MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Production of bio-ethanol from Pectobacterium carotovorum induced soft rotten potatoes

Adarsha Ramesh, D. L. Asha and R. Balaji Raja*

Abstract: The potato is a tuberous crop that adapt readily to diverse climates. The potato contains vitamins and minerals that have been identified as vital to human nutrition as well as an assortment of phytochemicals, such as carotenoids and polyphenols. Pectobacterium carotovorum is the causative agent for the soft rot induced in potatoes across temperate and tropical regions. Production of ethanol from 10 potato cultivars which were rotten by soft rot (P. carotovorum induced) was effected. Ethanol yield of about 6 - 10 ml / 100 gm of potatoes was achieved. The effect of pH in the yield of ethanol was also determined in the ten cultivars by varying the levels of pH across the spectrum and it was found that pH had a considerable impact on bio-ethanol production. This method of ethanol production is easy and environmental friendly in nature.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Pectobacterium carotovorum, phytochemicals, carotenoids, polyphenols, potatoes.

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Antibacterial activity of cyanolichen and symbiotic cyanobacteria against some selected microorganisms

R. Shyam Kumar*, N. Thajuddin and C. Venkateswari

Abstract: Lichen (Collema auriforme) collected from Kolli Hills of Tamil Nadu, India and two symbiotic cyanobacteria (Aphanocapsa sp. NTK28, and Nostoc sp. NTK29) were taken for screening antibacterial activity. Alcohol and acetone were used as solvents for extraction of compounds from lichen and symbiotic cyanobacteria. Four clinical isolates of Pseudomonas sp., Escherischia coli, Klebsiella sp., and the Gram positive organism Staphylococcus sp. were used as test organisms. Solvent extracts of lichen showed antibacterial activity against three test organisms. Alcohol extract of lichen showed no inhibitory effect on Pseudomonas sp. Other organisms like E. coli, Klebsiella sp. and Staphylococcus sp. were highly susceptible to alcoholic extract even at low concentration. Solvent extracts (alcohol and acetone) of cyanobacteria did not show any significant effect on the selected bacterial strains.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lichens, cyanolichens, cyanobacteria, antibiotic, antibacterial activity.

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Genetic polymorphism at the leptin gene in Iranian Holstein cattle by PCR-RFLP

Ali Sharifzadeh* and Abbas Doosti

Abstract: Leptin is a protein, which involved intricately in the growth and metabolism of animals and which plays an important role in the regulation of feed intake, energy metabolism, growth and reproduction of cattle. We used the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique to screen for DNA polymorphisms of the leptin gene in 112 Iranian Holstein cattle (Bos taurus) in Karaj Animal Breeding Center. PCR was carried out between exon 2 (intron 2). A strategy employing polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a 422 bp from semen DNA. Digestion of polymerase chain reaction products with Sau3AI revealed two alleles: allele A was 390, 32 fragments and allele B was 303, 88 and 32 (only 303 fragment visible on the gel). Three patterns were observed and frequencies were 60.71, 37.5 and 1.79% for AA, AB and BB, respectively. This polymorphism could be further evaluated for marker-assisted selection and developed PCR methodology would expedite screening for large numbers of animals required for such studies.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Leptin, polymorphism, restriction fragment length polymorphism.

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Distribution of pathogen in the Bohai sea in spring and summer

Peng Zaiqing*, Zhuang Zhixia, Huang Rongfu and Lu Zhiqiang

Abstract: The aquicultural pathogen Vibrio spp. is popular and harmful to mariculture animals and even resulted in human enterogastrtis. However, little is known about the abundance and distribution of marine pathogen in Bohai Sea. In the present study, the distributions of the typical pathogens, including Escherichia Coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio fluvialis and Vibrio harviyi, were investigated using protein micro array method from the Bohai Sea samples, which collected in spring and summer in 2005, respectively. The results showed that: (1) Temporally, the tested typical pathogens were more abundant in summer than in spring, as supported by the total pathogenic Vibrios averaged 3.05 × 104/L in spring while 2.48 × 105/L in summer; (2) Spatially, in summer, pathogenic Vibrios in Bohai Bay was 4.87, 10.52 and 7.15 times higher than that in Liaodong Bay, Laizhou Bay and Central Bohai Sea, respectively (p = 0.034, 0.013 and 0.012, respectively). (3) Total pathogenic Vibrios in coastal area was 4.68 times higher than that in central area (p = 0.0279 < 0.05), showing a decline trend in abundance. (4) All the pathogenic Vibrios varied between spring and summer, with greatest variance in V. fluvialis. Both V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi had no significant variances. Bohai Bay was heavily polluted and relatively not fit for mariculture. V. fluvialis dominated in Bohai Sea and was a possible major pathogen of vibriosis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bohai sea, protein micro array, pathogenic Vibrio.

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Poliomyelitis eradication remains a challenge in Africa

Georges Anicet Dahourou,* and Souleymane Sawadogo,

Abstract: During the last two decade, twelve wild type 1 poliovirus genotypes have been characterized in Africa. Several distinct clusters have been identified within some of them and appeared to be segregated geographically. This distribution could represent newly emerging genotypes and independent sustained circulation of these lineages or cross border transmission between countries of a single genotype followed by a different natural evolution in each country. Concurrent circulation of more than one poliovirus genotype was seen in Nigeria, Togo, Central Africa Republic and South Africa. The present study which has generated a meaningful overview of the endemic circulation of wild type 1 poliovirus in Africa, could be a basis for further evaluation of the impact of mass vaccination campaigns on wild type 1 poliovirus.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Poliovirus; poliomyelitis, poliovirus, molecular epidemiology.

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Impact of multi drugs resistant bacteria on the pathogenesis of chronic suppurative otitis media

Ihsan E. Alsaimary*, Ahmed M. Alabbasi and Jassim M. Najim

Abstract: One hundred twenty patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) in Basrah, 65 (54.2%) males and 55 (45.8%) females, with male: females ratio (1.2:1) and 60 individual without otological problems as control group were included in this study, which done during the period between March 2009 and January 2010. This includes the collection of aural swab samples, culturing of samples, identification of causative agent’s species and antibiotic sensitivity. Gram’s negative bacteria were the commonest microorganism comprises (60%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was common causative agent (19.04%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (16.7%) and Klebsiella spp. (14.3%). Mixed infection was found in high percent (74%), in which P. aeruginosa and other microorganisms were more common. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed that P. aeruginosa was sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin +clavulanic acid and gentamicin, while other is appeared resistant, S. aureus was sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, erthomycin, cephalexine and it is resistant to penicillin and ampicillin, klebsiella species were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin +clavulanic acid, gentamicin, while resistant to tetracycline.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp., chronic suppurative otitis media, aural swab, antibiotic sensitivity, gram’s negative bacteria, otological.

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Comparative degradation of sawdust by microorganisms isolated from it

J. A. Lennox*, C. Abriba, Bello N. Alabi and F. C. Akubuenyi

Abstract: Microorganisms isolated from sawdust have been demonstrated to be effective in its degradation. Eight bacteria and eight fungi were isolated from wet decaying sawdust. These were tested for their capability to degrade sawdust. Among the bacteria, C ellulomonas sp. was found to be the most effective degrading agent based on its high percentage degradation (18.3%). This was followed by Micrococcus sp. (16.0%) and Pseudomonas sp. (14.6%), Cytophaga sp. and Bacillus sp. had the lowest percentage degradation of 0.2 and 7.7%, respectively. The fungi, Penicillium sp. had the highest percentage degradation of 14.3%, followed by Mucor sp. (13.3%) and Trichoderma sp. (9.5%). Asp. ergillus sp. and Absidia sp. had the lowest percentage degradation of 4.3 and 6.5%, respectively. This report shows that indigenous microorganisms possess the capacity to degrade sawdust.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Degradation, sawdust, utilizing, autochthonous microorganisms.

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Survival of free-living and plankton-associated Escherichia coli in the final effluents of a waste water treatment facility in a peri-urban community of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Augustina N. Osode and Anthony I. Okoh*

Abstract: Escherichia coli remains a major threat in many places around the globe as a major causative agent of diarrhea and its reservoir in the estuarine environment may play an important role in the survival and transport of pathogenic strains. The final effluents of a peri-urban waste water treatment facility were assessed for surviving E. coli community as free-living or plankton-associated cells in relation to some physicochemical parameter for a year period. The free-living E. coli population densities varied from 0 to 3.13 × 101 cfu/ml, while the plankton- associated E. coli densities vary with plankton sizes as follows: 180 µm (0 - 4.30 × 101 cfu/ml), 60 µm (0 - 4.20 × 101 cfu/ml), 20 µm (0 - 5.00 × 101 cfu/ml). The seasonal variations in the E. coli densities among the plankton size categories were significant (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis suggested that the counts of E. coli correlated negatively with salinity (P < 0.001) and positively with temperature, pH, turbidity and dissolved oxygen (P < 0.001) in the final effluent. Target genes that encode pathogenicity for E. coli were successfully amplified by PCR. The study suggested that final effluents are a significant sources of pathogenic E. coli in the receiving watershed.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Escherichia coli, free-living, plankton-associated, wastewater final effluent.

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Use of nitrous acid mutant of Aspergillus niger for citric acid production from local cane-molasses

Kabera Justin, Ugirinshuti Viateur and Mukantirenganya Prudentienne*

Abstract: In this study, the enhancement of citric acid production from local molasses was attempted by mutagenesis. A local stain of Aspergillus niger was isolated from lemon leaves and treated with nitrous acid. The obtained mutant and the wild type of A. niger were separately used for the bioconversion of the local molasses into citric acid. The molasses fermentation was carried out at 30°C in a stirred flask. The results showed that the mutant exhibited an increased efficiency for citric acid production when compared with the wild type. It produced 230.45 gl-1 of citric acid; two fold increase over the parent strain (105.67 gl-1), with higher sugar consumption by the mutant compared with the wild type. The maximum citric acid production levels were reached on the 9th day of fermentation by the mutant and the 10th day of fermentation by the wild strain. The mutant proved to be appropriate for citric acid production and waste material valorization in Rwanda. Also, this investigation showed itself to be one of ecofriendly technologies for Rwanda. So, the use of this technology should have impact on both the Rwanda economic development and environmental protection.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Rwanda, Aspergillus niger, bioconversion, cane-molasses, citric acid, mutagenesis, mutant, nitrous acid.

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Prevalence and characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in clinical isolates of Klebsiella spp.

Rashid Ramazanzadeh

Abstract: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are most prevalent in Klebsiella pneumoniae. This organism is frequently isolated from clinical specimens and can cause septicemia, pneumonia or urinary tract infection. We investigated a spread of Klebsiella spp. isolates producing ESBL in a university hospital of Sanandaj- Iran. Over one year period, a total of 48 K. pneumoniae isolates, were examined by double disk tests and PCR methods. Ten isolates were defined as ESBLs. The ESBL producer isolates was more resistant to selected antibiotics than ESBL negative isolates. The most frequent ESBL type was CTX-M. This is the first report of Klebsiella spp. isolates producing ESBL in Sanandaj hospitals. Production of ESBLs by K. pneumoniae is a widespread nosocomial problem. Knowledge about their prevalence is essential to guide towards appropriate infection control and antibiotic management strategies.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Extended-spectrum -lactamase (ESBL), hospital, Klebsiella spp.

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