MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Amylolytic enzymes produced by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in rice semi-solid fermentation

Sideney Becker Onofre*, Paula Steilmnn, Julia Bertolini, Daniele Rotta, Aline Sartori, Francini Yumi Kagimura, Sara Ângela Groff and Luciana Mazzali

Abstract: Amylases are enzymes that hydrolyze starch, releasing several products including dextrines and small polymers of glucose units. This work investigated the capacity of the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides of producing the amylolytic enzymes a-amylase and glucoamylase through fermentation in semi-solid medium of residues of the processing of rice, without supplementation. The a-amylase activity was determined according to the methodology of Pandey et al. (2005) and that of glucoamylase was determined through the release of reducing sugars, dosed by the DNS method described by Soccol (1992). The results show that the fungus C. gloeosporioides showed the highest peaks of enzymatic production at 96 h, where 563.32 U/g of a-amylase and 345.30 U/g of glucoamylase were obtained at 28°C and pH 5.49. With these data it is concluded that the fungus C. gloeosporioides has great capacity of producing amylolytic enzymes (a-amylase and glucoamylase) through fermentation in rice-based solid state without supplementation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Starch, biotechnology, enzymes, processes, endophytic,

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Preparation and application of a novel environmentally friendly cucumber seed coating agent

Zeng Defang*, Tu Renjie and Wu Shan

Abstract: A novel cucumber seed coating agent was made from natural polysaccharide, fertilizer and microelement, etc., which achieved a good effect on increasing cucumber yield and antifeeding against pests. The foremost difference between this seed coating agent and conventional ones was that it controlled pests through the approach of repelling pests and enhancing the immunity of seeds, but not by killing pests. Results indicated that this seed coating agent had excellent control of pests and diseases and increased yield by 8.4 to 10.8%, while the material cost was decreased by 16.7% compared with the conventional toxic seed coating agent. In addition, results showed it was safe for man and livestock without causing any pollution and harm. Therefore it had three characteristics of high yield, less cost and friendly environment.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Environmentally friendly type, cucumber seed coating agent, polysaccharide, antifeedant, germination percentage.

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Utilization of milk permeate in the manufacture of sports drinks

Hattem H. E, Elham H. Abouel-Einin and Mehanna N. M.*

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to milk permeate in the manufacture of sports drinks. The milk permeate contained 6.1% total solids, 4.2% lactose and 0.54% ash. The permeate was treated through several processes, heat fermentation and clarification. Strawberry and mango homogenates were prepared and stored at -20°C until use. Fruit beverages were prepared using the pretreated permeate and fruit homogenates at ratio of 3:1 (v/w). Sports drinks were chemically analyzed and organoleptically evaluated fresh and every 5 days until 15 days of storage in refrigerator. The results revealed that milk permeate was a good source the essential electrolytes such as calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium and phosphorus which may be taken as sports drinks after normal or vigorous exercise to replace these ions. Using strawberry or mango greatly increased calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium and phosphorus content in the prepared drink. Mango was a better source for potassium and magnesium compared to strawberry, whereas strawberry was a better source with respect to calcium and phosphorus. Sensory evaluation indicated that the two sports drinks with fruits were more acceptable than the plain control.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Milk permeate, mango, strawberry, sports drinks.

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Polyphenols and antioxidant properties in forced and naturally aged Brazilian beer

Priscila Becker Siqueira*, Helena Maria André Bolini and Gabriela Alves Macedo

Abstract: Beer is a beverage obtained through alcoholic fermentation of malt wort, usually made of barley, which could be added of other cereals, such as corn, rice or wheat. Its alcoholic content is between 3 and 8%. It can be considered a good source of polyphenols derived both from malt and hop. Due to its antioxidant capacity and low alcoholic content, its able to improve plasma antioxidant activity, reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, without the negative effects of high doses of alcohol. Beer is an unstable product that is involved in a series of chemical, physical and sensorial transformations during its shelf life. This study evaluated the oxidative profile of two different types of Brazilian beer submitted to a forced aging process (6 days at 42°C) and natural aging (4 months at room temperature). The applied tests were: total polyphenol content, hydrogen-donating ability (DPPH), reducing power and copper reducing activity. Results showed no changes in total polyphenol content or antioxidant capacity during forced aging. Beers aged naturally showed a decrease in their polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Beer, polyphenols, antioxidant capacity, aging, storage.

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Fungi associated with the spoilage of berry and their reaction to electromagnetic field

B. J. Akinyele* and C. O. Akinkunmi

Abstract: Fungi responsible for the spoilage of some berry, namely pawpaw (Carica papaya), sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), banana (Musa acuminata), garden egg (Solanum melongena), lemon (Citrus limoni), and tangelo (Citrus tangelo) with respect to their control using electromagnetic field were investigated. Fungi isolated include the genera of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Articulospora, Gonatobotryum, Varicosporium, Trichoderma, Blastomyces, Fusarium, Pleurothecium and yeast, Saccharomyces. The fungal isolates were treated by exposure to electromagnetic field strength generated at voltage of 7, 10, and 13 V for periods of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min, respectively. Growth of the fungal isolates was inhibited by the electromagnetic field with the inhibitory effect becoming more pronounced with increase in the field intensity and period of exposure. Apparently, healthy fruits were exposed to the highest electromagnetic field generated (13 V) for maximum time of exposure used (60 min). Proximate and mineral analyses of the treated and untreated fruits revealed that electromagnetic field wave has no negative or adverse effects on the nutrient components of the fruits. Therefore, electromagnetic field wave can be used in controlling spoilage fungi, thereby increasing the shelf life of fruits.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Berry, electromagnetic field, spoilage, fungi, voltage.

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Studies on biodiversity of some mushrooms collected in Lagos State, Nigeria using biotechnological methods

Bankole, P. O.*, and Adekunle, A. A.

Abstract: The biodiversity of mushrooms in Lagos State, Nigeria was studied using modern biotechnological method of DNA sequence analyses. Sixteen mushrooms were collected in Lagos State for 12 months. The mushrooms collected include: Agaricus campestris, Coprinus comatus, Daldinia concetrica, Ganoderma adspersum, Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Mycena haematopus, Mycena sp., Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus tuber-regium, Polyporus sp., Polyporus squamosus, Polyporus sulphureus, Trametes versicolor, Xylaria polymorpha, and Xylaria sp. Subsequently, eight different pure mushroom mycelia were isolated using potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) from sterile tissues of A. campestris, C. comatus, G. lucidum, P. ostreatus, P. tuber-regium, P. sulphureus, X. polymorpha, and Xylaria sp. A mycelia spawn of each of the isolated mushrooms was made and kept in duplicates for DNA sequence analyses. The DNA sequence analyses of each of the eight mushroom mycelia pure isolates were carried out. No similarity was observed when a BLAST query of the mushroom DNA sequences was carried out to determine the similarity with the GenBank database previous submissions. The sequences were then submitted to the GenBank database for reference purpose. Comprehensive description given by the GenBank provides a detailed, reliable and accurate identification than visual characteristics and phenotypic properties of the mushrooms.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Biodiversity, mushroom, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence, phylogenetic tree.

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The surface display of phytase on yeast cell and activity assay of the displayed protein

Shumin Yao*, Jing Huang and Jingli Tan

Abstract: Phytase is a new-style enzyme used in animal feed additive. It can increase phosphorus availability, decrease environmental phosphorus pollution and improve the performance of animals. Phytase gene was cloned by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using first strand cDNA as template after reverse transcripting Aspergillus niger total RNA. The phyA gene was cloned into plasmid pYD1 which allows regulated expression, secretion and detection of expressed proteins on the surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells using immunofluorescence. The construct was propagated in Escherichia coli DH5α and then was transformed into the yeast strain EBY100. After induction, the phytase activity was measured every 12 h. The results indicated that the activity of the fusion protein reached the highest level after being induced with 2.0% galactose for 48 h. This enzyme had pH optima (pH 7) and its optimum temperature was about 65°C.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Yeast surface display, Aspergillus niger, phytase.

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First qualitative survey of filamentous fungi in Dal Lake, Kashmir

Suhaib A. Bandh*, Azra N. Kamili, Bashir A. Ganai, Samira Saleem, Bashir A. Lone and Humera Nissa

Abstract: Filamentous fungi comprehend a heterogeneous group of heterotrophic microorganisms that act as saprobes or parasites or, less frequently as symbionts living in association with other organisms. Water samples obtained seasonally from April 2010 to March 2011 at sixteen different sites of Dal Lake, Kashmir were serially diluted five folds followed by spread plate technique for the isolation of filamentous fungi, spreading 0.1 ml inoculum from the serial dilution tubes on the Petri dishes containing Rose-Bengal Streptomycin Agar medium. Twenty three (23) species of fungi namely Penicillium caseicolum, P. commune, P. chrysogenum, P. funiculosum, P. lilacinum, P. olivicolor, P. dimorphosporum, Penicillium sp. I, Penicillium sp. II, Penicillium sp. III, Penicillium sp. IV, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. japonicus, A. niger, A. terreus, A. versicolor, A. wentii, Aspergillus sp. Fusarium sp. Rhizopus sp. Acremonium sp. and Mucor sp. belonging to five genera were recovered from the Lake water samples. Penicillium and Aspergillus were the most dominant genera with a total of 11 and 8 species respectively. The most prevalent species was P. chrysogenum with its occurrence at all sixteen (16) sampling stations and a highest total of seventeen species was recorded at site 16 (Pokhribal Nallah II).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Filamentous fungi, Dal Lake, serial dilution, qualitative.

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Generation of a cDNA library reveals the presence of a Ty-1/copia transposon in Phellinus rimosus (Hymenochaetaceae, Basidiomycota)

Luis Cesar Maffei Sartini Paulillo, Sizenando José de Andrade Junior, Abelmon da Silva Gesteira, Marco Brotto, and Aristóteles Góes-Neto

Abstract: Lignocellulolytic fungi have significant potential as bio-convertors with a particular capacity to degrade recalcitrant natural composts, such as lignin. We generated a cDNA library of a lignocellulolytic fungus, the Phellinus rimosus (Hymenochaetaceae, Basidiomycota), and a typical species of polypore mushroom from the Brazilian semi-arid region. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report ever to describe the existence of a Ty1-copia retrotransposon in the P. rimosus species. Given the taxonomic complexity in the Brazilian semi-arid region, our findings will be useful as they provide a molecular identity to this important parasite species of the semi-arid region of Brazil.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lignocellulolytic fungi, biotechnology, Phellinus rimosus, Ty-1 copia, Brazilian semi-arid region, molecular marker.

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Production of cellulase by different co-culture of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum from waste paper, cotton waste and baggase

M. Jayant*, J. Rashmi, M. Shailendra and Y. Deepesh

Abstract: Cellulases are a group of hydrolytic enzymes capable of degrading cellulose to the smaller glucose units. These enzymes are produced by fungi and bacteria. The solid waste of sugar, paper and industry using baggase, paper waste and cotton waste was fermented by Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum in solid state fermentation. There is attempts to transfer the various industrial carbon waste to veterinary proteins depend on microorganisms by using of chemical process. The study indicates that the cellulases obtained from compatible mixed cultures simultaneous mixing of both fungi have more enzyme activity as compared to their pure cultures and other combinations. The fermentation experiments were performed in solid stat fermentation (SSF). Incubation time, carbon sources and initial pH of fermentation medium was optimized with simultaneous mixed culture. It was revealed that the newspaper at pH = 5 and 40°C was the best source of carbon for the enhanced production of cellulase in the compatible mixed culture experiments after 8 days of incubation. Based on the reported results, it may be concluded that industrial carbon waste can be a potential substrate for production of cellulase, incorporation of co-culturing A. niger and P. chrysogenum. The aim of this work is to produce cellulase from waste paper and reduce the pollution.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, cellulase, culture.

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