MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Observations on lumpy skin disease in local Egyptian cows with emphasis on its impact on ovarian function

W. M. Ahmed and Kawther S. Zaher *

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Antimicrobial activity of some herbal oils against common food-borne pathogens

Charu Gupta *, Amar P. Garg , Ramesh C. Uniyal and Archana Kumari

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Studies on exopolysaccharide and indole acetic acid production by Rhizobium strains from Indigofera

B. Saritha Kumari, M. Raghu Ram* and K. V. Mallaiah

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Yeast strains isolated from HIV-seropositive patients in Cameroon and their sensitivity to extracts of eight medicinal plants

K. A. Yongabi *, W. F. Mbacham , K. K. Nubia and R. M. Singh

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Isolation of Aureobasidium pullulans from bathroom surfaces and their antifungal activity against some Aspergilli

P. Lotrakul, P. Deenarn, S. Prasongsuk and H. Punnapayak*

Abstract: Ten Aureobasidium isolates were collected from bathroom surfaces in Thailand. They were identified as Aureobasidium pullulans. Cell extracts from all isolates were tested for antifungal activities against four selected Aspergillus species using a paper disc diffusion and conidial germination inhibition assay. BM1, KT1, HKW1 and HKW2 extracts inhibited Aspergillus terreus, whereas KT1 and BM1 extracts also inhibited Aspergillus fumigatus. BM1 extract alone inhibited Aspergillus flavus. From TLC analysis, an antifungal compound with an identical Rf to that of aureobasidin A was found in all extracts. Antifungal tests of TLC-separated compounds supported the paper disc diffusion and conidial germination inhibition assays.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aureobasidium pullulans, antifungal activity, aureobasidin.

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Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphal length on simulation of P influx with the mechanistic model

Amitava Rakshit and Pratapbhanu S. Bhadoria

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Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae strains and their associated malaises

Etinosa O. Igbinosa and Anthony I. Okoh*

Abstract: Toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae belonging to the O1 and O139 serogroups cause cholera, a severe diarrhoeal disease that occurs frequently as epidemics in many developing countries. Although V. cholerae is known to be a human pathogen, the bacteria constitute part of the normal aquatic flora in the ecosystem, which includes both epidemic and non epidemic strains that vary in their virulence gene profile. V. cholerae O1 and O139 strains are commonly known to carry a set of virulence genes necessary for pathogenesis in human. The major virulence factors of V. cholerae include cholera toxin (CT), which is responsible for the profuse watery diarrhoea and a pilus colonization factor known as toxin coregulated pilus (TCP). The presence of virulence-associated genes in the environmental strains provides interesting possibility to understand the pathogenicity of the disease. The emergence of toxigenic V. cholerae strains has provided an opportunity to study the coevolution of different serogroups of epidemic V. cholerae strains, apparently driven by competition for survival and thereby attaining enhanced fitness. This review attempts to bring together some of the important researches in recent times that have contributed towards understanding the genetic, epidemiology and evolution of toxigenic V. cholerae.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, wastewater, virulence-associated factors, environmental strains, mediating gene transfer.

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Evaluation and guidelines for use of polymerase chain reaction-computer database homology comparison (PCR-CDHC) for detection and species determination of human pathogenic microsporidia

Scot E. Dowd* and Jeanette A. Thurston-Enriquez

Abstract: The potential for waterborne disease and zoonotic transmission of at least two species of human pathogenic microsporidia has heightened interest in clinical and environmental detection methods for these organisms. Detection using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by computer database homology comparison (CDHC) (PCR-CDHC) was reported previously by this research group. As a result, PCR-CDHC has been employed by many research groups around the world for species determination of human pathogenic microsporidia. To validate the CDHC speciation approach, a phylogenetic tree was generated using the small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences (SSU-rDNA) of a large number of microsporidia. An index of similarity was created and used as part of an assessment of CDHCs ability to differentiate between closely related species. Polymerase chain reaction followed by dye termination PCR sequencing and subsequent CDHC of the sequences was performed on 8 species of microsporidia including four human pathogenic strains. The four non-human pathogenic microsporidia tested by this approach were those shown by the phylogenetic analyses to be very closely related to the other human pathogenic species as determined by branch length. In all cases the CDHC approach was able to correctly identify the eight species of microsporidia evaluated. To provide an example of PCR-CDHC, a “universal” and two previously published pathogen-specific microsporidia PCR protocols followed by PCR-CDHC was conducted to assess their ability to detect naturally occurring microsporidia species in swine wastewater. Only one primer set resulted in a PCR-CDHC analysis where presumptive human pathogenic microsporidia was detected. Subsequent CDHC showed these presumptive positive PCR results were actually false positives. With the appropriate primer set, PCR-CDHC proves to be a reliable method that can be used for specific species determination of human pathogenic microsporidia in samples where non-pathogenic species may be present.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Microsporidia, Sequencing, BLAST, PCR, detection.

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Dielectric measurement of the resistance of Trichosporon cutaneum against toxic chemicals

Filadia P. Tileva, Lyubov K. Yotova and Gerard H. Markx*

Abstract: Conditioning of cultures involves growing cells in the presence of increasing amounts of a toxic chemical. In order to investigate how conditioning affects a culture’s ability to resist new challenges, the resistance of Trichosporon cutaneum to various toxic chemicals, before and after conditioning to growth on phenol, was investigated by measuring the capacitance of cell suspensions at 0.4 MHz following a toxic challenge. The results show that cells grown on phenol are more resistant to the influence of polar aromatic toxic chemicals such as phenol (log Pow = 1.48) and benzylalcohol (log Pow = 1.1), but less resistant against less polar non-aromatic compounds such as n-octanol (log Pow = 2.9). In reverse, cells grown on glucose were found to be more resistant against n-octanol, but less so against phenol and benzylalcohol. The results indicate that cells, adapted to be more resistant to one type of substance, may become more susceptible to other compounds.[...] Read More.

Keywords: conditioning, adaptation, membrane, Trichosporon cutaneum, capacitance.

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Retrospective study on the antibiotic resistant pattern of Salmonella typhi from some clinical samples

Doughari, J. H.*, Elmahmood, A. M. and Nggada, H. P.

Abstract: Due to reported cases of antimicrobial resistance by many pathogenic bacteria against many antibiotics worldwide, and the sparse nature of antimicrobial resistance data, a retrospective study was carried out on 744 isolates of Salmonella typhi obtained from 974 samples from four different hospitals in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria between 2001-2004 to determine the resistance pattern of S. typhi to the most commonly used antibiotics cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and ampicillin. High rates of resistance was found in most of the isolates studied. Resistance rates were 92.3, 88.8, 79.6, 53.5 and 20% to amoxicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole and ciprofloxacin, respectively. The high percentage resistance to the antibiotics studied could be attributed to their prevailing usage and abuse in the area under study. The implication of the high percentage resistance recorded for the antibiotics is that only ciprofloxacin will effectively treat S. typhi infections. These results call for nationwide surveillance programme to monitor microbial trends and antimicrobial resistance patterns in Nigeria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibiotics, resistance, surveillance, Nigeria, Salmonella typhi.

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