MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Investigation of the occurrence of Eimeria species in native chickens of Shiraz, Iran

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Eimeria species in native chickens reared under semi-scavenging system and were allowed to scavenge in the yard, in crop fields near water reservoirs. We studied 200 scavenging native chickens in villages around Shiraz City in Southwest Iran. These chickens had no history of vaccination against coccidiosis and had never been given coccidiostat drugs. The chickens were submitted for post-mortem and parasitological examinations. All the villages had chickens that were positive for different Eimeria spp. From a total of 200 native chickens examined, 128 (64%) were infected with coccidiosis. Eimeria tenella was the most prevalent species (24%) followed by Eimeria acervulina (18%), Eimeria necatrix (12%), and Eimeria maxima (10%). Prevalences varied by management and did not vary by flock size.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Eimeria, native chickens, prevalence, Shiraz, Iran.

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Isolation and characterization of bacteria from Melaka rubber estate agricultural soil to utilize 2,2-DCP as only carbon source

Wen-Yong Wong and Fahrul Huyop*

Abstract: Industrial chemicals and pesticides from agricultural activities cause a considerable threat to the environment. 2,2-dichloropropionate (2,2-DCP) is a synthetic halogenated compound used as herbicide. High concentration of 2,2-DCP is toxic if released to the environment and may pollute the soil and ground water source. Using current enrichment technique it was expected to isolate a new bacteria species able to degrade -halocarboxylic acid. Strain Wy1 isolated from soil in Melaka rubber estate was able to utilize 30 mM 2,2-DCP as the sole source of carbon and energy with maximum chloride ion released of 0.27 mmol/L in the liquid growth medium. The biochemical test and 16S rRNA analysis suggested that the bacterial identity was from the genus Labrys sp., and therefore it was designated as Labrys sp. strain Wy1. The cells doubling time in 30 mM 2,2-DCP liquid minimal medium was 33.44 h. Cell growth was inhibited when grown in liquid minimal medium above 30 mM 2,2-DCP due to the toxicity of 2,2-DCP to the cells. This is the first reported case that the genus Labrys sp. is able to degrade 2,2-DCP.[...] Read More.

Keywords: 2,2-dichloropropionate, dehalogenase, soil bacteria, Labrys sp.

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Evaluation of the biodegradability of starch based plastic polymer by some isolated composted soil fungi

Neveen S. Geweely* and Salama A. Ouf

Abstract: Fourteen fungal species (Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochrochus, Botrytis cinerea, Chaetomium globosum, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium funiculosm, Penicillium italicum and Phanerochaete chrysosporium) belonging to Ascomycete, Basidiomycete and Deuteromycete groups were isolated from composted soil in Egypt. The ability of laser induced plasma as a new technique to enhance fungal degradation efficiency of starch based plastic polymer was tested. The maximum significant plastic degradation activities for all isolated fungal species were showed after the lowest exposure time (5 min) to laser induced plasma. The highest efficient fungal degraded starch based plastic polymer was A. niger, where the initial appearance of clear zone was recorded only after two days accompanied with the highest significant amylotic activities. The evaluation of changes in starch based plastic polymer degraded by A. niger compared with uninoculated and non plasma treated A. niger degraded starch based plastic polymer was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The maximum degradation efficiency accompanied with the highest loss of tensile strength (90 and 80.7%, respectively) was observed in the plasma treated A. niger degrading starch polymer. Four low molecular weight sugars were detected by HPLC in plasma and non plasma treated A. niger degrading plastic polymer.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Fungi, plastic, degradation, laser.

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Effects of intraperitoneal administration of GNPs in blood and tissues of rats in vivo

Mohamed Anwar K. Abdelhalim*, Mohammed S. Al-Ayed and Sherif A. Abdelmottaleb Moussa

Abstract: Nanoparticles (NPs) can potentially cause adverse effects on organ, tissue, cellular, subcellular, and protein levels due to their unusual physicochemical properties. Advances in nanotechnology have identified promising candidates for many biological and biomedical applications. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are being increasingly exploited for medical uses and other industrial applications. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the response of heavy elements levels to intraperitoneal administration of different GNPs into rats for period of 3 days in vivo. The experimental rats were divided into normal and 3 groups (G1A, G2A and G3A; G1: 20 nm; G2: 10 nm; G3: 50 nm; A: it means infusion of 0.05 ml of GNPs for 3 days). To investigate the role of GNP size on heavy elements [cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and cobalt (Co)] levels in blood and several tissues of rats, 50 µl daily dose of 10, 20 and 50 nm GNPs was intraperitonealy injected into rats for 3 days. Cd, Ni and Pb concentrations significantly increased in blood and all tissues of rats compared with the normal. Different changes were observed with Co concentrations in blood and several tissues of rats. Co concentrations significantly increased with 20 nm GNPs in blood and kidney tissue of rats compared with the normal while it significantly decreased in heart, lung and liver tissues of rats. 10, 20 and 50 nm GNPs may be an effective inducer of oxidative stress which was evident by the fact that they caused significant increase in Cd, Ni and Pb concentrations in blood and all tissues of rats compared with the normal. This study suggests that GNPs may interact with proteins and enzymes of the rats interfering with the antioxidant defense mechanism and leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which in turn may imitate an inflammatory response and heavy element levels destruction. Exposure to intraperitoneal administration of GNPs is a potential source of oxidative stress toxicity in rats.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Gold nanoparticles, size, severaltissues, blood, heavy elements, toxicity, rats.

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A study of purified and characterized novel glucose oxidase-like melanoidin to decolorize wastewater

Chin-Fa Hwang, Ying-Shu Jiang, Shyang-Chwen Sheu, Pao-Chuan Hsieh and Jia-Hsin Guo*

Abstract: A novel melanoidin decolorizing enzyme (MDE) produced by Geotrichum sp. No. 56, which exhibits decolorization activity against synthetic melanoidin and molasses containing wastewater, was purified and characterized. The purification process was performed using ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-Cellulose and Sephadex G-150 column chromatography. The melanoidin decolorization activity of the MDE was improved up to 7.3 U mg-1, the equivalent to 8.3-fold increase from the initial protein preparation, with an overall yield of 9.1%. The results of gel filtration and SDS-PAGE revealed that the purified MDE was a dimmer with 127.5 kDa, and both subunits were alike with 63.5 kDa each. The optimum pH and temperature for the purified MDE were 6.5 and 45°C, respectively. The MDE activity was highly specific for -D-glucose, but completely inhibited by cysteine, iodoacetic acid, 2-mercaptoethanol, gluconic acid, HgCl2 or AgNO3. The MDE also decolorized the spent broth of monosodium glutamate fermentation. The Geotrichum sp. No. 56 producing MDE, which shares various characteristics with glucose oxidase (GOx), could be useful for decolorizing fermented wastewater.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Decolorization, Geotrichum sp., glucose oxidase, melanoidin, molasses wastewater.

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Use of herbal extract for quantitative estimation of the antifouling activity in marine paint

A. M. Chandak*, Shastri P. N. and Gogte B. B.

Abstract: Biofouling and biofilm formations are of great concern to many modern industries, including marine, food, water, mining and medical field. The shipping industry has serious problems with biofouling (complex communities of marine organisms) on most surfaces submerged in seawater. This leads to problems such as increasing water resistance, fuel consumption and microbial corrosion of metal surfaces. The primary fouling agents on aquatic surfaces exposed to light happen to be algae and diatoms, whereas fungi and bacteria follow the trend, forming a biofilm on the surface. This further attracts the crustaceans and molluscs, which are responsible for macro-fouling. Various components such as tin, arsenic, mercury, lead and copper are used as the biocides. These components are polluting the environment affecting the marine life. The paper contents the use of herbal extract as the antifouling agent and approach for quantitative estimation of the antifouling activity of the Curcuma longa extract as compare to that of tin.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antifouling, Curcuma longa, leaching, paint, Gleocapsa.

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Assessment of Paramecium tetraurelia growth in a new synthetic culture medium

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: For using an organism for ecotoxicological studies, it is important to understand its model of growth under some physicochemical parameters that influence with a direct manner its development. The knowledge of the optimal parameters for the paramecia development leads to realize a model of growth with clear stages. For that, we tried to study the influence of temperature, pH, nutrient density in the culture medium and pollution on the growth of Paramecium tetraurelia. Obtained results showed that paramecia prefer definite conditions. However, the growth was better in temperatures included between 25 and 30°C, with preference to increased temperatures and a slightly acidic pH. The culture medium was prepared from the mixture of several vegetables which the rates were studied depending to the growth. The combined effects of azoxystrobin and cyproconazole on the growth kinetics were studied. Results showed that treatment affected the population growth, the generation time and the velocity of generation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Paramecium tetraurelia, growth kinetics, physicochemical parameters, azoxystrobin, cyproconazole.

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Identification of Thiobacillus thiooxidans CGMCC 10329 and fundamental application in bioleaching as part of a synergic bacterial consortium

Hongfei Zhu* and Xuesong Zhao

Abstract: Bioleaching has become increasingly important in commercial gold extraction because of its economic benefits. Thiobacillus thiooxidans (also known as Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans) is an important participant in synergic bioleaching processes. In this study, a novel strain was isolated from an underground coal mine, identified and named Thiobacillus thiooxidans CGMCC 10329. A consortium of microorganisms including T. ferrooxidans DSM14882, Leptospirillum ferrooxidans CCTCC AB207038 and T. thiooxidans CGMCC 10329 was used to leach four gold ores and four sulfur-containing coal samples; we then determined gold recovery rates and removal rates of elements. The content that may be harmful to the environment, such as sulfur and arsenic contained in the ores, was investigated. The synergic leaching results indicated that the maximum deprivation rates of carbon, sulfur and arsenic were respectively 59.91%, 67.21%, and almost 100%. Bioleaching pretreatment markedly improved the gold recovery rate by 10.7% to 20% in subsequent cyanidation, compared with traditional extraction operations. The average sulfur removal rate by synergic leaching of the four coal samples was 35.4%. This synergic leaching method, to some extent, broadens gold ore resources and benefits the environment by reducing the impact of coal burning. Keywords: Thiobacillus thiooxidans; synergy; bioleaching; recovery rate; sulfur; deprivation[...] Read More.

Keywords: Thiobacillus thiooxidans; synergy; bioleaching; recovery rate; sulfur; deprivation

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Harvesting and marketing of Gnetum species (Engl) in Cameroon and Nigeria

Nkwatoh Athanasius Fuashi *, Labode Popoola , Iyassa Sabastine Mosua , Nkwatoh Ferdinand Wehmbazeyi , Ndumbe Njie Louis and Ewane Marcus Elah

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A study of the genome sequence of food-and-mouth disease virus WFL strain

Linzhu Ren, Lin Wang, Yunzhi Ma* and Xinglong Wang

Abstract: The complete genome of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strain WFL was cloned and sequenced. The results showed that the complete genome was 8155 nucleotides (nt) in length (including the poly(C) tract, but excluding poly(A) tail) and was composed of a 1059-nt 5'-untranslated region (UTR), a 6969-nt open reading frame, and a 127-nt 3'- UTR. cre region of 5’UTR was 55nt with 45.5% of G/C, and had a stem-loop. The stem -loops region of 3’UTR can fold into two stem -loops, SL1 and SL2. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on complete amino acids sequences of WFL strain and reference strains. The strains were divided into 4 clusters. O/ES/2001, HKN/2002, LZ and WFL strain can be divided into one group. It was obvious that WFL strain had a close relationship to LZ strain, which indicated that the WFL strain was of serotype O. There were 16 different deduced amino acid residues between the WFL strain and the LZ strain.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Food-and-mouth disease virus, sequence, complete genome, untranslated region (UTR).

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