MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Protective effects of calpeptin on rat hippocampal slices exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation

Zhongshen Kuang, Hang Xu*, Qinghong Cheng, Xiaofeng Li, Guiyun Zhu and Weihua Sun

Abstract: The present study investigated the protective effects of calpeptin on rat hippocampal slices exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). Forty SD rat hippocampal slices were randomly assigned into control group and calpeptin group. According to the calpeptin concentration of artificial cerebrospinal fluid, the calpeptin group was subdivided into 1, 10, 100 and 200 mol/ l group (n=8 per group). Extracellular recording technique was employed to determine the effects of calpeptin on the orthodromic population spikes (OPS) and hypoxic injury potential (HIP) of hippocampal slices exposed to OGD. TUNEL staining was conducted to detect the apoptosis of pyramidal cells with or without calpeptin treatment. In the 10, 100 and 200 mol/l group, the presence of HIP and the number of apoptotic cells were markedly increased, and the rate and amplitude of OPS recovery were significantly elevated when compared with control group. However, there were no remarkable differences in these parameters between 10, 100 and 200 mol/l group. Our results showed calpeptin of 10 to 200 mol/l could dramatically improve the injury of OGD to rat hippocampal slices in which decreased apoptosis of neurons in the CA1 region by calpeptin played an important role.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Calpain, oxygen and glucose deprivation, hippocampal slice, orthodromic population spike, hypoxic injury potential.

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Gastroprotective effects of Stachys Lavandulifolia extract on experimental gastric ulcer

Fatemeh Nabavizadeh*, Ali Mohammad Alizadeh, Soheila Adeli, Masoumeh Golestan, Hamid Moloudian and Mohammad Kamalinejad

Abstract: Several studies have used Stachys Lavandulifolia vahl (S. lavandulifolia) as medicinal plant in Iranian folk medicine. The present investigation is designed to elucidate therapeutic and preventive effects of S. lavandulifolia extract on gastric acid and pepsin secretions in experimental gastric ulcer. Thirty two Wistar male rats were used to study therapeutic and preventive effects of S. lavandulifolia extract on alcohol-induced gastric ulcer. Animals were equally (n=8) divided into 4 groups: (I) Control (II) Alcohol (1 ml/200 g/bw) to induce gastric ulcer (III) Alcohol/Lvandu (100 mg/kg bw/daily, S. lavandulifolia extract was given for two weeks post alcohol administration) and (IV) Lvandu/alcohol (S. lavandulifolia extract was given for two weeks before alcohol administration). Ulcer index, gastric acid and pepsin secretions was measured. Ulcer index was significantly decreased in alcohol/Lvandu than Alcohol group. Also gastric acid and pepsin secretions, and gastric tissue’s NO metabolites level were significantly lower in alcohol and Lvandu/alcohol groups than control (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Stachys Lavandulifolia, acid, pepsin, nitric oxide

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Effects of leaf and berry extracts of Phytolacca dioica L. on haematological and weight parameters of Wistar rats

A. O. T. Ashafa*, T. O. Sunmonu and A. J. Afolayan

Abstract: The effect of aqueous leaf and berry extracts of Phytolacca dioica administered at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight for 14 days was investigated on haematology and weight parameters of Wistar rats. The extracts at all doses had no significant effect on the red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (HB), parked cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) when compared with the animals in the control group. In contrast, the extracts at all doses caused a progressive significant reduction in the serum levels of platelets, white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils and monocytes. Also, there was dose-dependent significant increase in the serum levels of lymphocytes and a reduction in the level of eosinophils. Administration of the extracts at all doses investigated led to a significant reduction in the body weight, absolute organ weight and organ-body weight ratio. These observable alterations in some parameters were indications that the leaf and berry extracts of P. dioica possess slight toxicity. Therefore, the crude extracts from the leaf and berry may not be completely safe as oral remedies.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Phytolacca dioica, haematology, weight parameters, slight toxicity, oral remedy.

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Development and validation of stability indicating assay method of cetirizine hydrochloride by HPLC

Muhammad Imran Khan, Ghulam Murtaza*, Sher Awan, Muhammad Iqbal, Muhammad Khurram Waqas, Akhtar Rasool, Urooj Fatima, Muhammad Hassham Hassan Bin Asad, Anwar Kahlid, Faisal Usman, Qazi Najam-us -Saqib, Shujaat Ali Khan, Kalsoom Farzana, Seema Mahmood and Izhar Hussain

Abstract: A new simple and rapid high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of cetirizine hydrochloride (CTZ) in tablets using CLC-ODS reverse phase column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 µm). Salicylic acid was used as internal standard. A mixture of methanol and water of 70:30 with pH 4 (adjusted with o-phosphoric acid) was used as mobile phase. The eluents were detected at 231 nm. The coefficient of determination of calibration curve for CTZ and salicylic acid in mobile phase were 0.9898 and 0.9925, respectively. The limit of detection for CTZ was 4 µg ml-1. The proposed method was successfully applied for the stability study of CTZ. The CTZ was found to be stable at accelerated condition of temperature and relative humidity after storage of six months. This method can be used for the routine quality control and dosage form assay of CTZ in pharmaceutical preparations.[...] Read More.

Keywords: High performance liquid chromatography, cetirizine hydrochloride, pharmaceutical preparations.

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Assessing estrogenic activity of Nigella sativa in ovariectomized rats using vaginal cornification assay

Saadat Parhizkar¹,²,³, Latiffah Abdul Latiff¹,³*, Sabariah Abdul Rahman¹,³, Mohammad Aziz Dollah¹, Hanachi Parichehr

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the estrogenic activity of Nigella sativa (NS) by vaginal cornification assay using an ovariectomized rat model. Forty ovariectomized Sprague Dawley rats, weighting 250 to 350 g were used in the study. N. sativa powders were administered to ovariectomized rats for 21 consecutive days at dosages of 300, 600 and 1200 mg/kg respectively, and were compared with each of daily treatment with 0.2 mg/kg conjugated Equine estrogen as positive control or distilled water as negative control. Vaginal smears were taken to observe the estrogenic effect on vaginal epithelium of rats. The vaginal smear showed an atrophic pattern at baseline. The occurrence of vaginal cornification after N. sativa supplementation indicated estrogenic activity of N. sativa, but this effect was not as much as CEE. The most influence of N. sativa in vaginal cornification was observed in low dose NS that this result was in agreement with serum Estradiol level of this group. The cornified cells percentage significantly differed from control group (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nigella sativa, vaginal cytology assay, ovariectomized rats, estrogenic activity.

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Wound healing potential of the ethanolic extracts of Bidens pilosa and Ocimum suave

Kyakulaga .A. Hassan, Olila Deogratius, Jane .F. Nyafuono, Omujal Francis and Ogwang .P. Engeu*

Abstract: The ethanolic extracts of Bidens pilosa and Ocimum suave were evaluated for their wound healing potential on excision wound models in Wistar albino rats. A total of nine (n=9) rats per group were used to assess the wound healing potential of the extracts. There were four groups of animals treated topically twice a day with either of the following: O. suave, B. pilosa , neomycin sulfate or distilled water. The rate of wound contraction, epithelialization, and complete healing were assessed over the experimental period. Wounds treated with extracts of O. suave, B. pilosa and neomycin sulfate had faster rates of wound contraction (p0.05). In conclusion, extracts of O. suave and B. pilosa show potential for use as alternative to neomycin for treatment of wounds.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bidens pilosa, Ocimum suave, wound healing, epithelialization, ethanolic extract.

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Effect of aqueous extract of Chrysophyllum cainito leaves on the glycaemia of diabetic rabbits

N'guessan Koffi*, Amoikon Kouakou Ernest, Tiébré Marie-Solange, Kadja Beugré and Zirihi Guédé Noël

Abstract: Chrysophyllum cainito is a plant recognized by the traditional healers of Aboudé-Mandéké, a village in the Department of Agboville (Côte-d’Ivoire), as having antidiabetic properties. The aim of this study is to evaluate, experimentally, the effect of an aqueous decoction of the plant’s leaves that we called C. cainito, on rabbits induced with alloxane, a diabetogenic product. Different graded doses of this herbal medicine were applied on postprandial blood sugar levels of diabetic rabbits. At doses of 10 g/l, C. cainito does not induce the hypoglycaemic effect. A dose of 20 g/l reduced the hyperglycaemia from 5 g/l to 1.4 g/l. A dose of 30 g/l of C. cainito produced a graded decrease in hyperglycaemia from 6.3 g/l to 3.2 g/l. After 6 weeks of treatment, the induced diabetic rabbits stopped eating and succumbed between the 8th and the 9th weeks of experimentation. It was thus concluded that C. cainito leaves have glucose lowering effect at doses > 10 g/l and appears toxic and lethal at 30 g/l. C. cainito produces its hypoglycaemic effect mainly through alkaloids, sterols or triterpens, the antidiabetic active constituents.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aboudé-Mandéké, alloxan, Côte-d’Ivoire, herbal medicine, traditional healer.

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Evaluation of extracts of Triclisia suboardata Oliv and Heinsia crinita (Afz) G. Taylor for antimicrobial activity against some clinical bacterial isolates and fungi

K. A. Abo*, I. O. Lawal and A. Ogunkanmi

Abstract: We report antimicrobial potential of extracts of roots of Triclisia subcordata and whole plant of Heinsia crinita used as components of various herbal portions in ethnomedine in South West Nigeria to treat acute urinogenital infections and infertility. Methanol and hexane extracts of each plant were obtained by maceration and tested for antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion and microbroth dilution techniques. The extracts were tested against strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi including four species of Candida. The study showed that extracts of H. crinita and T. subcordata exhibited profound antibacterial activity against the typed and clinical isolates obtained from patients with STD and meningitis. High antifungal activity, particularly against the Candida species was noted as Candida species are implicated in candidiasis and vaginal thrush. Generally, the methanol extract was more effective than the hexane extracts on the test micro-organisms. The study justifies the ethnopharmacological uses of these medicinal plants for treatment of microbial infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Triclisia subcardata, Heinsia crinita, antimicrobial activity, non-gonococcal urethritis, infertility.

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Assessment of antibiotics production potentials in four actinomycetes isolated from aquatic environments of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Cwala Z., Igbinosa E. O. and Okoh A. I.*

Abstract: Crude extracts of four actinomycetes species belonging to Actinoplane [NB 034], Streptomyces [TR 007] and Actinopolyspora [NB 069 and TR 008] genera were screened for antibacterial activities against a wide range of bacterial strains. The extracts showed antibacterial activities against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive test bacteria with zones of inhibition ranging between 2 and 27 mm (NB 034); 9 and 15 mm (TR 007); 8 and13 (NB 069) and 2 and 12 mm (NB 069) . The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts against the test bacteria ranged from 0.039 - 5 mg/ml, while the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) ranged from 5 to >10 mg/ml. The extracts exhibited concentration-time dependent killing of Staphylococcus aureus OKOH2A and Staphylococcus scuiri OKOH2B with a 0.73log10 and 0.88log10 reduction in viable counts respectively, while a re-growth phenomenon was exhibited by Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 4352 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 at MIC, 2 × MIC and 4 × MIC of Streptomyces (TR 007) Actinopolyspora (TR 008) extracts. All the active extracts exhibited bacteriostatic activities.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Actinoplane, streptomyces, actinopolyspora, antibiotic production.

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Ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract ameliorates metalaxyl fungicide induced nephrotoxicity in albino mice

Saber Sakr .A.*, Hawazen Lamfon .A. and Amina Essawy .E.,

Abstract: The present work studied the effect of metalaxyl on the structure and function of the kidney of albino mice. The work extends to study the possible role played by the aqueous extract of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in minimizing the toxicity of metalaxyl. Animals were divided into 4 groups. Group 1: given metalaxyl at a dose level of 1/10 LD50 for 4 weeks, Group 2: given metalaxyl and ginger, Group 3: given ginger and Group 4: controls. Kidney cortex of metalaxyl-treated mice showed many histopathological alterations. The renal tubules lost their characteristic appearance and their lining epithelial cells appeared with cytoplasmic vacuolation. The glomeruli were degenerated and the renal blood vessels were congested. The intertubular spaces were infiltrated by inflammatory leucocytic cells. Metalaxyl caused marked elevation in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. It also leads to significant increase in malondialdehyde and decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Treating animals with metalaxyl and ginger led to an improvement in the histological structure of the kidney together with significant decrease in urea and creatinine. Moreover, ginger reduced the level of serum malondialdhyde (lipid peroxidation marker) and increased the serum activity of antioxidant enzymes, SOD and CAT. The present results indicate that ginger has ameliorative effect against kidney damage induced by metalaxyl and this may be mediated by the antioxidant activity of ginger.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Metalaxyl, nephrotoxicity, ginger, histopathology, antioxidant.

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