MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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In vitro antimicrobial activity of selected Ethiopian medicinal plants against some bacteria of veterinary importance

Yitbarek Habtamu, Tadesse Eguale*, Alehegne Wubete and Takele Sori

Abstract: Due to rapid development of resistance and high cost of the new generation antibiotics, lots of efforts are being made to discover new antimicrobial agents from different sources. In the current study aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of leaves of Jasminium abyssinicum, Myrsine africana, Foenicum vulgare and aerial part of Leonotis ocymifolia were screened for antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods. Species of bacteria that cause various diseases in domestic animals namely, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella gallinarum , Manhaemia haemolytica, Salmonella gallinarum, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactae were used for investigation of antibacterial activity. Except for aqueous extract of L. ocymifolia, all of the plant extracts demonstrated remarkable antibacterial activity on most of the bacterial species tested. The three highest zones of inhibition was exhibited by aqueous extracts of M. africana against S. aureus (19.5 mm), J. abyssinicum against M. haemolytica (19 mm) and F. vulgare against P. gallinarium (19 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) exhibited by the plants against test organisms varied from 10 - 1000 µg /ml. However, no plant extract has shown antibacterial effect against E. coli using both agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods at concentrations tested. Further detailed in vitro and in vivo evaluation of these medicinal plants should be carried out.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, bacterial isolates, antibacterial activities, extract types.

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Urinary tract infection among female students residing in the campus of the University of Ado Ekiti, Nigeria

O. O. Ojo and I. I. Anibijuwon

Abstract: Seven hundred and eighty (780) female students residing in the campus of the University of Ado Ekiti were examined for significant bacteria indicative of urinary tract infections. Analysis of their clean-voided, midstream urine revealed that 507 (65%) female students have significant bacteria, 146 (18.75%) indicated insignificant bacteria while 127 (16.25%) showed no growth. Fifty eight (58) bacterial isolates were obtained from samples positive for bacteria. 8 (13.8%) were sensitive to streptomycin, 7 (12.1%) to tetracycline, nitrofurantoin and ampicillin, while only 4 (6.9%) isolates were sensitive to dalacine. However, bacterial isolates obtained from this survey generally showed similar pattern of resistance to antibiotics. The fifty-eight (58) bacterial isolates were tentatively characterized into six genera. The frequencies of occurrence of the bacterial species are in the order: Escherichia coli (32.75%), Proteus sp. (17.25%), Klebsiella sp. (13.79%), Staphylococcus sp. (12.07%), Streptococcus sp. (8.63%) and Pseudomonas sp. (5.17%). However, 6 (10.34%) of the isolates were unidentified. Key word: Female student, university campus, bacteria, antibiotics, resistance.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Female student, university campus, bacteria, antibiotics, resistance.

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Solid substrate fermentation and conversion of orange waste in to fungal biomass using Aspergillus niger KA-06 and Chaetomium Spp KC-06

Biniyam Yalemtesfa, Tesfaye Alemu and Amutha Santhanam*

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

Full Length Research Paper

Solid substrate fermentation and conversion of orange waste in to fungal biomass using Aspergillus niger KA-06 and Chaetomium Spp KC-06

Biniyam Yalemtesfa¹, Tesfaye Alemu² and Amutha Santhanam^3*

¹Debrezeit Agricultural Research Center, Debrezeit, Ethiopia.

²Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

³Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

Accepted 2 June, 2016

Orange waste consisting of both peel and pulp is highly susceptible to hydrolysis by mixtures of cellulolytic and pectinolytic enzymes which give it potential as feedstock for biological conversion to value added products. Whereas the pulp is relatively rich in carbohydrate, the peel consists of 16.9% soluble sugars, 9.21% cellulose, 10.5% hemicellulose and 42.5% pectin as the most important components. Thus, Aspergillus niger (KA-06) and Chaetomium spp (KC-06) isolated from municipal waste were investigated for their ability to degrade orange waste under solid substrate fermentation (SSF). This study evaluated the influence of various fermentation parameters such as substrate concentration, initial moisture content, Nitrogen source supplementation, inoculum concentration, temperature and pH on the biodegradation of orange waste into protein enriched biomass using A. niger (KA- 06) and Chaetomium spp (KC- 06). The production of protein enriched biomass from orange waste as a substrate for the fermentation process was found to be optimized by moisture content of 40% and substrate concentration of 10 g with inoculum of 10⁶ to 10⁸spores/ml at 25^°C for both Chaetomium spp (KC-06) and A. niger (KA- 06). The maximum protein content of 39.64% was obtained with Chaetomium spp (KC-06) at inoculum load of 10⁸ spores/ml. A. niger (KA-06) give a protein yield of 31.7% with inoculum load of 10⁶ spores/ml. This research has demonstrated the potential for protein production from orange waste under solid substrate fermentation.

Keywords: Aspergillus niger, Chaetomium spp., orange waste, solid substrate fermentation.

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An in vitro assessment of inhibitory effect of 16 strains of probiotics on the germination of Candida albicans

Huan Tang, Jiong Ren, Jing Yuan, Benhua Zeng and Hong Wei*

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the antagonistic activity of probiotics isolated from products to germination of Candida albicans in vitro. The spent culture supernatant, live bacteria, heat-killed bacteria of 16 strains of probiotics and main bacterial short-chain fatty acids were applied to inhibit the germination of C. albicans in vitro by crystal violet-based germ tube assay. Neutral SCS of all the probiotcis evaluated in this research could decrease germination significantly and live bacteria of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG, Lactobacillus plantarum LA, Lactobacillus johnsonii JCM1022, Bacillus Longum-2, Bacillus sub. and Bacillus lich could partially inhibit the conversion of yeast to germ. However, all the heat-killed bacteria failed to control the germ tube formation. Furthermore, only butyric acid blocked the conversion of yeast to hypha among all the SCFAs. These results suggest that L. rhamnosus LGG, L. plantarum LA and L. johnsonii JCM1022, B.Longum-2, Bacillus sub. and B. lich maybe potential strains to use as antifungal drugs and the inhibition seems to have direct correlation to the metabolites butyric acid.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Candida albicans, antifungal drugs, germ tube, probiotics, butyric acid.

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Partial characterization of extracellular xylanolytic activity derived from Paenibacillus sp. KIJ1

Inkyung Park and Jaiesoon Cho,*

Abstract: An Antarctic bacterial isolate was found to exhibit the extracellular xylanolytic activity. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strain was named Paenibacillus sp. KIJ1. The maximum xylanase production was achieved by growing Paenibacillus sp. KIJ1 in media with 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose and 0.5% yeast extract, which were found to be the best sources of carbon and nitrogen, respectively. Optimal enzyme activity occurred at 50°C and pH 6.0. The xylanase was very specific for xylan with little or no activity on other carbohydrates and synthetic aryl-glycosides substrates. Enzyme activity was enhanced by Ca2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ and Mn2+ and strongly inhibited by SDS. The KIJ1 xylanase may offer potential for use as a microbial feed additive.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Paenibacillus sp., antarctic, xylanase, xylan, microbial.

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Characterization and pathogenic evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from West Azerbaijan province-Iran

Shahram Aramideh*, Mohammad Hassan Saferalizadeh, Ali Asghar Pourmirza, Mahmuod Rezazadeh Bari, Mansureh Keshavarzi and Mahdi Mohseniazar

Abstract: In order to find native strains of Bacillus thuringiensis, toxic to some agricultural pests, a survey was conducted in West Azerbaijan province. B. thuringiensis strains were isolated using acetate selection method with different concentrations. The morphology of crystals was studied using light microscopy. Bioassay tests were conducted on Culex pipiens (L.) as well as Pieris brassica (L.). Biochemical tests performed to identify the isolated strains. Based on the results, 48 B. thuringiensis strains were isolated from 740 samples. The best acetate concentration was determined as 0.25M (56.25%). Soil samples were the main source of B. thuringiensis (66%). Majority of strains (58%) had bipyramidal crystals. There was significant difference in toxicity to insects among B. thuringiensis isolates, 18.74 and 35.41% of the isolates were toxic to larvae of C. pipiens and P. brassicae, respectively, causing more than 50% mortality. B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki was the most common biochemical type (12 isolates = 25%). Results indicated that Bt isolates with insecticide activity could be used in integrated pest management to control agricultural and medical pests.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis isolate, Culex pipiens, Pieris brassica, Insecticidal activity

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Susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from animals and humans to tetracycline

Zoran Tambur*, Biljana Miljkovic-Selimovic, Radoje Doder and Zoran Kulisic

Abstract: Fifty five thermophilic Campylobacter spp. strains were isolated from cecum of broilers, cecum and colon of pigs and from human feces. The strains were identified as Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. The more prevalent species in broilers and humans was C. jejuni and in pigs C. coli. In the framework of this study, sensitivity to tetracycline in isolated strains of C. jejuni and C. coli was tested by E-test. In 16 tested strains isolated from broilers, 56.25% were resistant to tetracycline. Resistance occured more frequent in C. coli strains (66.67%). In 15 strains of termophilic Campylobacter spp. isolated from pigs the percentage of resistant strains was 80%. Resistance was detected more often in C. coli (90.00%) isolates. The percentage of resistant C. jejuni strains from pigs was 60.00%. Resistance to tetracycline occurred in 29.17% of 24 thermophilic Campylobacter spp. strains isolated from humans. Generally, strains of thermophilic campylobacters, especially C. coli isolated in pigs are more frequent resistant to tetracycline than strains isolated in poultry and human. Therefore, attention should be directed to the tetracycline application monitoring in swine farming in order to prevent resistance appearance in animal strains and its subsequent spread to human strains.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, tetracycline, resistance.

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Qualititative analysis of organically farmed pulse varieties using FTIR (fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy

Jyotsna Saurav, Neeraj Kumar, R. Balaji Raja*and D. Kantha Arunachalam

Abstract: Organic farming is increasing in proportion every year with almost all cash crops being produced by it. Pulses also can be produced using organic farming. Four different samples of moong dhal grown by conventional farming and organic farming were collected and analyzed qualitatively using FTIR (fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy. Samples were conventional moong dhal, cheaper and easily available in market, organic white, organic green leaf and organic green complete moong dhal have been taken. Peak difference was observed in two major areas in the composition confirming the presence of additional functional group. Peaks of wavelength 2498 cm-1 which was present in conventional moong dhal and 550 cm-1 present in organic green leaf moong dhal showed significant difference when compared with other wavelengths as they are absent in any other of the sample. The effect of organic farming in case of moong dhal seemed to make no significant difference in their composition in comparison with the moong dhal produced by conventional faming.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Moong dhal, farming, composition, ingredients, organic.

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Prevalence of extended-spectrum b-Lactamases producing Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from stool samples collected in the Limpopo province, South Africa

J. N. Ramalivhana*, C. L. Obi and S. R. Moyo

Abstract: Aeromonas producing extended-spectrum ß- lactamases (ESBLs) have been reported in many countries, but there is no information on the prevalence of ESBL-producing clinical Aeromonas in South African. A total of 230 isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila were isolated from 660 stool samples and 709 water samples collected in different municipalities in Limpopo province, South Africa over a period of three month. Isolates were screened for the production of ESBLs by the double disk diffusion test and for AmpC production by assessing resistance to cefoxitin. blaSHV, blaTEM , blaCTX-M and blaCMY-2 were isolated from all ESBL-positive and cefoxitin-resistant isolates. Only 21 isolates were found to be ESBL producers. All 21 isolates were screened for the production of blaSHV, blaTEM, blaCTX-M and blaCMY-2 ESBLs. Only (1/21) was found to produce blaTEM 63 and blaCMY-2. All transconjugants were resistant to amoxicillin, piperacillin, the cephalosporins and aztreonam but remained susceptible to cefoxitin and imipenem. Crude extracts of ß-lactamase-producing transconjugants were able to reduce the diameters of inhibition zones around disks containing penicillin, but had no effect on such zones around cefoxitin, imipenem and amoxicillin-clavulanate disks. In conclusion, the occurrence of ESBLs in A .hydrophila emphasizes the importance of constant surveillance of clinical isolates to determine the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Extended-spectrum b-lactamases- Aeromonas hydrophilia , antibiotics , resistance.

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Occurrence and pathogenicity of various pathogenic fungi on cucurbits from Kermanshah province, Iran

K. Chehri*, S. Abbasi, K. R. N. Reddy and B. Salleh

Abstract: Cucurbits ( Cucurbitaceae) are among the important plant families providing edible products to humans worldwide. It is known fact that various pathogenic fungi can attack the plants and cause diseases and resultantly yield losses. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the plant pathogenic fungi from cucurbit plants and to evaluate their pathogenicity on cucurbits. A total of 101 cucurbit samples infected with diseases were collected from different places in Kermanshah Province, Iran. From these samples 101 strains of various pathogenic fungi were isolated and identified through morphological characters. All strains were belongs to Fusarium oxysporum , Macrophomina phaseolina, Phytophthora melonis, Phytophthora drechsleri, Pythium aphanidermatum and two morphotypes of Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC). P. aphanidermatum and Phytophthora sp. strains were recovered from the samples collected from irrigated field, while Fusarium and M. phaseolina strains from rain fed field. All these pathogenic fungi were evaluated to study their pathogenicity on cucumber (Cucumis sativum) and honeydew melon (Cucumis melo) . P. melonis, P. drechsleri, F. oxysporum and P. aphanidermatum caused the damping off within 10 - 20 days on both plants tested. The stem rot symptoms were observed on the 7th day after inoculation of F. solani and M. phaseolina on both plants tested. The inoculated fungi were re-isolated from the diseased plants to prove the Koch’s postulates. This is the first comprehensive report on identity and distribution of major plant pathogenic fungi causing root and stem rots on cucurbits in west of Iran.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Root and stem rot, pathogenicity, cucurbits, Iran.

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