium in pharmaceutical dosage form

Zahid Zaheer*, M. N. Farooqui, A. A. Mangle A. G. Nikalje

Abstract: A simple, selective, precise and stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method of analysis of Atorvastatin Calcium in pharmaceutical dosage form was developed and validated. The chromatographic conditions comprised of a reversed-phase C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm), 5 µ with a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of Methanol: Acetonitrile: Phosphate Buffer solution in the ratio (45:45:10). Flow rate was 1 mL / min. Detection was carried out at 246 nm. The retention time of Atorvastatin was 6.98 min. Atorvastatin Calcium was subjected to acid and alkali hydrolysis, oxidation, photochemical degradation and thermal degradation. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed good linear relationship in the concentration range 52.20 to 156.60 µg/mL. The value of correlation coefficient, slope and intercept were, 0.9999, 36.02 and 26.45, respectively. The method was validated for precision, recovery, ruggedness and robustness. The drug undergoes degradation under acidic, basic, photochemical and thermal degradation conditions. All the peaks of degraded product were resolved from the active pharmaceutical ingredient with significantly different retention time. As the method could effectively separate the drug from its degradation product, it can be employed as a stability-indicating one.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Atorvastatin, chromatography, stability indicating, degradation.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：833

Research Article

Antibacterial activity of leaf essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Bachir Raho Ghalem and Benali Mohamed

Abstract: The antibacterial activities of essential oils from leaves of two Eucalyptus species (globulus and camaldulensis) was determined against Staphylococcus aureus Gram (+) and Escherichia coli Gram (-) bacteria. The inhibiting activity was evaluated by three methods: aromatogramme, microatmosphere and germs in suspension. Results demonstrated of the leaf essential oils of the two species showed an excellent inhibitory effect on S. aureus than that of E. coli. These data would indicate the potential usefulness of the two Eucalyptus species as a microbiostatic, antiseptic or as disinfectant agent.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibacterial activity, essential oil, Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：832

Research Article

Comparison of the physical and chemical changes of magistral suspension with anesthesin and aethenamine after date of expiration

Rade Injac

Abstract: This study reports the differences in physical and chemical stability of suspension with dissolved and non dissolved main active compound. In the first case it is methenamine and the other one is anesthesin. At the same time we analyzed two fresh and two 18-months old formulations of both magistral preparations. Anesthesin suspensions did not show any significant physical or chemical changes in 18 months except changes in appearance. On the other hand suspension with methenamine showed as very unstable system. Methenamine was hydrolyzed in water and ammonia and formaldehyde were determined as degradation products. Level of methenamine in preparations after 18 months was 84.6 ± 1.1%. Also the value of water was slightly decreased in old formulation with methanamine, which indicates a physical unstable system.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Methenamine, anesthesin, suspensions, magistral preparation stability.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：843

Research Article

Medicinal plants of Aguambu â€“ Bamumbu in the Lebialem highlands, southwest province of Cameroon

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Ethnobotanical investigations were conducted in Aguambu – Bamumbu Village in Wabane Subdivision (Lebialem Division), Southwest Province of Cameroon to identify the different medicinal plants used in the traditional pharmacopoeia for the treatment of diseases affecting the human body. Ethnobotanical information was collected through questionnaires and personal interviews during field trips. A total of 248 respondents were interviewed and 133 medicinal plants belonging to 59 families identified and documented. Among these plants, 55 were used to treat ailments of the digestive system, 49 for ailments of the urinary - genital system, 25 for ailments of the nervous system, 11 for ailments of the respiratory system and 3 for ailments of the cardiovascular system. The modes of herbal drugs preparation were concoctions, decoctions, macerations and infusions. The most frequently used plant parts were the leaves.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ethnobotany, medicinal plants, biodiversity, Lebialem highlands.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：1436

Research Article

Nitric oxide producing effect of six extracts from Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poiret (Guttiferae) stem bark

E. O. Iwalewa,*, V. Naidoo, V. Bagla and J. N. Eloff

Abstract: Preliminary pharmacological screening of the aqueous extract from the leaves, stem and root of Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poiret (Guttiferae) are reported to have effect on some cardiovascular diseases like bleeding, cadiopathy, hematuria, and other complications. However, the mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect is not known. The effects of six extracts from the stem bark of H. madagascariensis on equine platelets and chicken hepatocyte cells were explored to examine the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in platelet aggregation and cell viability capacity. Extracts exhibited concentration dependent platelet aggregation, and synergistically increased NO synthesis in platelets pre-treated with NO and prostaglandin (PG) inhibitors (L-NAME and ASA). The ED50 values observed in the extracts of H. madagascariensis extracts in this study were potentiated and the graphs were shifted to the left in the presence of both inhibitors. However, a contrary effect was observed in berberine, in which its ED 50 was shifted to the right non-competitively by the inhibitors. These results demonstrate that extracts from the stem of H. madagascariensis stimulates NO release and this may be a mechanism whereby the constituents of the plant elicit its therapeutic effects in herbal medicine. This study may have relevance in hemostasis, thrombosis and cancer chemotherapy.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Harungana madagascariensis; nitric oxide; equnine platelets, chicken hepatocyte cells, cytotoxicity

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：888

Research Article

Antibacterial activity of terpenoidal fractions from Anogeissus leiocarpus and Terminalia avicennioides against community acquired infections

A. Mann, *, J. O. Amupitan, A. O. Oyewale, J. I. Okogun and K. Ibrahim

Abstract: Terpenoidal fractions were isolated from both Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC) Guill and Perr (Stem) and Terminalia avicennioides Guill and Perr (Root) and assayed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The terpenoidal fractions exhibited antimicrobial activities against all the test microorganisms. All test organisms were susceptible to the terpenoidal fractions. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged between 0.213 and 5.0 µg/ml. The terpenoidal fractions from A. leiocarpus and T. avicennioides could be a potential source of chemotherapeutic agents. The antimicrobial activities of these terpenoidal fractions provide justification for the chemotherapeutic utilization of these plants.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Anogeissus leiocarpus, Terminalia avicennioides, Terpenoidal fractions, antimicrobial activities.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：858

Research Article

Effect of Faidherbia albida on some biochemical parameters of rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei

Tijani A. Y*, Uguru M. O, Salawu O. A, Abubakar A., Onyekwelu N. O. and Akingbasote J. A.

Abstract: Current drugs used in the management of African Trypanosomiasis are toxic and can encounter parasite resistance, hence the need for urgent, less toxic and readily available alternative source of trypanocide. The effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of the stem bark of Faidherbia albida in albino rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei strain Lafia/CT/66/NITR was evaluated. The oral acute toxicity of the extract was determined in rats. Parasitaemia was determined and estimated daily while the packed cell volume (PCV), Total protein, albumin, globulin and free fatty acid were determined at days 5 and 10 post treatment. The results showed that the oral median lethal dose (LD50) was greater than 5000 mg extract/ Kg body weight. There was prolongation of life in the treated groups when compared to the negative control. The administration of the extract led to a highly significant (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Trypanosome brucei brucei, Faidherbia albida, PCV, Free fatty acid.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：848

Research Article

Industries formulating oral antimicrobial suspensions in Nigeria

Mukhtar, M. D.*, Oyeyi T. I. and Ameh, J. B.

Abstract: Pharmaceutical Companies concerned with the manufacture and trading of the commonest varieties of Oral antimicrobial suspensions in Nigeria were identified. This was prompted by an effort to provide a clue to the current Pharmaceutical Industrial growth of the country. This was achieved through a survey conducted to identify the number, distribution location as well as the product of the industries with the aid of questionnaires distributed to manufacturers (Pharmacists and Sales representatives) . Presence of the products was assessed through consultation with whole sales and patent medicine dealers in Kano market one of the main drug distribution foci in Nigeria drug market. A total of 62 functional factories, unevenly distributed in ten states of the federation were identified. There were 26 (41.93%) in Lagos, 12 (19. 35%) in Kano five (8.06%) in Enugu. Imo, Kwara and Ogun States had four (6.45%) each. There were three (4.83) in Oyo, Anambra had two (3.23%) but Osun and Niger State haboured one (1.61%) in each case. The industries formulated one or more among Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Ampiclox, augmentin, Cloxacillin, Choramphenicol, Co-trimazole, Chloroquine erythromycin and metronidazole suspensions presented in various trade names. The study confirmed the proliferation of local Pharmaceutical manufacturing companies capable of producing one or more first choice antimicrobial suspension for use in chemotherapy. This seems as a mark of industrial progress in Nigeria today. Keywords: Oral antimicrobial suspension, industries, Nigeria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Oral antimicrobial suspension, industries, Nigeria.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：879

Research Article

Pharmacognostical standardization of Commiphora berryi (Arn) Engl and phytochemical studies on its crude extracts

Palanisamy Selvamani, Dhrubo Jyoti Sen and Jayanta Kumar Gupta*

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (7), pp. 001-010, July, 2011. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Pharmacognostical standardization of Commiphora berryi (Arn) Engl and phytochemical studies on its crude extracts

Palanisamy Selvamani¹, Dhrubo Jyoti Sen² and Jayanta Kumar Gupta³*

¹Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli – 620 024, India.

²Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana - 384001, India.

³Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata – 700 032, India.

Accepted 21 April, 2011

Commiphora genus of Burseraceae family comprises of more than 175 species. Among them many species have been reported with diverse medicinal potential. Commiphora berryi (Arn) Engl is a member of this genus and has been reported to have potential use in folklore medicine to treat various ailments such as ulcer, infection, loss of appetite etc. To supplement the necessary information for the systematic identification and authentication of this particular species, pharmacognostic standardization of various parts of this plant as per WHO guidelines and phytochemical studies on various crude extracts obtained from the stem bark of this plant were carried out and reported.

Key words: Commiphora berryi, burseraceae, pharmacognostical standardization, phytochemical studies, TLS, LS, RLS.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：909

Research Article

Quantitative structure activity relationship studies for new antimicrobial N2- substituted phenazines

Khairi M.S. Fahelelbom* and Moawia Al-Tabakha

Abstract: The increased availability of iminophenazines with polar substitute in the N2- side chain (notably B826 with a (3- diethylaminopropyl) imino substituent) in the spleen of mice following oral administration prompted an investigation of a possible correlation between the partition coefficient (log P) values and electronic properties expressed by s* with the concentration of the iminophenazines in the spleen of mice. The correlation studies between log P values and the concentration of the iminophenazines in the spleen of mice showed a poor correlation coefficient (r = 0.515), while a much better correlation was obtained using the electronic parameter s*, where the correlation coefficient was 0.911, indicating the significance of the electronic factor in relation to the transport of the compounds to the spleen of mice, despite the high lipophilicity of the iminophenazines.[...] Read More.

Keywords: QSAR, iminophenazines, partition coefficient, electronic parameter.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：843

Research Article

Pharmaceutical potentials of the oils of some popular insects consumed in southern Nigeria

K. E. Ekpo*, A. O. Onigbinde and I. O. Asia

Abstract: Macrotermes bellicosus (MB), Imbrasia belina larva (IBL), Oryctes rhinoceros larva (OR) and Rhynchophorus pheonicis (RP) larva oils were extracted, and the oils were physically and chemically characterized. The lipid content recorded for the insects were 31.46 ± 0.57%, 15.16 ± 0.18%, 14.87 ± 0.33% and 23.30 ± 0.33% (wet weight) for MB, IBL, OR and RP respectively. RP and OR insect oils were golden yellow, odourless and fluid at room temperature (26 ± 2oC), while that extracted from IBL and MB were of a lighter yellow colour. The insect lipids all gave a low solidification temperature and high iodine number indicating a relatively high level of unsaturation of the insect/larval oils. Their saponification values were high suggesting the presence of a fair amount of fatty acids but their acid values were low pointing to the fact that these fatty acids were not free but esterified acids. The cholesterol values were also low but highest in MB with a value of 41.8 ± 0.15 mg/100 g lipid. For all the insects, the neutral lipid fraction was the major fraction in the insect oils. RP had the highest neutral lipid fraction of 88.40 while MB had the least value of 69.87. At the same time MB had the highest phospholipids and glycolipid fractions with values of 19.14 and 10.81 respectively while RP had the least phospholipids and glycolipid fractions with values of 8.20 and 2.60 respectively. For IBL, RP and OR (which are insect larvae) the major fatty acids in the oils were palmitic and oleic acids while for MB (mature insect) the major fatty acids were palmitic and linoleic acids. The insect/larval oils contained more unsaturated fatty acids which explained the high iodine number, low solidification values and the liquid nature of the oils at room temperature. OR recorded the highest level of unsaturation of 65.61 while MB had the least level of unsaturation of 50.02%. Further analysis revealed a refractive index ranging from 1.1 ± 0.01 to 1.3 ± 0.05, specific gravity of 0.84 ± 0.02 to 0.90 ± 0.01, solidification value of 10 - 14°C, total lipid phosphorus ranging from 31.0 ± 0.25 to 47.18 ± 0.03 mg/gm lipid, acid value of 3.12 ± 0.55 to 3.6 ± 0.06, iodine value of 108 ± 0.15 to 140 ± 0.51, saponification value of 187.17 ± 0.55 to 198.9 ± 0.25 and unsaponifiable matter of 8.11 ± 0.02 to 12.04 ± 0.11. These values when compared with that observed in oils which have been considered to be of high quality and of much use in pharmaceutical industries suggest that these insect oils may have pharmaceutical potential.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：826

Research Article

Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of stem bark extracts from Jatropha curcas (Linn)

O. O. Igbinosa*, E. O. Igbinosa and O. A. Aiyegoro

Abstract: The in vitro antimicrobial activity of crude ethanolic, methanolic and water extracts of the stem bark of Jatropha curcas were investigated. The extracts exhibited antimicrobial activities with zones of inhibition ranging from 5 to 12, 8 to 20 and 0 to 8 mm for ethanol, methanol and water extracts respect-ively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ethanol extract was between 0.5 and 6.25 mgml-1 while that of methanol extract ranged from 0.5 to 10 mgml-1. The minimum bactericidal concen-tration (MBC) for ethanol extract ranged between 2.0 and 12.50 mgml-1, while that of methanol ranged from 2.0 to 20 mgml-1. Again all the extracts exhibited appreciable activity against all the fungal species investigated. The zones of inhibition exhibited by the extracts against the test fungal species ranged between 15 and 18, 15 and 20 and 5 and 10 mm for ethanol, methanol and water extracts respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponin, steroids, tannin, glycosides, alkaloids and flavonoids in the extracts. The ability of the crude stem extracts of J. curcas to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi is an indication of its broad spectrum antimicrobial potential which may be employed in the management of microbial infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Jatropha curcas, antimicrobial activity, phytochemical screening, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：958

Short Communication

Anticonvulsant activity of Morinda tinctoria-Roxb

P. Thirupathy Kumaresan* and A. Saravanan

Abstract: Anticonvulsant activity for Morinda tinctoria was evaluated in albino mice of either sex at 3 different dose levels (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg ip) by MES and chemical methods. The extract showed significant (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Morinda tinctoria, anticonvulsant, PTZ, MES.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：815

Research Article

Contact toxicity of some fixed plant oils and stabilized natural pyrethrum extracts against adult maize weevils (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky)

H.N. Wanyika, P.G. Kareru*, J.M. Keriko, A.N. Gachanja, G.M. Kenji and N.J Mukiira

Abstract: The contact toxicity of some selected fixed plant oils and stabilized natural pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) blends against adult maize weevils (Sitophilus zeamais) were investigated. Natural pyrethrum extract was stabilized against ultraviolet (UV) light by blending with fixed oils extracted from Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem tree), Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) and Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton) seeds. Cottonseed oil had the highest stabilization effect on the pyrethrum blend exposed to UV light of 366 nm. The results indicated that the natural pyrethrum extract blended with cottonseed oil was the most potent against maize weevils and that the potency was concentration-time dependent. Cottonseed and neem seed oils enhanced the stabilization of the natural pyrethrum insecticide.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Contact toxicity, maize weevils, ultraviolet light, natural pyrethrum, cottonseed oil.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：866

Research Article

Accessibility of medicines and primary health care: The impact of the revolving drug fund in Khartoum State

Gamal Khalafalla Mohamed Ali

Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of a country where a revolving drug fund (RDF) has lasted for fifteen years and serves more than three million patients annually, with more than SDG 2.8 million (Sudanese Pound) (US$11.1 million) annual turn over. Regardless of the fact that the supply of medicines and improvement in public health facilities utilization are among the main objectives of user fees policy, there is little information on the effect of RDF on accessibility of essential medicines and its impact on the utilization of public health services where RDF schemes have been introduced. We measured the percentage of prescribed medicines dispensed to patients in selected health facilities (both RDF and non-RDF), the availability of essential medicines in a twelve month period in order to determine whether the cost of the medicines is a barrier to utilization of public health services with RDF scheme in Khartoum State (KS). Structured interviews with users (186), personal observations, and archival as well as statistical records were used to capture data of interest relevant to the study objective. The average availability rate of key items was greater (93%) in the RDF facilities compared to 86% in non-RDF facilities. RDF records also showed that the availability of medicines in the RDF health facilities ranged from 95 to 100% in the twelve months period studied. Data from the household survey, demonstrated that over a third (36%) of respondents did not consult public health facilities when a member of a household was ill two weeks prior to the date of interview. Of note, only 9% of them said that this was because of unavailability of medicines. This study suggests that the RDF scheme adopted by KS made essential medicines available at its health facilities and increased health services utilization compared to those without RDF scheme. Therefore, sustained availability of low cost medicines near where people live that benefit previously disadvantaged poor population, particularly the vulnerable rural groups is achievable through RDF.[...] Read More.

Keywords: RDF, accessibility, availability, affordability.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：832

Research Article

Essential oil from gum of Pistacia atlantica Desf.: Screening of antimicrobial activity

B. R. Ghalem* and B. Mohamed

Abstract: The essential oil from the gum of Pistacia atlantica Desf. grown in Algeria was obtained by the hydrodistillation method, and its antimicrobial activities against the growth of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyogenes were evaluated using three different methods; agar disc diffusion and dilution broth methods and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) which was subsequently, determined. The results of the study revealed that essential oil resin of P. atlantica has antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria which are resistant to commonly used antimicrobial agents, and they were considerably dependent on concentration.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Gum of Pistacia atlantica Desf., essential oil, antimicrobial activities, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：848

Research Article

Anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of Eclipta prostrata L. (Astearaceae)

G. Arunachalam*, N. Subramanian, G. P. Pazhani and V. Ravichandran

Abstract: The methanolic extract of leaves of Eclipta prostrata Linn was investigated for anti-inflammatory activity in albino Wistar rats. The methanolic extract administered by the oral route at a concentration of 100 and 200 mgkg-1 showed the significant dose dependent anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenin and egg white induced hind paw oedema in rats. Anti-inflammatory activity of the tested extract was comparable with that of the standard drug indomethacin (10 mgkg-1) and cyproheptadine (8 mgkg-1) . The results lend support to the traditional use of E. prostrata in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Eclipta prostrate, methanolic extract, albino Wistar rats, anti-inflammatory activity.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：821

Research Article

Antibacterial evaluation of selected Moroccan medicinal plants against Streptococcus pneumoniae

K. Warda, M. Markouk*, K. Bekkouche, M. Larhsini A. Abbad, A. Romane and M. Bouskraoui

Abstract: In Morocco, most people particularly in rural areas use medicinal plants to treat diseases. In order to find new antipneumococcal extracts, an ethnobotanical survey has been conducted in different regions of Marrakesh (south of Morocco). Four plants often cited by traditional practitioners (Marrubium vulgare, Thymus pallidus, Eryngium ilicifolium and Lavandula stoechas) are tested against Streptococcus pneumoniae responsible for pharyngitis, rhinitis, otitis and sinusitis infections. Aqueous and methanol extracts have been prepared and tested on S. pneumoniae collected in four regions of Marrakesh. A significant activity has been observed with methanol extracts of three plants; M. vulgare, T. pallidus and L. stoechas (MIC= 256 µg/ml).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Streptococcus pneumoniae, antibacterial activity, medicinal plants, phytochemical screening.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：857

Research Article

Clinical evaluation of 99mTc -2IT-INH in normal subjects and patients with tubercular lesions

Namrata Singh,* and Aseem Bhatnagar

Abstract: 99mTc-INH of high labeling efficiency and stability has been developed using indirect method. In vitro studies and animal experiments indicated its advantages as a specific tuberculosis imaging agent. The objective of this study was to establish the efficacy of 99mTc-INH in humans with sensitive as well as resistant tuberculosis by conducting a phase I clinical trial. The biodistribution studies were done in normal subjects and phase I clinical trial was conducted in 20 patients. Whole body scan and spots were acquired at 1 and 4 h. Angiography, blood pool and 24 h spot images of the lesion bearing areas were also acquired. The biodistribution suggested absence of in vivo breakdown of radiotracer, with main excretory pathways being hepatobiliary and renal. The biodistribution of 99mTc-INH was similar to the unlabeled INH reported earlier. Out of 20 patients, 13 patients with sensitive tubercular lesions in the lungs or bone and 2 patients with resistant tubercular lesion in lungs concentrated the 99mTc-INH while in the other 5 cases with old healed lesions no concentration of 99mTc-INH was observed in scintigraphy. An unsuspected bony lesion was discovered in a patient with known pulmonary disease. Bone lesions were visualized within 1 h while pulmonary lesions accumulated 99mTc-INH very slowly with time and 24 h acquisition appeared essential for the diagnostic interpretation. No adverse reaction was observed in the patients post injection. 99mTc-INH developed is safe for human use and has potential to qualify as a specific tuberculosis imaging radiopharmaceutical.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Isoniazid (INH), 99mTc, scintigraphy, clinical trials, radiopharmaceutical.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：895

Research Article

Pre-hospital and prescription use of antibacterial drugs at a secondary health centre in Ibadan, Nigeria

F. A. Fehintola

Abstract: The overall goal of this study is to reduce morbidity and mortality ascribable to bacterial infections by encouraging rational use of antibiotics. Antibiotics use prior to and prescriptions of antibiotics by the attending physicians were evaluated in a group of patients attending a secondary health facility. A quasi-exit interview was conducted using a structured questionnaire. The major presenting symptoms were sought from patients and/or parents and/or guardians; drug history was taken and doctors’ prescriptions were copied onto an already prepared format. All data were entered into EPI-INFO version 6 for analyses. The mean age of patients who were enrolled was 14 ± 16.96 [range: 0.08-78 years] but males patients were statistically younger than females: respectively 9.94 ± 15.48 years (0.08-78 years) and 18.43 ±17.10 years (range: 0.08 – 70 years); F: 122 P< 0.00. Pre-hospital use of antibiotics was documented in about a third of all the patients and cotrimoxazole was the most commonly used antibiotics accounting for 68.5% of antibiotics use in this group patients. Antibiotics were contained in more than half of all the prescriptions and erythromycin and cephalosporin were antibiotics of choice. This is contrary to the previous findings in the same area of study but different health facility. There is need for formulation of appropriate drug policy and establishment of continuing medical education for doctors as well as public enlightenment programmes on rational use of antibiotics.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibiotics Nigeria prescription cotrimoxazole use pre-hospital.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：1226

Research Article

Production of phenolic compounds from Spirulina maxima microalgae and its protective effects in vitro toward hepatotoxicity model

Hanaa H. Abd El-Baky*, Farouk K. El Baz and Gamal S. El-Baroty

Abstract: This study illustrates the process of enhancing phenolics synthesis in Spirulina maxima grown in Zarrouk’s medium supplemented with sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and or phenylalanine (L-PA), attaining highest production obtained in medium containing 3.77 g.L-1 NaNO3 and 100 mgL -1 L-PA. HPLC profile showed the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids predominantly with gallate, chlorogenate, cinnamate, pinostrobate and p-OH- benzoates. The protective action of Spirulina phenolic compounds ( SPC) against CCl4-induced in vitro hepato-toxicity symptoms like microsomal lipid peroxidation and hydroxyl radical formation was studied. SPC exhibited antioxidant effects on DPPH radical scavenging with IC50 values ranging from 23.22 to 35.62 mgmL-1 and inhibit CCl4 induced lipid peroxidation in hepato- microsoms model, in dose-depended manner. Their protective potential was comparable to that of standard phenolic antioxidants such as BHT, BHA and – tocopherol (IC50 values ranged from 13.22 to 23.62 mgmL-1).[...] Read More.

Keywords:

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：816

Research Article

Antisickling properties of the fermented mixture of Carica papaya Linn and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

Cyril-Olutayo Christianah Mojisola*, Elujoba Adebolu Anthony and Durosinmi Muheez Alani

Abstract: The antisickling properties of fermented mixture of dried unripe fruit pulp of Carica papaya and dried Sorghum bicolor leaves, mixed in equal proportions in distilled water, was carried out using sodium metabisulphite sickled red blood cells and the result presented. Equal weight of dried C. papaya fruit pulp and S. bicolor leaves were fermented together in distilled water at room temperature and the aque-ous extract obtained and used for antisickling assays. The extract gotten from the materials incubated for 5 days indicated as SP5, was found to have the highest antisickling properties with 93% inhibitory and 84% reversal activities. The concentration of the day 5 extract was further varied. 0.2 ml was found to be the optimum volume of the test extracts.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antisickling, reversal, inhibitory, Carica papaya, Sorghum bicolor, sickle cell anaemia.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：838

Research Article

The modulatory effect of Cochlospermum tinctorium a rich aqueous root extract on liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats

E. U. Etuk*, B. M. Agaie, M. J. Ladan and I. Garba

Abstract: The aqueous root extract of Cochlospermum tinctorium (CTR) was investigated for its phytochemical composition; acute oral toxicity and hepatoprotective effect on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in rats. Phytochemical screening indicates the presence of alkaloids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, triterpenes, cyanogenic glycosides and volatile oils while steroids and anthraquinones were absent. Administration of 5000 mg/kg (body weight) of the extract orally did not produce any death in the rats within the observable period. The extract at 100 – 300 mg/kg (body weight) significantly and dose dependently reduced the levels of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes levels in the CCl4 -treated rats. The values of serum albumin, serum total protein and reduced glutathione in the extract treated groups of rats remained comparatively higher than its values in the CCl4 - treated group. The pretreatment of the rats with the extract produced a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in blood clotting time. The histopathological findings were in support of the biochemical changes recorded during the study. These results suggest that aqueous root extract of CTR possess hepatoprotective effect against CCl4- induced liver damage in rats and the extract at 5000 mg/kg body weight appeared to be safe when administered orally.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cochlospermum tinctorium, carbon tetrachloride, transaminases, hepatoprotective.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：907

Research Article

Pilot study comparing technologies to test for substandard drugs in field settings

Roger Bate, *, Richard Tren, Kimberly Hess, Lorraine Mooney and Karen Porter

Abstract: Researchers procured a range of antimalarial, antibiotic and antimycobacterial drugs from cities in six countries: Ghana, India, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda. Semi-quantitative thin-layer chromato-graphy (TLC) and disintegration tests, Raman spectrometry, and near-infrared (NIR) spectrometry were used to measure the concentration of active ingredients and excipients (spectrometry only) to deter-mine whether the tested samples were of good quality. Overall, 15% of tested samples failed TLC, 13% of tested samples failed disintegration tests, 41% of tested samples failed NIR spectrometry, and 47% of tested samples failed Raman spectrometry. The drug testing technologies were qualitatively compared in terms of time, cost, and reliability for identifying substandard drugs in the field. NIR and Raman spectrometry compared favorably to TLC in most respects except cost. If the indirect costs of TLC— including requirements for a climate controlled location and trained laboratory staff—are considered, the cost advantage of TLC may disappear in developing countries.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Raman and near-infrared spectrometry, thin-layer chromatography, counterfeit and substandard drug production, regulation of drug quality.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：878

Research Article

Potential antioxidant phenolic metabolites from doum palm leaves

Omayma A. Eldahshan, Nahla A. Ayoub*, Abdel-Nasser B. Singab and Mohamed M. Al-Azizi

Abstract: The antioxidant activity of the aqueous ethanolic extract of doum leaves, Hyphaene thebaica L. (Palmae) was studied. Data obtained showed that the extract can inhibit reactive oxygen species attack on salicylic acid (IC50 = 1602 µg/ml) in a dose dependant manner using xanthine/hypoxanthine oxidase assay. Four major flavonoidal compounds were identified by LC/SEI as; Quercetin glucoside, Kaempferol rhamnoglucoside and Dimethyoxyquercetin rhamnoglucoside. While, further in-depth phytochemical investigation of this extract lead to the isolation and identification of fourteen compounds; their structures were elucidated based upon the interpretation of their spectral data (UV, 1H, 13C NMR and ESI/MS) as; 8-C- -D-glucopyranosyl-5, 7, 4`-trihydroxyflavone (vitexin) 1, 6-C- -D-glucopyranosyl-5, 7, 4`-trihydroxyflavone (iso-vitexin) 2, quercetin 3-O- - 4C1-D-glucopyranoside 3, gallic acid 4, quercetin 7-O- -4C1-D-glucoside 5, luteolin 7-O- -4C1-D-glucoside 6, tricin 5 O- -4C1-D-glucoside 7, 7, 3` dimethoxy quercetin 3-O-[6''-O- -L-rhamnopyranosyl]- -D-gluco-pyranoside (Rhamnazin 3-O-rutinoside) 8 kaempferol-3-O-[6''-O- -L-rhamnopyranosyl]- -D-glucopyranoside (nicotiflorin) 9, apigenin 10, luteolin 11, tricin 12, quercetin 13 and kaempferol 14.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：829

Research Article

Anti-diabetic properties of Tinospora cordifolia stem extracts on streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats

M. Rajalakshmi, J. Eliza, Cecilia Edel Priya, Nirmala A and P. Daisy*

Abstract: The oral administration of various extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol) of Tinospora cordifolia stem (TCS) were found to have potent antidiabetic activity that reduces blood sugar level in streptozotocin-(STZ) induced diabetic rats. In this study, the chronic (100 days) antihyperglycemic effect of the extracts at a dose of 250 mg/kg b.w.p.d of TCS were investigated. Insulin was used as a reference drug at a dose of 3 I.U/kg.b.w.p.d. Fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1C), serum insulin, C- peptide and liver enzymes levels were evaluated in normal, diabetic and treated rats. Supplementation of methanol extract significantly reduces the fasting blood glucose level when compared to other 2 extracts. Moreover this supplementation significantly decreases the glycosylated hemoglobin level as compare to diabetic control (p < 0.001), reduced glucokinase and increased glucose-6- phoaphatase activity were reversed significantly by the treatment of TCS methanol extract in respect to diabetic group. In the TCS treated groups, the insulin and C-peptide levels were improved which shows the regeneration of -cell which secretes insulin, histopathological studies of pancreas of TCS methanol extract treated groups substantiate the regenerating capacity of extract.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Tinospora cordifolia, streptozotocin, hypoglycemic, glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1C), serum insulin, C-peptide, glucokinase and glucose-6-phoaphatase.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：860

Research Article

Saffron (Crocus sativus) increases gastric acid and pepsin secretions in rats: Role of nitric oxide (NO)

Fatemeh Nabavizadeh*, Ehsan Salimi, Zahra Sadroleslami, Seyed Morteza Karimian and Jalal Vahedian

Abstract: This study was designed to investigate the effects of saffron extract on gastric acid and pepsin secretion. In this study wistar rats (n = 8) were divided into 3 groups, N-L-Nitro-L- arginine methyl ester (LNAME) + saffron and control groups. In the saffron group 100 mg/kg saffron extract was administered orally for 5 days. In the LNAME + saffron group, 40 mg/kg LNAME was injected intraperitoneally 1 h before using saffron extract. In the control group normal saline was given orally for 5 days before the experiment. Under general anesthesia with 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal (i.p) sodium thiopental, laparotomy was done and a cannula was inserted into the duodenum. Gastric content was collected by wash out technique. Basal and stimulated acid and pepsin secretions were measured using titration and the Anson method, respectively. In this study, pentagastrin (25 µg/kg, i.p) was used as a stimulator. In the saffron group, basal and stimulated acid and pepsin secretions were significantly more than control group (p = 0.006, p = 0.008). But there were no significant differences in basal and stimulated acid and pepsin secretions in the LNAME + saffron and control groups. Saffron extract increased basal and stimulated gastric secretions. It seems that the saffron extract increases them via NO increment.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Saffron, gastric acid secretion, pepsin secretion, NO.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：778

Research Article

The protective effect of quercetin, green tea or malt extracts against experimentally-induced lung fibrosis in rats

Nesrine S. El-Sayed* and Sherine M. Rizk

Abstract: The possible protective potentials of quercetin (50 mg/kg, p.o.), green tea extract (1 mg/kg, p.o.) malt extract (625 mg/kg, p.o.) and deprenyl (10 mg/kg, i.p.) against paraquat (PQ) -induced lung injury in rats were examined. PQ was administered twice a week (20 mg/kg, i.p.) with or without daily pretreatment with any of the chosen agents for 3 successive weeks. Changes in the enzymatic activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as reduced glutathione (GSH), protein thiols (Pr-SHs) and nitric oxide (NO) contents of the lungs were determined. In addition, estimation of lung content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) measured as malondialdehyde. Moreover, histopathological examination of the lung tissue was performed. On the biochemical level, PQ provoked remarkable lung damage noted by elevation of neutrophils MPO activity accompanied by decreased activities of cytosolic SOD and LDH, depletion of GSH and Pr-SHs contents as well as increased production of NO and TBARS. Furthermore, histopathological examination revealed marked edema, subpleural hemorrhage, acute inflammation and lymphocytic infiltration. Treatment significantly protected against most of PQ-induced lung biochemical and histopathological changes. It could be concluded that quercetin, green tea, malt extract and deprenyl offered remarkable protection against PQ-induced lung injury.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Paraquat, quercetin, green tea, malt, deprenyl, lung, rats.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：880

Research Article

Gentamicin and erythromycin modify post prandial glucose excursion in New Zealand rabbits

Bello, Shaibu Oricha* and Chika, Aminu

Abstract: The influence of gentamicin and erythromycin on glucose excursion after oral glucose loads was evaluated in twelve New Zealand rabbits, weighting between 1278 and 1861 g. The rabbits were randomized into three equal groups and were given either 5 mg/kg of Gentamicin i.m., 50 mg/kg of Erythromycin per oral or 0.9% Saline. One hour later, all the rabbits were given 2.5 g/kg of glucose per oral in 5 mls of 0.9% saline. Blood glucose levels were determined just before oral glucose loads, then every 1 h for 4 h, using commercial glucometer. Gentamicin pre-treatment significantly increased the peak glucose level (1 h) and significantly reduced the half -life of the rise in glucose level compared to controls. On the other hand, erythromycin pre-treatment caused significant increase in the glucose levels at 3 and 4 h while the peak glucose level (1 h) was not significantly different. The perturbation of glycemic response to glucose load revealed by both drugs may be clinically important in persons undergoing screening for glycemia and patients under care.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Gentamicin, erythromycin, glucose, insulin, rabbits, kinetics, prandial.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：865

Research Article

Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of crude extracts from the root, stem bark, and leaves of Terminalia glaucescens

Adebayo, E. A. and Ishola, O. R.

Abstract: The root, stem-bark and leaves of Terminalia glaucescens were investigated for activity against some pathogenic organisms. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, anthraquinones and phlobatannins (mostly in root and stem -bark). The results of in-vitro antimicrobial screening of the crude methanol extract exhibited a wide range of activity on Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Candida albicans. The crude leaf extracts inhibited the growth of E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhi and C. albicans at a concentration of 50, 80, 40 and 60 mg/ml respectively, while the stem-bark extract had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 40 mg/ml on K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, S. typhi and 30 mg/ml on C. albicans. The extract from the root inhibited the growth of E. coli at a concentration of 10 mg/ml while K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis and C. albicans were inhibited at a concentration of 60 mg/ml. The findings indicated that the extracts from T. glaucescens, contained bioactive components that have antimicrobial properties. Key word: Terminalia glaucescens, phytochemical, antimicrobial agents, crude extract, minimum inhibitory concentration.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Terminalia glaucescens, phytochemical, antimicrobial agents, crude extract, minimum inhibitory concentration.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：871

Research Article

Ethnophytotherapeutic information for the treatment of high blood pressure among the people of Ilugun, Ilugun area of Ogun State, south-west Nigeria

Lawal, I. O.*, Uzokwe, N. E., Ladipo, D. O., Asinwa, I. O. and Igboanugo, A. B. I.

Abstract: Ethnophytotherapeutic information includes the contribution of indigenous knowledge using plants to provide native remedies for varieties of ailment. In African, various species of plants are used in the traditional medicine for the cure of chronic cardio-vascular diseases, where hypertension is one of them. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain enthnomedical information on the treatment of high blood pressure in the Yoruba speaking communities of Ilugun area of Ogun State. Nine species: (Ficus exasperata, Heliotropium indicum, Afromomum melegueta, Justicia schimperi, Persea americana, Talinium triangulare, Afraegle paniculatum, Newboldia laevis and Chenopodium ambrosioides) from different families were identified as being used for curing high blood pressure. Plants are documented for further research on chemical composition and active ingredients contained in these plant parts.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ethnophytotherapy, herbal treatment, high blood pressure, Ilugun people, traditional medicines.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：867

Research Article

PAMAM-drug complex for delivering anticancer drug across blood-brain barrier in-vitro and in-vivo

Daming Cui, Qiwu Xu, Shixin Gu, Jinlong Shi and Xiaoming Che*

Abstract: The delivery of anticancer drugs to the brain is profoundly limited by blood-brain barrier (BBB). The purpose of this work is to develop a new carrier for doxorubicin to overcome the BBB. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer, a novel nanoscopic high- branching polymer, was exploited as an efficient carrier of doxorubicin. The MTT assay showed that PAMAM (generation 3) had little cytotoxicity in brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) . The results of fluorescence intensity assay and fluorescent microscopy showed that the cellular uptake of PAMAM/doxorubicin complex was much higher than that of free doxorubicin and exhibited concentration and time dependent manners. The action of PAMAM in increasing the cellular uptake of doxorubicin was stronger than that of verapamil, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor. In body distribution study, the brain uptake of doxorubicin in PAMAM/doxorubicin group increased dramatically (about 6-fold) compared to that in free doxorubicin group. These data suggest that the novel PAMAM/drug complex is a simple but efficient system, which showed great capability to cross the BBB. PAMAM dendrimer could be used as an effective carrier to deliver anticancer drugs to the brain.[...] Read More.

Keywords: PAMAM, doxorubicin, blood-brain barrier, p-glycoprotein.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：772

Research Article

Dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect of silymarin in experimental animal model of chronic inflammation

Kasim Mahmood Juma'a, Zheen Aorahman Ahmed, Intesar Tariq Numan and Saad Abdul Rehman Hussain*

Abstract: Silymarin is a polyphenolic flavonoid derived from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) that has anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and anticarcinogenic effects. It has been used medicinally to treat liver disorders including acute and chronic viral hepatitis, toxin/drug induced hepatitis and alcoholic liver disease. The efficacy and dose-response effect of silymarin (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) were assessed against negative and positive control using formalin- induced paw edema in rats as a model of chronic inflammation. In this model, all doses of silymarin were given intraperitonealy (IP) 30 min before induction of inflammation and continued for 7 consecutive days. Paw edema was measured before and 6 days after induction of inflammation using vernier caliper method and balance method. Silymarin in 250 and 500 mg/kg significantly lowered paw edema (P < 0.05) in both methods and found to be comparable with that produced by the reference drug dexamethazone and significantly different from that produced by acetyl salicylic acid and silymarin 125 mg/kg (P < 0.05). Therefore, silymarin exerts anti-inflammatory activity in rat model of chronic inflammation which was significantly increased as the dose increased up to 500 mg/kg. Keywords: Silymarin, chronic inflammation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Silymarin, chronic inflammation.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：1007

Research Article

Study of Nigella sativa oil in the management of wheeze associated lower respiratory tract illness in children

Jameel Ahmad*, Rahat Ali Khan and M. Ashraf Malik

Abstract: Nigella sativa seeds and its oil had been widely used in traditional medicine (particularly in Unani Medicine) for a wide variety of illnesses including bronchial asthma in adults. The adjuvant effect of N. sativa oil in patients of bronchial asthma has already been reported but, no work had yet been done in very common disease of children called wheeze associated lower respiratory tract illness (wheeze associated LRTI). So In the present study 84 patients of wheeze associated LRTI were investigated for any beneficial role of N. sativa oil in this condition. Control group (41) and test group (43), were administered with Standard treatment and N. sativa oil along with Standard treatment in dose of 0.1 ml/kg/day, respectively. Patients were assessed on 0 (Zero) day and reassessed on 3rd, 7th, 10th and 14th day of treatment by using Pulmonary Index (PI) and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR). The PI was reduced more in test group as compared to control group in all days of treatment and difference was statistically significant on 3rd day (P < 0.05) . The inter-group comparison on 3rd, 7th, 10th and 14th day also showed significant reduction in PI of test group compared to control group (P 0.05). In inter-group comparison, the improvement in PEFR was observed only till 7th day of treatment in the control group but it was unto 14th day of treatment in the test group (P[...] Read More.

Keywords:

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：788

Research Article

Effects of the aqueous fruit extract of Solanum macrocarpum L., Î±-solanidine, nicotinic acid, cholestyramine and simvastatin on liver function of hyperlipidaemic rats administered triton-X orally for

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Studies were conducted on the effect of 50mg/kg each of the aqueous fruit extract of Solanum macrocarpum, α-solanidine, (a steroidal glycoalkaloid found in the Solanaceae), three antihyperlipidaemic drugs nicotinic acid, simvastatin and cholestyramine) on forty two (42) rats made hyperlipidaemic by treating them with 400 mg/kg triton-X for 7 days. The rats were divided into 7 groups of 6 rats each. At 24h, 48h and 72h respectively, the rats in each group were humanely sacrificed and blood samples collected for biochemical liver analysis. The liver function analyzed were total protein, albumin, total bilirubin and liver enzymes (ALP, ALT, and AST). The extract, α-solanidine and the three hypolipidaemic drugs all significantly increased (P0.05) in albumin for the five substances tested. Bilirubin levels however decreased significantly (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Solanum macrocarpum, aqueous extract, liver function, hyperlipidaemic rats, α-solanidine, hypolipidaemic drugs.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：4062

Research Article

A comparative study of prescribing patterns in two tertiary care teaching hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria

Arinola E. Joda* and Roseline I. Aderemi-Williams

Abstract: Worldwide, it is estimated that over half of all medicines are prescribed, dispensed or sold inappropriately, and that half of all patients fail to take their medicine correctly. Measuring drug use is a requirement for improving drug use either at the individual facility or national level. Much work has been done by World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Network on Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD) in providing tools for such measurements. The main objective of this work was to document and compare prescribing patterns in two teaching hospitals in Lagos State using WHO/INRUD developed indicators. The survey was conducted in the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH) and the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH). Prescriptions were sampled in both facilities and data required to document prescribing patterns collected. A total of 933 prescriptions were surveyed. Results obtained revealed that in the two facilities the average drugs used per encounter was 3.55, generic prescribing was less than 50% and encounters with antibiotics are high. On analysis, statistically significant differences existed on average number of drugs prescribed, use of generic nomenclature, percentage antibiotic use and percentage injection use in the two facilities. Long-term, intensive interventions should be carried out to ensure rational use of drugs in these facilities that are centers of excellence in medical and pharmaceutical care.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Rational drug use, investigating drug use, teaching hospitals, prescribing indicators, WHO/INRUD drug use indicators.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：4382

Research Article

Opinion and knowledge of Nigerian physiotherapists on relevance and usefulness of pharmacology education on dosage of topical medications

Onigbinde Ayodele Teslim, Bamitale Kayode D.S, Olaogun Matthew O. B, Makinde Olufisayo Olukemi, Adetoogun Gbadegesin Elubode, Odeyemi Emmanuel

Abstract: The aims of this study were to evaluate the knowledge of Nigerian physiotherapists on dosage prescription for topical medications using Finger Tip Unit as an index; and also to determine their opinion on impact and usefulness of pharmacology education on topical medications. A self-administered questionnaire was utilized for this study. The participants were classified into 2 groups: those who had pharmacology education (48 participants) and those without formal education (59 participants) during undergraduate training. The data were analyzed using descriptive and non-parametric inferential statistics. Thirty-five respondents (85.4%) and 37 respondents (67.3%) of those with and without pharmacology education respectively showed poor knowledge of prescription dosages using Finger Tip Unit. A range of 66.1% to 83.3% of respondents did not respond to the questions on dosage of topical medications while only a range of very few (14.6% - 37.2%) knew the equivalence of FTU in gram among the 2 groups. The result showed that 38 physiotherapists (79.1%) and 46 (78.0%) with and without pharmacology education respectively agreed that extensive pharmacology education would have improved their knowledge of topical drugs and prescription. Similarly, 39 physiotherapists (81.3%) and 44 (80.0%) with and without pharmacology education respectively agreed that an extensive knowledge of pharmacotherapy is useful to practice and that it increases the quality of clinical practice. The result of the Chi square test showed that the number of respondents without pharmacology education who agreed with the positive opinion statements was significantly higher than that of those who had pharmacology education (X2 = -2.32, P = 0.003). The study concluded that both physiotherapists with and without pharmacology training have poor knowledge of dosage prescription of topical medications using FTU. Also, most respondents opined that pharmacology is relevant and useful to clinical physiotherapy practice. [...] Read More.

Keywords: Pharmacology education, clinical physiotherapy, relevance and usefulness, prescription dosages, Finger Tip Unit.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：3107

Research Article

Management of subclinical mastitis with mastilep gel and herbal spray (AV/AMS/15)

P Hase, S Digraskar, K Ravikanth, M Dandale, S Maini

Abstract: A clinical trial was conducted to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of Mastilep gel and topical herbal spray (AV/AMS/15) against treatment of sub clinical mastitis. The mastitis suspected bovine cases presented to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC) and the instructional livestock farm, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Parbhani, Maharashtra state, India were incorporated in study. The cows were screened by performing Mastrip test and Modified California Mastitis Test. All animals were grouped in 3 groups of 10 animals in each. Group A (Control Group) was given no treatment, Group B – treated with herbal spray (AV/AMS/15) sprayed on udder/affected quarters post milking BID for 5 days, Group C- Mastilep gel (applied gently by massaging the udder), post milking BID for 5 days. Somatic cell count (SCC), milk fat content, milk yield was evaluated along with microbiological investigations (isolation and identification). SCC in AV/AMS/15 sprayed and Mastilep gel treated group was reduced significantly on the 5th day of treatment to 2.89±0.83 and 4.01±2.06 respectively. After treatment milk yield in cows suffering from sub clinical mastitis increased significantly with unchanged Milk fat %. Milk samples of all the affected quarters revealed predominance of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Escherichia coli as the causative agents of bovine sub clinical mastitis. On the basis of microbial investigation on the 5th day, 60% cure rate was recorded in Mastilep gel treated cows and 70% after treatment with AV/AMS/15 herbal formulation. Affected animals were negative for subclinical mastitis at the end of the experiment. As far as comparison between therapeutic efficacy of AV/AMS/15 herbal spray (Group B) and Mastilep gel (Group C) is concerned with both at par. However, the efficacy of AV/AMS/15 herbal spray, in reducing the SCC in milk was higher as compared to Mastilep gel and the significant difference (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mastitis, SCC, mastilep, herbal, udder.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：5121

Review

Thai medicinal plants: Potential sources of anti-cholangiocarcinoma drugs

Tullayakorn Plengsuriyakarn, Veerachai Thitapakorn, Kesara Na-Bangchang, Juntra Karbwang*

Abstract: Accepted 04 March, 2013 Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), the bile duct cancer, is a major public health problem in several parts of the world particularly in Southeast Asia. The incidence of CCA in northeastern Thailand is high. The most effective treatment is surgical removal in early stage patients. However most patients present to the hospital in advanced stage, which is inoperable. There is no standard chemotherapy regimen for advanced stage. The life expectancy after being diagnosed is 12 weeks. The existing chemotherapeutics are not effective. There is an urgent need to explore other effective agents to combat with this devastating disease. Several medicinal plants used in traditional medicine have been demonstrated to exhibit promising anti-CCA activities either in in vitro and/or in vivo models. These include triptolide from Tripterygium wilfordii, the ubiquitous tannic acid,Atractylodes lancea (Thunb) DC., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Prasa-Prao-Yhai formulation, and curcumin, the pure compound isolated from Curcuma longa Linn.Their mechanisms of anti-CCA activities are either through direct activities on cancer cells (induction of apoptosis, stimulation of cell cycle arrest, and cytotoxicity, etc.) or through indirect activities through promotion of host immune system (inhibition of inflammation caused by liver fluke infection, inhibition of NF-kB-regulated gene products expression involved in DNA damage, etc.). The candidate leads from these plants for CCA treatment are awaited. Their potential roles in CCA either when using alone or as adjunct therapy should be further investigated. Keywords:Cholangiocarcinoma,anticholangiocarcinoma,medicinalplants,purecompound,chemotherapyCholangiocarcinoma, anti-cholangiocarcinoma, medicinal plants, pure compound, chemotherapy.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：5400

Research Article

Prevalence of obesity: Related risks and side effects

Somia Gul, Sana Sarfaraz and Nida Shamim

Abstract: Obesity is an increase in body weight beyond the limitation of skeletal and physical requirements, as the result of excessive accumulation of body fat. The aim of this study is to evaluate obesity-related dietary behaviors and to scrutinize the use of anti-obesity drugs and their long term effectiveness versus the risks and side effects associated with these treatments. Through this research we are seeking to explore recent discoveries in order to propel the forces contributing to obesity and towards developing strategies for its treatment rather risking precious lives. For this purpose, we had conducted a survey including a total of 540 sample out of which 270eligible individuals were judged on their eating behavior’s and on the contrary, 270 married individuals were questioned about their health weight history. It concluded that, the younger generation is not particularly concerned with the future consequences associated with obesity, while the married people face several problems associated with it. [...] Read More.

Keywords: Obesity, dietary behaviors, orlistat, sibutramine, therapies.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：2686

Research Article

Urinary excretion of mannose and mannose related compounds in humans consuming Aloe saponaria pulp

Claudia S. Fallati , María E. Olivera, Laura C. Luciani-Giacobbe , Carolina B. Romañuk, Ruben H. Manzo* ,

Abstract: The adhesion of Escherichia coli to uroepithelium can be altered by the interaction between specific carbohydrate molecules and the receptors on the bacterial surface. Mannose is one of the most potent inhibitors among carbohydrates. Aloe saponaria, currently used as a dietary supplement, contains polymannanes as main components. This work was designed to evaluate the mannose oligosaccharide metabolites excretion after oral intake of Aloe saponaria pulp in order to estimate its potential utility in preventing urinary infections. Five volunteers received a daily oral intake of Aloe saponaria pulp for 7 days. Urine samples were collected at time 0 and on the seventh day and assayed for their mannose contents by Dubois method, TLC, HPLC and 1H-NMR. The results showed that the oral intake of Aloe Saponaria fresh pulp produced sugar excretion, composed mainly of mannose and mannose related compounds, suggesting that Aloe saponaria pulp could be a potential therapeutic agent for prevention of urinary tract infection.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aloe saponaria, mannose, urinary excretion, urinary tract infection, anti-adhesion therapy, uropathogenic Escherichia coli.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：3781

Research Article

Comparative assessment of prescription quality among hypertensive patients in South-West Nigeria

*Akunne OO (M.Sc.), Adedapo ADA (FWACP M.SC).

Abstract: Rational drug use is consequential to effective management of chronic conditions such as hypertension. This study was carried out to compare the quality of prescription in patients attending the outpatient clinics of a tertiary hospital in Nigeria against standard values and to compare study findings with similar studies carried out in other parts of the country. One thousand nine hundred and seventy-two case notes were reviewed following each clinic. Quality of prescription was assessed using WHO prescribing indicators. There were 58.4% females and 41.6% males of an average aged of 59.6±11.8 years. Average number of drugs per encounter was 3.9. Only 56.9% of drugs were prescribed by their generic name. Percentage of encounters containing antibiotic and injection were 3.6% and 0.9% respectively. About 87.7% of drugs prescribed were from the essential drug list. The most prescribed drug aside from antihypertensives was aspirin occurring in 843 (43.7%) of the 1927 eligible encounters. Quality of prescription in Ibadan, Nigeria as with other parts of the country was found to be low. Although, use of antibiotics and injection was low, poly-pharmacy and low prescription of drugs by their generic names were observed, educational interventions are needed to improve prescribing quality.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Prescription quality, rational drug, hypertension, WHO prescribing indicators, Nigeria.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：3468

Research Article

Reduced treg and onset of a TH1pattern in combined HSP70 and propranolol treatment of fibrosarcoma-bearing mice

Ahmad Khalili, Shahram Shahabi, Ali A. Pourfathollah, Seyed N. Ostad, Shokoofe Noori, Mehdi Mahdavi, Arezoo Shajiei and Zuhair M. Hassan*

Abstract: Experimental strategies for cancer treatment have been developed to enhance cell-mediated immunity; some have generated promising results. Several heat shock proteins (HSP) derived from tumorgenic cells have been found capable of effectively initiating specific anti tumor immunity. The sympathetic nervous system innervates primary lymphoid organs and also influences T-lymphocyte maturation. This study had two main objectives: first to evaluate the effects of HSP-70-rich tumor lysate as an experimental tumor treatment and secondly, to assess whether by promoting anti-tumor cell-mediated immune responses, propranolol could improve cancer therapy outcomes. In this study, female BALB/c mice and mouse fibrosarcoma cells were used to establish a tumor model. After treatment with HSP70-rich lysate, with or without pronpranolol co-treatment, splenocyte proliferation was evaluated using ELISA BrdU kits. The ability of the treatments to shift the cytokine profile was evaluated by measuring host splenocyte IFN and IL-4 production ex vivo. The frequency of T-regulatory (Treg) cells in the spleen was analyzed using anti-CD4, anti-CD25, and anti-Foxp3 triple-color immunostaining. Assessments of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity and in situ tumor growth were also performed. The results showed that, compared to the untreated control group, a decrease in tumor size, IL-4 production, and levels of splenic CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells was observed as a result of the propranolol + HSP70 co-treatment. A significant increase in IFNγ formation was also noted. This study confirmed our hypothesis that parallel administration of HSP70-enriched lysate and propranolol could reduce tumor size in situ through increases in IFNγ and decreases in IL-4, in part via an augmentation of the host TH1-type immune response.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Immune modulation, sympathetic nervous system, heat shock proteins (HSP), tumor-antigen-specific CTL.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：2656

Research Article

In vivo antidiarrheal and ex-vivo spasmolytic activities of the aqueous extract of the roots of Echinops kebericho Mesfin (Asteraceae) in rodents and isolated guinea-pig ileum

Fisseha Shiferie and Workineh Shibeshi

Abstract: The root extract of Echinops kebericho is used traditionally for the treatment of diarrhea. This study describes the anti-diarrheal and anti-spasmodic activities of the aqueous root extract of E. kebericho. The effect of extract in rodents on castor oil-induced intestinal transit, diarrhea and enteropooling was evaluated at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight. The effects of extract on acetylcholine-induced guinea pig ileum contractions were also evaluated. In the castor oil induced intestinal transit test, E. kebericho produced a dose dependent decrease in intestinal propulsion with peristaltic index values of 45.05±3.3, 42.71±2.25 and 33.17±3.3%, respectively at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg compared with control (63.43±7.3%). In the castor oil-induced diarrhea test, the mean defecation was reduced from 1.81±0.18 to 0.99 ± 0.21 compared with 2.59 ±0.81 for control. The same parameter for 400 mg/kg of extract (0.99±0.21) was comparable to loperamide (0.97 ± 0.21). The extract significantly decreased the volume of intestinal fluid secretion induced by castor oil (2.31±0.1 to 2.01±0.2) compared to control (3.28±0.3). The root extract of E. kebericho exhibited a dose dependent spasmolytic effect in acetylcholine-induced guinea pig ileum contraction. In conclusion, the data obtained in this study give scientific support for traditional use of E. kebericho as an anti-diarrheal agent.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：4332

Research Article

Antimalarial effects of Anthraquinone, Sodium nitroprusside, NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, and their combinations on Plasmodium berghei in Mice

E.O. Iwalewa*, T. Roland , B. O. Aduloju, M. O. Ologe, A. O. Adepiti, S.A. Odediran, O. J. Iwalewa, E.M. Obuotor, J. I. Olawuni

Abstract: Drug combinations represent current treatment strategies in the management of malaria. Nitric oxide (NO) has been proposed to inhibit Plasmodium growth due to its parasite-scavenging activity thus the effects of various combinations of an NO inducer - anthraquinone (25-100 mg/kg, ANT), an NO donor - sodium nitroprusside (0.5 mg/kg, SNP) and NO inhibitor -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (40 mg/kg, L-NAME) and their combination drugs were evaluated using the antimalarial curative model in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Chloroquine (10 mg/kg, CQ) and distilled water were employed as the positive and negative controls, respectively. The plasma concentrations of nitric oxide in infected mice treated with ANT, SNP and L-NAME were determined spectrophotometrically. A significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the parasitaemia of ANT-treated groups at 50 and 100 mg/kg as well as L-NAME were observed. The result of this study showed the combinations of SNP and ANT (100 mg/kg), L-NAME and ANT, CQ and its combination with SNP and L-NAME were effective as they exhibited significant (p < 0.05) decreases in parasitaemia throughout the period of treatment justifying their antimalarial activity. However, SNP, the combinations of SNP plus ANT (25 and 50 mg/kg), SNP plus L-NAME were not effective as significant increases (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nitric oxide, chloroquine, Plasmodium berghei, curative, drug combinations.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：3270

Research Article

Development of oral strip for Loratadine and in vitro evaluation

H.D. Karen*, D. M. Patel, A.R. Jasakiya and C. N. Patel

Abstract: Loratadine is a second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. The present work was aimed to develop of Loratadine using HPMC E15 LV PREMIUM as film forming polymer, glycerin as a plasticizer and tween 80 as a surfactant. The strips were evaluated for thickness, tensile strength, % elongation, disintegration time and in vitro drug release. A trial and error approach was used in present study for optimization. Oral strip containing HPMC E15 LV PREMIUM (190 mg), tween 80 (15% of polymer) and glycerin (20% of polymer) has given the maximum in vitro drug release and imparts good transparency. A satisfactory result in the strip was exhibited in the way of in vitro release that came in 20 minutes. The drug excipients compatibility study showed that there were no interaction between drug and excipients. Stability study of the optimized formulation showed that the strips were stable at accelerated environmental conditions. Before, the DSC data showed no crystalline form but after 1 month short term, accelerated stability study showed that there was partial crystallization but no change in in vitro dissolution study. So it was concluded that the prepared dosage form was suitable for oral drug delivery.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Oral strip, solvent casting, disintegration time, loratadine, transparency.

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：4593

Research Article

In vivo antimalarial activity of hydromethanolic leaf extract of Calpurnia aurea (Fabaceae) in Mice infected with chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei

Mebrahtu Eyasu, Workineh Shibeshi and Mirutse Giday

Abstract: Malaria is one of the most serious health problems worldwide and treatment has been compromised by drug resistance. Consequently, efforts are directed towards discovery of novel agents including from medicinal plants. The present study was aimed to evaluate the suppressive, curative and prophylactic activity of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Calpurnia aurea in mice infected with chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei (1x107parasites/mouse). The extract (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg), chloroquine (5 mg/kg) and distilled water (0.2ml/day) were administered orally for four days. Then parasitemia, packed cell volume, body weight, rectal temperature and survival time of mice were monitored. The 60 mg/kg dose in 4-day suppressive, curative and prophylactic tests had maximum parasitemia chemosuppression of 51.15, 47.77 and 36.8% (P[...] Read More.

Keywords:

Int. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 2011, 2(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：6547

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology