MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Moulds on paintings in Serbian fine art museums

Jelena Vukojevi and Milica Ljaljevi Grbi*

Abstract: The main reasons of fungal expansion in museums are inadequate relative humidity and temperature and the spore’s germination can be controlled by regulation of these two factors. Numerous paintings, originated from 11 Serbian museums, were analyzed for presence of moulds. Samples from canvas, dyes and wooden frames with visual changes were subjected to the analysis. Species of genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Cladosporium, Drechslera, Epicoccum, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Trichoderma, Ulocladium and Wardomyces were isolated and identified. Some of the found species are known as potential producers of lignocellulolytic enzymes and other destructive metabolites, as well as causative agents of human diseases.[...] Read More.

Keywords: icromycetes, paintings, dyes, fungal deterioration.

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Antibacterial potential of leaf extracts of Juniperus communis L. from Kumaun Himalaya

S.C. Sati and Savita Joshi*

Abstract: The sensitivity of five pathogenic multi drug resistant bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Erwinia chrysanthemi, Escherichia coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Xanthomonas phaseoli) was tested against the crude leaf organic extracts (methanol, ethanol, chloroform and hexane) and aqueous extracts of a Kumaun Himalayan gymnospermous plant Juniperus communis (Cupressaceae), employing disc diffusion method. All the extracts of Juniperus communis were found effective by showing a mark zone of inhibition except aqueous extract. The hexane extract showed maximum inhibition against the test microorganisms (ZOI, 16 – 21 mm) followed by ethanol, methanol and chloroform extract (ZOI, 6 – 17 mm). The inhibitory activity of these extracts was found very effective as compared to Ampicillin (10 mcg) and Erythromycin (15 mcg) standard antibiotics which were used as positive control against these tested microorganisms.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Kumaun Himalaya, antibacterial activity, Juniperus communis, gymnosperm, crude extract, ampicillin, erythromycin.

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Intra-strain Variation of Lipopolysaccharides from Citrobacter freundii E9750 by in vitro Passages

Rosa E. Reyes,*, Hugo Ramírez Saad, Julia Pérez, Enrique Meléndez, Armando Navarro Chiharu Murata and Alejandro Cravioto

Abstract: The genus Citrobacter is closely related to Salmonella and Escherichia coli, and there are some serological cross-reactions existing among these species. These cross-reactivities are caused by O-specific polysaccharide antigens in the LPS, which contain similar epitopes. In some cross-reactive strains, O-specific polysaccharides exhibit structural homology. In order to determinate the frequency of intra-strain variation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Citrobacter freundii E9750 by in vitro passages at two different growth temperatures, isolates obtained from Citrobacter freundii E9750 in vitro passages at 37 and 42°C were analyzed for carbohydrate concentration, reactions to serological tests, and heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharides using SDS-PAGE. The genetic relatedness of the isolates was investigated using the PCR-RFLP profile of rfb and Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles. Variation in expression of LPS was observed as a change in the concentration of carbohydrates. In addition, low reactivity with C. freundii E9750 O-antiserum, serological cross reactivity with S. senftenberg O-antiserum, and heterogeneity in electrophoretic mobility, were found. The PFGE and RFLP patterns of all isolates were indistinguishable from each other, including those that presented a serological reaction with the O -antigen sera from S. senftenberg. C. freundii E9750 NCTC isolated strains showed a high frequency in LPS variability. Analysis of the results suggested that heterogeneity was due to changes in the structure of the LPS carbohydrates. Since lipopolysaccharides are important factors in virulence and determine the basis for serotyping, the high frequency of intra-strain O-antigen heterogeneity in C. freundii E9750 is important.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lipopolysaccharide, Citrobacter freundii, intra-strain variation, serological cross-reaction, O-antigen, SDS-PAGE, RFLP.

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In vitro antimicrobial activity of selected Ethiopian medicinal plants against some bacteria of veterinary importance

Yitbarek Habtamu, Tadesse Eguale*, Alehegne Wubete and Takele Sori

Abstract: Due to rapid development of resistance and high cost of the new generation antibiotics, lots of efforts are being made to discover new antimicrobial agents from different sources. In the current study aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of leaves of Jasminium abyssinicum, Myrsine africana, Foenicum vulgare and aerial part of Leonotis ocymifolia were screened for antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods. Species of bacteria that cause various diseases in domestic animals namely, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella gallinarum , Manhaemia haemolytica, Salmonella gallinarum, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactae were used for investigation of antibacterial activity. Except for aqueous extract of L. ocymifolia, all of the plant extracts demonstrated remarkable antibacterial activity on most of the bacterial species tested. The three highest zones of inhibition was exhibited by aqueous extracts of M. africana against S. aureus (19.5 mm), J. abyssinicum against M. haemolytica (19 mm) and F. vulgare against P. gallinarium (19 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) exhibited by the plants against test organisms varied from 10 - 1000 µg /ml. However, no plant extract has shown antibacterial effect against E. coli using both agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods at concentrations tested. Further detailed in vitro and in vivo evaluation of these medicinal plants should be carried out.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, bacterial isolates, antibacterial activities, extract types.

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Urinary tract infection among female students residing in the campus of the University of Ado Ekiti, Nigeria

O. O. Ojo and I. I. Anibijuwon

Abstract: Seven hundred and eighty (780) female students residing in the campus of the University of Ado Ekiti were examined for significant bacteria indicative of urinary tract infections. Analysis of their clean-voided, midstream urine revealed that 507 (65%) female students have significant bacteria, 146 (18.75%) indicated insignificant bacteria while 127 (16.25%) showed no growth. Fifty eight (58) bacterial isolates were obtained from samples positive for bacteria. 8 (13.8%) were sensitive to streptomycin, 7 (12.1%) to tetracycline, nitrofurantoin and ampicillin, while only 4 (6.9%) isolates were sensitive to dalacine. However, bacterial isolates obtained from this survey generally showed similar pattern of resistance to antibiotics. The fifty-eight (58) bacterial isolates were tentatively characterized into six genera. The frequencies of occurrence of the bacterial species are in the order: Escherichia coli (32.75%), Proteus sp. (17.25%), Klebsiella sp. (13.79%), Staphylococcus sp. (12.07%), Streptococcus sp. (8.63%) and Pseudomonas sp. (5.17%). However, 6 (10.34%) of the isolates were unidentified. Key word: Female student, university campus, bacteria, antibiotics, resistance.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Female student, university campus, bacteria, antibiotics, resistance.

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Solid substrate fermentation and conversion of orange waste in to fungal biomass using Aspergillus niger KA-06 and Chaetomium Spp KC-06

Biniyam Yalemtesfa, Tesfaye Alemu and Amutha Santhanam*

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

Full Length Research Paper

Solid substrate fermentation and conversion of orange waste in to fungal biomass using Aspergillus niger KA-06 and Chaetomium Spp KC-06

Biniyam Yalemtesfa¹, Tesfaye Alemu² and Amutha Santhanam^3*

¹Debrezeit Agricultural Research Center, Debrezeit, Ethiopia.

²Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

³Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

Accepted 2 June, 2016

Orange waste consisting of both peel and pulp is highly susceptible to hydrolysis by mixtures of cellulolytic and pectinolytic enzymes which give it potential as feedstock for biological conversion to value added products. Whereas the pulp is relatively rich in carbohydrate, the peel consists of 16.9% soluble sugars, 9.21% cellulose, 10.5% hemicellulose and 42.5% pectin as the most important components. Thus, Aspergillus niger (KA-06) and Chaetomium spp (KC-06) isolated from municipal waste were investigated for their ability to degrade orange waste under solid substrate fermentation (SSF). This study evaluated the influence of various fermentation parameters such as substrate concentration, initial moisture content, Nitrogen source supplementation, inoculum concentration, temperature and pH on the biodegradation of orange waste into protein enriched biomass using A. niger (KA- 06) and Chaetomium spp (KC- 06). The production of protein enriched biomass from orange waste as a substrate for the fermentation process was found to be optimized by moisture content of 40% and substrate concentration of 10 g with inoculum of 10⁶ to 10⁸spores/ml at 25^°C for both Chaetomium spp (KC-06) and A. niger (KA- 06). The maximum protein content of 39.64% was obtained with Chaetomium spp (KC-06) at inoculum load of 10⁸ spores/ml. A. niger (KA-06) give a protein yield of 31.7% with inoculum load of 10⁶ spores/ml. This research has demonstrated the potential for protein production from orange waste under solid substrate fermentation.

Keywords: Aspergillus niger, Chaetomium spp., orange waste, solid substrate fermentation.

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An in vitro assessment of inhibitory effect of 16 strains of probiotics on the germination of Candida albicans

Huan Tang, Jiong Ren, Jing Yuan, Benhua Zeng and Hong Wei*

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the antagonistic activity of probiotics isolated from products to germination of Candida albicans in vitro. The spent culture supernatant, live bacteria, heat-killed bacteria of 16 strains of probiotics and main bacterial short-chain fatty acids were applied to inhibit the germination of C. albicans in vitro by crystal violet-based germ tube assay. Neutral SCS of all the probiotcis evaluated in this research could decrease germination significantly and live bacteria of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG, Lactobacillus plantarum LA, Lactobacillus johnsonii JCM1022, Bacillus Longum-2, Bacillus sub. and Bacillus lich could partially inhibit the conversion of yeast to germ. However, all the heat-killed bacteria failed to control the germ tube formation. Furthermore, only butyric acid blocked the conversion of yeast to hypha among all the SCFAs. These results suggest that L. rhamnosus LGG, L. plantarum LA and L. johnsonii JCM1022, B.Longum-2, Bacillus sub. and B. lich maybe potential strains to use as antifungal drugs and the inhibition seems to have direct correlation to the metabolites butyric acid.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Candida albicans, antifungal drugs, germ tube, probiotics, butyric acid.

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Partial characterization of extracellular xylanolytic activity derived from Paenibacillus sp. KIJ1

Inkyung Park and Jaiesoon Cho,*

Abstract: An Antarctic bacterial isolate was found to exhibit the extracellular xylanolytic activity. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strain was named Paenibacillus sp. KIJ1. The maximum xylanase production was achieved by growing Paenibacillus sp. KIJ1 in media with 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose and 0.5% yeast extract, which were found to be the best sources of carbon and nitrogen, respectively. Optimal enzyme activity occurred at 50°C and pH 6.0. The xylanase was very specific for xylan with little or no activity on other carbohydrates and synthetic aryl-glycosides substrates. Enzyme activity was enhanced by Ca2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ and Mn2+ and strongly inhibited by SDS. The KIJ1 xylanase may offer potential for use as a microbial feed additive.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Paenibacillus sp., antarctic, xylanase, xylan, microbial.

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Characterization and pathogenic evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from West Azerbaijan province-Iran

Shahram Aramideh*, Mohammad Hassan Saferalizadeh, Ali Asghar Pourmirza, Mahmuod Rezazadeh Bari, Mansureh Keshavarzi and Mahdi Mohseniazar

Abstract: In order to find native strains of Bacillus thuringiensis, toxic to some agricultural pests, a survey was conducted in West Azerbaijan province. B. thuringiensis strains were isolated using acetate selection method with different concentrations. The morphology of crystals was studied using light microscopy. Bioassay tests were conducted on Culex pipiens (L.) as well as Pieris brassica (L.). Biochemical tests performed to identify the isolated strains. Based on the results, 48 B. thuringiensis strains were isolated from 740 samples. The best acetate concentration was determined as 0.25M (56.25%). Soil samples were the main source of B. thuringiensis (66%). Majority of strains (58%) had bipyramidal crystals. There was significant difference in toxicity to insects among B. thuringiensis isolates, 18.74 and 35.41% of the isolates were toxic to larvae of C. pipiens and P. brassicae, respectively, causing more than 50% mortality. B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki was the most common biochemical type (12 isolates = 25%). Results indicated that Bt isolates with insecticide activity could be used in integrated pest management to control agricultural and medical pests.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis isolate, Culex pipiens, Pieris brassica, Insecticidal activity

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Susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from animals and humans to tetracycline

Zoran Tambur*, Biljana Miljkovic-Selimovic, Radoje Doder and Zoran Kulisic

Abstract: Fifty five thermophilic Campylobacter spp. strains were isolated from cecum of broilers, cecum and colon of pigs and from human feces. The strains were identified as Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. The more prevalent species in broilers and humans was C. jejuni and in pigs C. coli. In the framework of this study, sensitivity to tetracycline in isolated strains of C. jejuni and C. coli was tested by E-test. In 16 tested strains isolated from broilers, 56.25% were resistant to tetracycline. Resistance occured more frequent in C. coli strains (66.67%). In 15 strains of termophilic Campylobacter spp. isolated from pigs the percentage of resistant strains was 80%. Resistance was detected more often in C. coli (90.00%) isolates. The percentage of resistant C. jejuni strains from pigs was 60.00%. Resistance to tetracycline occurred in 29.17% of 24 thermophilic Campylobacter spp. strains isolated from humans. Generally, strains of thermophilic campylobacters, especially C. coli isolated in pigs are more frequent resistant to tetracycline than strains isolated in poultry and human. Therefore, attention should be directed to the tetracycline application monitoring in swine farming in order to prevent resistance appearance in animal strains and its subsequent spread to human strains.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, tetracycline, resistance.

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