MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus from clinical isolates grown at 37 and 44oC from Irrua, Nigeria

Obiazi H. A. K., Nmorsi, O. P. G., Ekundayo A.O. and Ukwandu N.C.D.

Abstract: A survey of the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus strains from clinical and skin isolates grown at 37 and 44oC respectively were carried out in Irrua Nigeria. Of the 240 different specimens, 50(20.8%) S. aureus isolates were reported. The highest carrier rate of S. aureus (48%) occurred in wound swab while the least (8.0%) was reported on the healthy skin of the volunteers. The susceptibility of the clinical isolates (10.4%) was lower than the isolates from the skin (36.7%) of the volunteers. This difference is statistically not significant (t = 2.087, P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Prevalence, Antibiotic susceptibility, Staphylococcus aureus, Clinical isolates, skin isolates, Nigeria.

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Potential commercialization of a microbial medium formulated from industrial food waste

Zvidzai C.* , Muzhinji N., Chidzvondo F., Mundembe R., and Sithole-Niang I.

Abstract: A microbial medium, designated DYSP medium, was produced from food wastes that included defatted soya, clear beer spent yeast, potato solid waste and opaque beer spent grains. Various combinations of the food wastes were used for the media formulations and evaluated for extent of supporting microbial growth of pure cultures. A 3.0 M sodium hydroxide hydrolysis followed by a neutralization process using concentrated hydrochloric acid has been established and standardized for the preparation of the medium. A dry pulverized medium was produced that could be reconstituted in distilled water (dH2O) without settleable solids.The formulated DYSP medium supported the growth of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The composition of the medium was 35.45% protein, 5.7% nitrogen, 56.6% ash, 8.6% moisture and 0.012 mg/ml of total reducing sugar. The pH of the DYSP broth was 6.6 when reconstituted in distilled water. Traditional classical microbiological studies demonstrated that the test cultures could grow and retain normal phenotypic and morphological properties when cultured on the formulated medium.The DYSP medium containing ampicillin, isopropyl ß-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-ß-D-galactoside proved to be an equally alternative medium in molecular biology for selection and screening E. coli TG1 cells transformed with pUC18 plasmid. Other preliminary biotechnological results showed that the formulated medium could form a base for studying and optimizing the production of penicillin by P. chrysogenum.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Food wastes, chemical hydrolysis culturing medium, fermentation and molecular biology.

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Immunoglobulin profile of some Nigerians with Schistosoma haematobium infection

O. P. G. Nmorsi*, N. C. D. Ukwandu, C. Isaac, A. O. Egwunyenga and N. H. Olague

Abstract: The preliminary investigation revealed the prevalence of 138(46.9%) out of 294 volunteers screened for the ova of Schistosoma haematobium in their urine samples. Of these, 84(28.6%) had light infection (50 ova/10 ml urine), while 54(18.4%) had heavy infection (> 50 ova/10 ml urine). This difference was statistically significant at ( 2 = 6.52, p > 0.05). The mean immunoglobulin status were as follow: IgE (2141.6 ± 143.7 ng/dL), IgG (13.6 ± 3.53 mg/dL), IgA (3.72 ± 0.149 mg/dL), IgM (2.82 ± 0.48 mg/dL) and IgD (0.12 ± 0.04 mg/dL) . The relationship between the IgM, IgE and the intensities of infection were positively correlated (r = 0.27 and r = 0.65, respectively) . IgG, IgA and IgD showed negative correlation with the intensities of infection (r = -0.65, r = -0.39 and r = - 0.18, respectively). IgG and IgA can be used as markers of light infection, while IgM and IgE can be used as markers for heavy infection. We deduced that the levels of IgG, IgA and IgM, which were depleted in the infected volunteers, compared to the control subjects, which lacked significant protective effects in these infected volunteers. These low levels of IgA, IgG and IgM and high level of IgE may be involved in maintenance of S. haematobium infection in our study area.[...] Read More.

Keywords: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM, Schistosoma haematobium, Nigerians

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Quantitative survey and anti-microbial effect of Piliostigma thonnigii and Khaya ivorensis leaves on traditional dry-yam

Babajide, J. M * and Atanda, O.O

Abstract: A survey was conducted to determine the quantity of local preservatives (‘Abafe’ Piliostigma thonnigii and ‘Agehu’ Khaya ivorensis leaves) used for parboiling yam and the anti-microbial effect of the leaves on dry- yam ‘Gbodo’. Although, the study revealed that 23 g of abafe, 13 g of agehu and a combination of 12.8 g of abafe and 12.3 g of agehu will be required for 1 kg of yam, there were wide ranges between the quantities of yam as well as the quantities of local preservatives used by the processors. Futhermore, there were reduction in the microbial loads of samples parboiled with the leaves (singly or combined) respectively, immediately after processing and after 3 months of storage compared with the control. Thus, P. thonnigii leaves had bactericidal while K. ivorensis leaves had fungicidal effect on the microorganisms encountered during processing and storage of Gbodo.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Quantitative survey, anti-microbial, Piliostigma thonningii, Khaya ivorensis, dry-yam.

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Growth and survival of Salmonella zanzibar in juice and salami stored under refrigerated and room temperature

Chatti Abdelwaheb*, Lamouri Imen and Landoulsi Ahmed

Abstract: The vehicles usually involved in salmonellosis outbreaks are meat, eggs, poultry and milk. Recently, Salmonella outbreaks were reported in some vegetables such as tomatoes and unpasteurized juice. After inoculation of Salmonella zanzibar onto food samples, growth and survival of S. zanzibar in orange juice and salami were monitored. Our results showed that S. zanzibar is able to grow and survive in orange juice and also in salami. However, growth in salami was more important than in the case of orange juice. Storage at 4°C caused a difference in the survival curve when compared to samples (also juice and salami) incubated at room temperature. The present study demonstrated that orange juice and salami can provide a favorable environment for survival and growth of S. zanzibar in spite of their low pH values.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Salmonella, orange juice, salami, survival, refrigeration.

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Effect of oil-pulling on dental caries causing bacteria

T. Durai Anand*, C. Pothiraj, R. M. Gopinath and B. Kayalvizhi

Abstract: The effect of oil-pulling on the reduction of total count of bacteria was determined. There was a remarkable reduction in the total count of bacteria. The process of oil- pulling reduced the susceptibility of a host to dental caries. The in-vitro antibacterial activity of sesame oil against dental caries causing bacteria was determined. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus were found to be moderately sensitive to the sesame oil.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus.

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Aspergillus species on cassava chips in storage in rural areas of southern Cameroon: their relationship with storage duration, moisture content and processing methods

G. Essono*, M. Ayodele, A. Akoa, J. Foko, S. Olembo, and J. Gockowski

Abstract: A survey was carried out to monitor during a two -month period the incidence of Aspergillus in samples of stored cassava chips traditionally produced in southern Cameroon. Seventy- two samples associated with two forms of chips (cassava balls and cassava pellets) were collected in two locations (Yaoundé and Ebolowa) and 13 Aspergillus species were isolated. In both locations, Aspergillus versicolor was seldom isolated, whereas A. flavus and A. clavatus were most frequently isolated. The level of recovery of isolates obtained was not affected by location and form of chips, but by the duration of storage (P < 0.01) and the moisture content (P < 0.05) . Five core species were identified, which formed more than 70% of the total isolates associated with the samples analyzed. These were A. clavatus, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger and A. ochraceous. Correlation coefficients computed between pairs of these species based on total isolation figures for the two locations showed that some were significantly associated. A. clavatus, A. niger and A. ochraceous were positively related to one another in a significant way. Similarly, significant correlations, positive or negative, were observed between the moisture content and all core Aspergillus species. The larger number of these toxigenic fungi isolated raises concerns on the potential of stored cassava products as a natural substrate liable to mycotoxin formation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aspergillus species, Cameroon, Cassava chips and Survey.

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Influence of TORCH infections in first trimester miscarriage in the Malabar region of Kerala

Denoj Sebastian, K. F. Zuhara* and K. Sekaran

Abstract: To correlate the prevalence of TORCH (Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and Herpes simplex) infections with incidence of abortion in pregnant women in the Malabar area of Kerala, in order to establish basic knowledge for future pregnancy care. Patients attending the Institute of Maternity and Child Health, Calicut Medical College, Kerala were subjected for the study. Seventy one miscarriage cases and thirty normal pregnant women were studied through their medical, clinical, and serological data. Results were analyzed using person’s chi-square test. This study showed that general population of Malabar area has an infection susceptibility of 32.3% to Toxoplasma gondii, 9.6% to Rubella, 3.2% to CMV (Cytomegalovirus) and 61.3% to HSV (Herpes simplex virus) infections. This was revealed through the estimation of TORCH specific IgG. IgM specific to TORCH agents was also studied in abortion cases and was observed as T. gondii- 50.7% (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Miscarriage, abortion, TORCH infection.

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Incidence of urinary tract infections (UTI) among children and adolescents in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Aiyegoro O. A.*, Igbinosa O. O., Ogunmwonyi I. N., Odjadjare E. E., Igbinosa O. E. and Okoh A. I.

Abstract: This study was carried out in order to determine the incidence of urinary tract infection in children and adolescents, identify the uro-pathogens responsible for the infection and study the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the uro-pathogens. Clean voided mid-stream urine samples were collected in sterile universal bottles from 301 children and adolescents between the ages of 5 and 18 years at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital complex (OAUTHC) Ile-Ife, Nigeria from December 2005 – July 2006. Culture plates with bacteria counts greater than or equal to 1x105 cfu-ml-1 were taken as positive, thus indicative of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI). The bacteria isolates were identified based on colony morphology characteristics, Gram stain reaction and biochemical tests using API 20E kits. The identified bacteria were then tested in vitro with standard antibiotics disc to determine their antibiotics sensitivity patterns. The result of this study shows that 36 (11.96%) of the 301 patients studies had UTI. Of the 124 females examined, 28 (22.4%) had positive urine culture while 8 (4.56%) of the 177 males had significant bacteriuria. A total of 36 bacterial isolates were obtained. Escherichia coli constituted the predominant organism and was responsible for (52.77%) of the cases of UTI. This was followed by Klebsiella sp. (25%), Proteus mirabilis (13.89%), Streptococcus faecalis (5.56%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.78%). The antibiotics sensitivity test revealed a high level of resistant to cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin and colistin as more than 60% of the isolates were resistance to these. This study highlights the presence of multi-resistance P. aeruginosa and poor compliance of the pathogens in vitro to antibiotics commonly used in treating UTI. It is therefore suggested that appropriate antimicrobials be administered to reduce the risk of multiply resistance organisms developing and avert ineffectiveness of antibiotics. Prompt therapeutic intervention is also essential to prevent cases of asymptomatic UTI from becoming symptomatic with resultant damage.[...] Read More.

Keywords: UTI, uro-pathogens, antibiotic sensitivity.

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Effectiveness of trisodium phosphate, lactic acid, and acetic acid in reduction of E .coli and microbial load on chicken surfaces

F. M. Bin Jasass

Abstract: Procedures for dipping of chicken carcasses in trisodium phosphate (TSP), lactic acid (LA) and acetic acid (AA) were evaluated to determine their effectiveness for reducing E. coli NCTC 10538 and aerobic total counts on the chicken meat surfaces. Chicken portions were dipped in a suspension of E. coli (7 log CFU/ml) for 20 s and kept for 90 min to allow E. coli to get attached to the chicken surface. The chicken portions were then dipped in 8, 10, and 12% concentration of TSP, 1, 2, and 3% concentration of LA, and 0.5, 1, and 1.5% concentration of AA for 20 s each followed by dipping in tap water for 20 s. A sterile template 4 x 4 cm was placed on the chicken surface and then swabbed by swab cotton. The number of E. coli and aerobic total counts were enumerated. The reduction of E. coli on chicken meat surfaces dipped in 8, 10 and 12% of TSP decreased E. coli by 0.5, 1.2 and 1.6 log CFU/ cm2, respectively. The reduction of E. coli on chicken meat surfaces dipped in 1, 2 and 3% LA was 0.5, 1.8 and 2.1 log CFU/cm2 respectively. The reduction of E. coli on chicken meat surface dipped in 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of AA had decreased the E. coli counts of 0.7, 1.1 and 1.4 log CFU/ cm2, respectively. The results showed that LA was more effective against E. coli and aerobic total counts than TSP and AA.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Trisodium phosphate, Lactic acid, Acetic acid, E. coli, Aerobic count, Quality, Chicken, Poultry.

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