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Sifis Bouzakis* and Eleni Berdousi
Abstract: In this paper we attempt to show the educational argumentation of the Greek liberal political forces with respect to special education within the reform attempts that were undertaken in 1913, 1929, 1964, and 1985. More specifically, we detect the concepts that prevailed in each of the three main phases through which special education in Greece passed over the period under examination: a) the rejection and repulsion phase, b) the humanitarian treatment phase, and c) the recognition and participation-on-equal-terms phase. Finally, an attempt is made to interpret those perceptions of the liberal politicians regarding special education that dominated each time as viewed within the national-ideological framework that formulated them.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Special Education in Greece
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文章
O.O. Adedoyin*, H. J.Nenty and B Chilisa
Abstract: This is a quantitative empirical research study validating the invariance of item difficulty parameters estimates based on the two competing measurement frameworks, the classical test theory (CTT) and the item response theory (IRT) . In order to achieve the set goal, one fifty five (155) different independent samples were drawn from the population of students (35,262) who sat for the 2004 Paper 1 Botswana Junior Secondary School Certificate in Mathematics. These samples were selected based on gender, gender by educational regions, ability groups, and educational regions). The item difficulty parameter estimates from CTT and IRT were tested for invariance using repeated measure ANOVA at 0.05 significant levels. The study focussed on two research questions which were: (i) which of the two test theories CTT or IRT item difficulty parameter estimates vary across different samples of persons? And (ii) which of the two test theories CTT or IRT item difficulty parameter estimates vary across sample sizes? These research questions were answered through testing of hypothesis derived from each research questions. The research findings were that the item difficulty parameter estimates based on CTT theoretical framework were variant across the different independent samples. The item difficulty parameter estimates based on IRT theoretical framework were invariant across the different independent groups and also the item difficulty parameter estimates for IRT were invariant across groups with varying sample sizes. Overall, the findings from this study discredited the CTT theoretical framework for its inability to produce item difficulty invariant parameter estimates.[...] Read More.
Keywords: CTT, IRT Invariance Item and person parameters
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Full Length Research Paper
Abstract: There is the tendency to think that factors of teachers’ effectiveness could be defined in terms of teacher characteristics, his experiences, his cognitive and affective properties, the conditions to which he has to adjust and the characteristics of the school, classroom and student. Although each of these characteristics may contribute to teacher’s success, they are not the substance of effective teaching. A proper conceptualization of teaching and teacher’s effectiveness as a yardstick for quality assurance is necessary for a better understanding of what makes a teacher to be effective. It is believed that observational techniques as a strategy could go a long way in making teacher to be effective. This explains why this paper examined how to enhance quality assurance through teacher’s effectiveness. To achieve this, one hundred primary school teachers were personally observed in their classes for a period of 30 minutes each. The instrument employed was tagged classroom interaction sheet (CIS) which consisted of seven categories (A – G) .Two research hypotheses were postulated and t-test and ANOVA statistical analyses were employed. The results indicated variance in the behavioural categories observed. The observational techniques as a means of enhancing quality assurance therefore are advocated for further studies.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Quality assurance, teachers’ effectiveness.
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Full Length Research Paper
Abstract: Although student discipline had existed since the beginning of mankind, the disciplinary methods employed have changed over the years, giving rise to culturally irrelevant disciplinary strategies. This study explored teachers’ views about approaches to discipline experienced in Botswana schools in terms of policy and practice. In particular, the study sought for information on teachers’ day-to-day experiences and their views with regard to the implementation of student discipline regulations. Twenty teachers, who have been in the field for at least eight years, were interviewed once. Interview proceedings were recorded and later transcribed verbatim. The study showed that teachers feel disempowered by schools’ discipline regulations, and that students take advantage of such regulations to undermine teachers’ authority. Based on the premise that discipline approaches are culturally conceptualized and negotiated, the paper argues that student discipline has grown into an epidemic in Botswana schools because culturally inappropriate approaches are employed. Recommendations as to how the problem could be curbed are discussed and suggestions for further studies are made.[...] Read More.
Keywords: student, discipline and regulations.
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Full Length Research Paper
Abstract: This study examined college students’ attitudes towards science in a course designed with Science Education for New Civic Engagement and Responsibilities (SENCER) ideals. SENCER uses socially engaging issues to teach basic science to non-science majors. A combination of methods was used to measure changes in attitudes (confidence and interest) and scientific literacy after completing this SENCER course. While a pre/posttest showed a significant increase in knowledge about biological concepts, the study revealed no significant change in confidence or interest in science in general as measured by the SENCER Student Assessment of Learning Gains (SALG) survey. However, a second instrument, the Biology Attitude Scale, demonstrated a significant increase in positive attitudes towards biology in particular. The case study data (including a content analysis of online reflective questions and semi-structured interviews) revealed that students’ confidence in science remained the same during the semester even though their interest may have increased. This suggests that an increase in both variables (confidence and interest) simultaneously may not be needed in order to increase scientific literacy. These results have implications for college science teachers designing courses for non-science majors. Keywords: Science education, non-science majors, scientific literacy, interdisciplinary courses.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Science education, non-science majors, scientific literacy, interdisciplinary courses.
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E. B. Kolawole
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of the cooperative and competitive learning on academic performance of students in mathematics in order to find out which one of them is the more effective learning strategy. The sample of the study was 400 Senior Secondary Schools III, Mathematics students made up of 240 boys and 160 girls randomly selected from four out of five States in South West Nigeria. Quasi experimental design was adopted for the study. Two instruments were used namely Mathematics Pre-Test Achievement Test (PTAT) and Post-Test Achievement Test (PAT) to collect data. The data collected in this study were subjected to Z-test analysis at = 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that cooperative learning strategy is more effective than competitive learning strategy and that boys performed significantly better than girls in both learning strategies. Based on the findings, cooperative learning strategy should be introduced in our secondary schools in Nigeria.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Mathematics, Senior Secondary Schools, Nigeria Cooperative, Competitive, Learning strategies and performance
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Justin R. Chimka* and Lauren Holloway Lowe
Abstract: This is the second in a series of articles describing ongoing research that involves studying engineering college student graduation using Cox proportional hazards models. The first article, called "Proportional hazards models of graduation," was based on main effects models of graduation controlling for descriptors such as in -state residence, hometown population, and student major. This second article attends to first-order interaction terms between pairs of previously considered main effects. Survival analysis of graduation data here suggests significance of standardized math scores, and English and Science ACT scores, under certain circumstances that might not have been discovered without the examination of interaction.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Graduation, proportional hazards, retention, survival analysis.
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Lynn Planinac*, Scott T. Leatherdale, Steve R. Manske and Meghan Arbour
Abstract: Youth smoking and physical inactivity are significant public health issues, with implications for both health and education stakeholders, as school-based policies and programs have the potential to reach a broad population of youth to address these issues. Knowledge exchange tools designed around comprehensive school-level data collection systems allow for dissemination of evidence into such policies and programs. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the process of developing knowledge exchange feedback reports for school-based health policies and programs, using the School Health Action, Planning and Evaluation System (SHAPES) data collection system. SHAPES-Ontario is a project that utilized the SHAPES research platform to collect student -level behavioural data and school-level policy and programs data on tobacco and physical activity in 81 secondary schools across Ontario, Canada. Methods used to develop the feedback reports involved categorizing and scoring survey response options based on extensive research evidence and expert feedback. Feedback report scores were aggregated into overall grades and presented in a short and long version of a feedback report for school administrators. These reports present prime examples of how to use the principles of knowledge exchange in developing a tool to bridge the gap between research and practice. Keywords: Secondary schools, health policies, tobacco, smoking, physical activity.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Secondary schools, health policies, tobacco, smoking, physical activity.
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Full Length Research Paper
Abstract: This research examined a program of concurrent high school-university studies aimed at promoting students living in underprivileged areas to continue on to higher education. High school students attended university once a week for learning enrichment or participating in full academic courses. Data were collected through interviews and documented meetings with students and their parents, university lecturers, and school staff. The high -achieving students were primarily interested in learning advanced topics in the exact sciences; formal rewards such as raising their probability of being accepted to the university after graduating from high school or credit for future studies at the university were of second priority. The low -achieving students perceived the program as being a window of opportunity to higher education; they truly enjoyed the courses that were anchored in their life contexts, for example, Medicine, Law, and Economics. The most successful courses were those that consisted of class activities, group work or projects, rather than the delivery of content by the teacher. Two principal factors influence the success of a concurrent high school-university studies program: close cooperation between the school and the university in designing courses that match the needs of students from a wide spectrum of scholastic achievements; and close supervision by the school of the students studying at the university and the provision of adequate support in case of difficulties. Keywords: Access to higher education, high school-university cooperation.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Access to higher education, high school-university cooperation.
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Sueanne E. McKinney*, Robert Q. Berry, Daniel L. Dickerson and Gloria Campbell-Whately
Abstract: Recruiting and retaining quality teachers specific for high -poverty schools in urban areas is a national concern, especially in light of the “No Child Left Behind” federal legislation. The educational realities, detrimental effects of poverty, and human despair that often depress low- income communities can prove to be quite overpowering for many teachers new to the profession and significantly contribute to high levels of teacher absenteeism, attrition rates, and teacher shortages. Examining this issue through a new lens, that being through the eyes of effective urban high- poverty school educators, has the potential to spark spirited conversations and debates among policy makers and educators alike so that significant polices and efforts can be developed and implemented. Therefore, the intent of this study was to develop a profile of high-quality educators who remain in urban high-poverty schools within a large metropolitan school district, and identify the indicators that influence them to remain. The results indicated that teachers who are African American, older, and more experienced define the profile of teachers most likely to remain beyond the first three years in this demanding setting. Additionally, these teachers reported that they remain because they believe they are well suited for teaching in high-poverty schools. Unless more attention is given to teacher retention, and why some educators are successful and persevere in even the most hard-to-staff schools, teacher attrition will continue to be a national concern.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Urban Teaching, teacher retention, teacher recruitment.
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