MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Ethanol production from the water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes by yeast isolated from various hydrospheres

GO. Ogawa Masami, IshidaYukinari Usui and Naoto Urano*

Abstract: Water hyacinth is a promising plant for the production of bioethanol. The water hyacinth was saccharified with diluted sulfuric acid and fermented to ethanol by yeast obtained from different hydrospheres. We found that the best conditions for water hyacinth hydrolysis were 1% (v/v) sulfuric acid at 121oC for 1 h. In the next step, we searched for yeast that could produce ethanol from the water hyacinth hydrolysate. For this, 624 strains were isolated from 28 bodies of water. Strain 484 produced 22.4 ml of ethanol/kg of dried water hyacinth, which suggests that it may be an efficient producer of bioethanol. Through sequence analysis, we identified strain 484 as Candida intermedia.[...] Read More.

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Comparison of five serological diagnostic assays for the detection of IgM and IgG antibodies to dengue virus

Shamala Devi Sekaran*, Ew Cheng Lan and Geetha Subramaniam

Abstract: Difficulties in the management of dengue infections include the lack of rapid diagnostic methods and symptoms of dengue are often confused with those of other diseases. Five commercial kits were evaluated for the detection of dengue-specific IgM and IgG antibodies using sera obtained from patients with primary and secondary dengue infections, as well as other febrile illnesses. All kits were compared to the in-house IgM ELISA and HI assays. The rapid test kits took either 30 to 45 min (PanBio Dengue Duo Cassette, Accusens Dengue Virus Rapid Strip Test, and Unitest Dengue IgM and IgG Combo Rapid Test) or between 2 to 4 h (PanBio Dengue Duo Capture ELISA, and Antivirus IgM Detecion Kit 96 [Pentax Corporation]). Most kits were able to detect IgM in more than 90% of the secondary convalescent sera, while IgG detection was generally high (80 to 100%). All five kits showed high specificity when tested against sera from other febrile patients, and have been shown to be extremely useful in the diagnosis of dengue infections.[...] Read More.

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Antibacterial activity of Asperugo procumbens L. against some human pathogenic bacteria

M. Ahanjan, *, D. C. Mohana and K. A. Raveesha

Abstract: Petroleum ether, chloroform (CHCl3), ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH) and aqueous (H2O) extracts of leaves of Asperugo procumbens L. were evaluated for antibacterial activity against five human pathogenic bacterial strains with the agar-well diffusion method. The methanol extract was highly active against all the test bacteria, followed by the ethanol and aqueous extracts. The chloroform and petroleum ether extracts did not show any antibacterial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the methanol extract ranged between 1.56 and 12.5 mg/ml. The results of this study provide support for the use of A. procumbens L. in Iran for traditional medicines.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Asperugo procumbens, antibacterial activity, methanol extract, traditional medicine.

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Carbon nutrition in relation to growth of three Monascus species isolated from decaying date fruits

I. B. Omamor, E. I Eziashiand A. A. Adekunle

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An improved method for the extraction of nematodes using iodixanol (OptiPrepïƒ”)

Dewang Deng, Allan Zipf, Y. Tilahun, G.C.Sharma, J. Jenkins and K. Lawrence

Abstract: A new nematode extraction technique was established, which is based on an iso-osmotic density- gradient medium (OptiPrepTM). This technique resulted in significantly higher numbers of clean eggs and vermiform nematodes that retain higher viability (48.6%) than samples processed with the sucrose method (28.7%). Nematodes survived exposure to OptiPrepTM for 22 hours without significant mortality whereas all nematodes died in the sucrose medium. OptiPrepTM provided a suitable, non-toxic alternative to the traditional density gradient material for the isolation of nematodes. This technique is convenient and relatively simple, with the added benefit of yielding cleaner samples compared to traditional isolation techniques.[...] Read More.

Keywords: nematode extraction, density gradient, nematology.

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Improvement of the quality and shelf life of concentrated yoghurt (labneh) by the addition of some essential oils

Mutlag Al.Otaibi* and Hassan El.Demerdash

Abstract: Three essential oils, namely thyme, marjoram and sage, were added to concentrated yoghurt (labneh) at concentrations of 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 parts per million (ppm). Subsequently, the chemical, microbiological and organoleptic properties of freshly prepared labneh and of the labneh stored at 5˚C ± 1 for up to 21 days were determined. Addition of essential oils affected the pH, soluble nitrogen -to-total nitrogen, total volatile fatty acid and acetaldehyde values of the prepared labneh. On the other hand, total solids and fat-to-dry matter values were only slightly affected. Total viable counts, as well as counts of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in the treated labneh increased and reached a maximum after 7 days of storage where after it decreased until the end of the storage period. Yeasts and moulds, coliform bacteria and spore-forming bacteria were not detected in the treated labneh. Of the different treated labneh, labneh containing 0.2 ppm thyme, marjoram or sage oils were organoleptically the most acceptable, and it had a good body and texture that was similar to that of the untreated control. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that 0.2 ppm of thyme, marjoram or sage can be used in order to increase the shelf life of labneh for up to 21days.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Labneh, essential oils, shelf life, chemical properties, microbiological properties

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Immune response and protection of free range chickens vaccinated orally with feeding of newcastle disease vaccine-coated cassava granules

Echeonwu G. O. N*, Iroegbu C. U, Echeonwu B. C, Ngene A, Nwosuh C. I, Joannis T. M and Ndako J.

Abstract: Cassava granules coated with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain V4-UPM was used to vaccinate free-range chickens in their natural habitat. Immune response, vaccine virus excretion and the efficacy of the food vaccine were assessed by standard methods. Results show that out of 218 chickens given initial food vaccine in the four locations, 138 (63.3%) produced detectable HI antibody while 202 (92.7%) had titres < 3.0. However, only 16 (7.3%) attained log2 3.0 with GMT of 3.2. This was made up of Nchara- Akanu 7(12.7%), Vandekya 0(0.0%), Fadan Karshi 1(1.7%), and Turu 8(15.1%) with GMTs of 3.3, 2.9, 3.0, and 3.6 in that order. Following the administration of a booster dose of vaccine on 194 birds in the same flocks, 170(87.6%) sero-converted with 118(60.8%) attaining log2 3.0 and GMT of 9.7. Chickens attaining HI titres up to log2 3.0 from the locations were as follows, Nchara-Akanu 26(51.0%), Vandekya 22 (51.2%), Fadan Karshi 28(53.8%), and Turu 33(68.8%) with GMTs of 12.8, 7.5, 7.0, and 12.6 respectively. Vaccinated birds excreted infective vaccine virus. Out of 55 buyback chickens challenged, 15(27.3%) died while 40(72.7%) survived. Twenty two (22) out of 24 (91.7%) unvaccinated birds challenged died and only 2(8.3%) survived. It is therefore concluded that cassava granules could be good carrier for food-borne ND vaccine delivery to village chickens in Nigeria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cassava, V4-UPM virus, village chickens, Newcastle disease.

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Purification and properties of a non-stereospecific dehalogenase enzyme E (DehE) from Methylobacterium sp. HJ1

Ng Hong Jing, Fatin Hanani Sulaiman, Roswanira Ab. Wahab, Rolando V. Pakinging Jr. , Noor Aini Abdul Rashid and Fahrul Huyop*

Abstract: The bacterial isolate HJ1, which was identified as a Methylobacterium sp., grew on 2, 2-dichloropropionic acid as the sole carbon source and produced a 2-haloalkanoic acid hydrolytic dehalogenase. This non-stereospecific dehalogenase E (DehE) catalysed the hydrolytic dechlorination of 2, 2-dichloropropionic acid and D, L-2-chloropropionic acid to produce pyruvate and lactate, respectively. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity and characterized. The molecular weight was 36 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 72 kDa by gel filtration, suggesting that the enzyme is a protein dimer. The purified enzyme was only inhibited by HgSO4 and was non-stereospecific to haloalkanoic acids. The Km value for the hydrolysis of 2, 2- dichloropropionic acid was 0.25 mM. The enzyme removes chloride present on the -position, but not on the -position, of a number 2–carbon alkanoic acids.[...] Read More.

Keywords: haloalkanoic acid, dichloropropionate, 2, 2-dichloropropionic acid.

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Detection and identification of groundwater bacteria in Sebha City, Libya

Salem, A. Mahfouz F. M. Shaieb and A.E.K Elzen

Abstract: Drinking water systems supplied by untreated groundwater were examined to determine whether coliform or heterotrophic plate count bacteria are capable of growing. Filterable bacteria were present in 42% of the 46 groundwater sources examined by using nonselective media (R2A and full strength m-HPC agars). Pseudomonads were the most frequently identified group of filterable bacteria detected. Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter and Achromobacter isolates were also identified. Total coliforms were recovered only from six samples taken from wells near the wastewater lagoon, following filtration through 0.45-µm-pore-size membrane filters by using selective M- Endo LES agar or mT7 agar. In addition, none of the isolates identified from nonselective media were coliforms. Similarly, neither total coliforms nor specifically Escherichia coli were detected in these filtrates when Colilert P/A medium was used[...] Read More.

Keywords: ground water, contamination, Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter, Achromobacterand E. coli

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Chemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Syzigium aromaticum (clove)

G. A. Ayoola*, F. M. Lawore, T. Adelowotan, I. E. Aibinu, E. Adenipekun, H. A. B. Coker and T. O. Odugbemi

Abstract: Steam distillation of the dry flower buds of Syzigium aromaticum (clove) yielded 7% (w/w) of the pure light yellow oil. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the oil revealed that the components were eugenol, caryophyllene, eugenol acetate and alpha-humelene, with eugenol being the main component. The antimicrobial sensitivity of the volatile oil against some Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella paratyphi, Citrobacter spp. and Enterobacter cloacae), a Gram-positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923), and a fungus (Candida albicans) showed a broad spectrum of activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for each organism as 2.4, 1.6, 0.27, 0.016, 0.23, 1.63, 0.73 and 0.067 mg/ml for S. aureus ATTC 25923, E. cloacae, S. paratyphi, K. pneumoniae, E. coli ATTC 35218, E. coli, Citrobacter spp. and C. albicans, respectively. Antioxidant screening of clove oil with 2,2-diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH) was positive, indicating the presence of free radical scavenging molecules which can be attributed to the presence of eugenol, a phenolic compound.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Syzigium aromaticum, clove oil, antimicrobial, antifungal, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, Gas chromatography, mass spectrometry.

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