MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Evaluation of extracts of Triclisia suboardata Oliv and Heinsia crinita (Afz) G. Taylor for antimicrobial activity against some clinical bacterial isolates and fungi

K. A. Abo*, I. O. Lawal and A. Ogunkanmi

Abstract: We report antimicrobial potential of extracts of roots of Triclisia subcordata and whole plant of Heinsia crinita used as components of various herbal portions in ethnomedine in South West Nigeria to treat acute urinogenital infections and infertility. Methanol and hexane extracts of each plant were obtained by maceration and tested for antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion and microbroth dilution techniques. The extracts were tested against strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi including four species of Candida. The study showed that extracts of H. crinita and T. subcordata exhibited profound antibacterial activity against the typed and clinical isolates obtained from patients with STD and meningitis. High antifungal activity, particularly against the Candida species was noted as Candida species are implicated in candidiasis and vaginal thrush. Generally, the methanol extract was more effective than the hexane extracts on the test micro-organisms. The study justifies the ethnopharmacological uses of these medicinal plants for treatment of microbial infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Triclisia subcardata, Heinsia crinita, antimicrobial activity, non-gonococcal urethritis, infertility.

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Assessment of antibiotics production potentials in four actinomycetes isolated from aquatic environments of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Cwala Z., Igbinosa E. O. and Okoh A. I.*

Abstract: Crude extracts of four actinomycetes species belonging to Actinoplane [NB 034], Streptomyces [TR 007] and Actinopolyspora [NB 069 and TR 008] genera were screened for antibacterial activities against a wide range of bacterial strains. The extracts showed antibacterial activities against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive test bacteria with zones of inhibition ranging between 2 and 27 mm (NB 034); 9 and 15 mm (TR 007); 8 and13 (NB 069) and 2 and 12 mm (NB 069) . The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts against the test bacteria ranged from 0.039 - 5 mg/ml, while the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) ranged from 5 to >10 mg/ml. The extracts exhibited concentration-time dependent killing of Staphylococcus aureus OKOH2A and Staphylococcus scuiri OKOH2B with a 0.73log10 and 0.88log10 reduction in viable counts respectively, while a re-growth phenomenon was exhibited by Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 4352 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 at MIC, 2 × MIC and 4 × MIC of Streptomyces (TR 007) Actinopolyspora (TR 008) extracts. All the active extracts exhibited bacteriostatic activities.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Actinoplane, streptomyces, actinopolyspora, antibiotic production.

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Ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract ameliorates metalaxyl fungicide induced nephrotoxicity in albino mice

Saber Sakr .A.*, Hawazen Lamfon .A. and Amina Essawy .E.,

Abstract: The present work studied the effect of metalaxyl on the structure and function of the kidney of albino mice. The work extends to study the possible role played by the aqueous extract of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in minimizing the toxicity of metalaxyl. Animals were divided into 4 groups. Group 1: given metalaxyl at a dose level of 1/10 LD50 for 4 weeks, Group 2: given metalaxyl and ginger, Group 3: given ginger and Group 4: controls. Kidney cortex of metalaxyl-treated mice showed many histopathological alterations. The renal tubules lost their characteristic appearance and their lining epithelial cells appeared with cytoplasmic vacuolation. The glomeruli were degenerated and the renal blood vessels were congested. The intertubular spaces were infiltrated by inflammatory leucocytic cells. Metalaxyl caused marked elevation in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. It also leads to significant increase in malondialdehyde and decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Treating animals with metalaxyl and ginger led to an improvement in the histological structure of the kidney together with significant decrease in urea and creatinine. Moreover, ginger reduced the level of serum malondialdhyde (lipid peroxidation marker) and increased the serum activity of antioxidant enzymes, SOD and CAT. The present results indicate that ginger has ameliorative effect against kidney damage induced by metalaxyl and this may be mediated by the antioxidant activity of ginger.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Metalaxyl, nephrotoxicity, ginger, histopathology, antioxidant.

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Evaluation of antihistaminic activity of Piper betel leaf in guinea pig

Rahul Hajare*, V. M. Darvhekar, Ashish Shewale and Vijay Patil

Abstract: Piper betel Linn. leaves were evaluated for its antihistaminic activity, commonly known as Pan, Vidyache Pan or Tamboli. P. betel has a long history of use in India being applied in multiple therapeutic activities like antibacterial, treating eczema, lymphangitis, asthma, treating rheumatism. So selected, the plant P. betel is effective in histaminic activity related diseases, but antihistaminic activity of P. betel is still not scientifically investigated. In the present study, the pharmacological evaluation of ethanolic extract and essential oil extract of leaves of P. betel Linn. has been done for their antihistaminic activity on guinea pig. In isolated guinea pig tracheal chain preparation, there was a right side shift of dose response curve (DRC) of histamine. Chlorpheniramine maleate was used as a standard drug. Moreover extracts of P. betel disturbed histamine aerosol induce bronchoconstriction in whole guinea pig, where essential oil was more effective comparatively to ethanolic extract. Thus from the results obtained in the present investigation, it can be concluded that ethanolic extract and essential oil of P. betel Linn possess antihistaminic activity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Piper betel leaf, H1-antagonist, guinea pig.

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Aerodynamic characterization of marketed inhaler dosage forms: High performance liquid chromatography assay method for the determination of budesonide

Mohanad Naji Sahib, Yusrida Darwis, Peh Kok Khiang and Yvonne Tze Fung Tan*

Abstract: A sensitive and rapid high performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the determination of aerodynamic characteristics of the emitted dose of budesonide from different inhaler dosage forms. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of acetonitrile and 10 mM ammonium acetate (63:37% v/v) adjusted to pH5 with orthophosphoric acid. The HPLC analysis was performed at a flow rate of 1 mL/min using a C18 Zorbax Eclipse Plus column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5u) and an UV detection wavelength of 254 nm was used. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of quantification, limit of detection, robustness and solution stability. The calibration curve was linear over a concentration range of 0.05 to 62.50 ug/mL (r2 = 0.9999) with limit of detection and limit of quantification of 0.02 and 0.06 ug/mL, respectively. The intra-day and inter- day precision and accuracy were between 0.01 and 2.00% and -1.9 and 0.007%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to measure the amount of emitted and fine particle budesonide doses from Pulmicort Respules®, Pulmicort Inhaler® and Pulmicort Turbuhaler®.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Impactor, pulmicort, inhalation, HPLC, aerodynamic diameter, assay.

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Xanthine oxidase and uric acid response to a 6-week pre-season training programme in male athletes

Ali Tekin

Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the influence of a 6-week pre- season exercise programme including aerobic and anaerobic loads on xanthine oxidase and uric acid levels of male athletes. Fifty voluntary subjects ( the average age is 23 ± 5) participated in this study as study a group. The control group included 30 healthy resting male volunteers with the average age of 23 ± 6. For 6 weeks, the athletes participated in pre-season training programme private to their sports branches 5 times a week. The programme included both aerobic and anaerobic loads. The venous blood samples were taken from all athletes before and after a six-week program and xanthine oxidase and uric acid levels were measured. The paired and independent t tests were used for comparisons. The mean xanthine oxidase and uric acid levels of the control group were 2.86 ± 0.45 U/grHb and 4.85 ± 0.43 mg/dL, respectively. For the exercise group, the mean XO and UA levels were 3.01 ± 0.39 U/grHb and 5.33 ± 0.69 mg/dL as pre-test, and 4.38 ± 0.77 U/grHb and 8.39 ± 0.33 mg/dL as post-test, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the groups (p < 0.05, p < 0.001) and within the study group (p < 0.01). There was a significant difference in the xanthine oxidase and uric acid levels of the athletes in the exercise group before and after training programme consisting of aerobic and anaerobic loads. Moreover, similar difference was seen between exercise and control groups. Thus it can be concluded that exercise has an effect on xantine oxidase and uric acid levels.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Xanthine oxidase, uric acid, preparatory, training, athlete.

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In vitro time-kill studies of antibacterial agents from putative marine Streptomyces species isolated from the Nahoon beach, South Africa

Isoken H. Ogunmwonyi , Ntsikelelo Mazomba, Leonard Mabinya, Elvis Ngwenya, Ezekiel Green, David A. Akinpelu, Ademola O. Olaniran and Anthony I. Okoh*

Abstract: We assessed the antibiotic production potentials of ten putative Streptomyces strains isolated from the Nahoon beach and their antibacterial activities against a wide range of bacteria including reference strains, environmental strains and clinical isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the crude ethyl acetate extracts ranged from 0.039 to 10 mg/mL and the least minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) demonstrated was 0.625 mg/mL against a reference strain Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. Time kill kinetics of all extracts revealed bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities. Average log reductions in viable cell counts for all the extracts ranged from 0.86 log 10 and 3.99 log10 cfu/mL after 3 h interaction and 0.01 log 10 and 4.86 log10 after 6 h interaction at MIC, 2 × MIC, 3 × MIC and 4 × MIC concentrations. Most of the extracts were speedily bactericidal at 3 × MIC and 4 × MIC resulting in over 50% elimination of most of the test bacteria within 3 and 6 h interaction. Our findings suggest that the marine Streptomyces isolated from the Nahoon beach have tremendous potential as sources of new antibacterial compounds.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Time-kill, antibacterial compounds, Marine streptomyces, Nahoon beach.

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Identification of a bacterium that produced an anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis activity

Chen-Xiaoxi

Abstract: The colonial morphology, the cells and the spores of a bacterium had been observed that could produce an anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibiotic. By physiological and biochemical characteristics and by 16S rDNA analysis, this bacterium was identified as Bacillus subtilis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacterium, identification, 16S rDNA, Bacillus subtilis.

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Effect of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) gel extract on re-polarization state of myocardium in albino rat

Pradeep Kumar*, Sadhana Verma, Shraddha Singh, Sunita Tiwari and M. Y. Khan

Abstract: Aloe vera is a well known medicinal plant contents with over 75 different ingredients, anthraquinones, saponins, and sterols. Recent studies showed that it is a potent hypolipedimic, hypoglycemic and antioxidant. In present study we investigated the dose dependent effect of aloe vera gel on repolarization state of myocardium, heart rate, QRS complex and QT interval using electrocardiograph in albino rats. A total of 24 male albino rats were divided into four groups, one control and three experimental. An aqueous solution of Aloe barbadensis was prepared by taking fresh leaf of aloe plant. Animals of all the groups were anesthetized and were treated (i.p.) with aloe vera gel extract in doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight in experimental groups I, II and III, respectively. Electrocardiograms were recorded at 0 (basal), 15 and 30 min after injection of aloe vera/ saline. Aloe vera in doses of 200 mg increases QTc from 73.10 ± 3.25 (mv) to 75.04 ± 1.93 (mv) and in 300 mg, QTc increased from 72.10 ± 1.85 to 76.10 ± 1.56 which is statistically significant (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aloe vera, ECG, QTc prolongation.

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Role of glucocorticoid receptor and nuclear factor kappa B in rat hepatic injury after traumatic hemorrhagic shock

Donglin Luo, Xiankai Huang*, Baohua Liu, Xiaobao Ren, Renping Xiong, Tao Li and Guangyan Li

Abstract: The present study investigated expressions and functions of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) in rat livers after traumatic hemorrhagic shock. The rat model of bilateral femur fracture accompanied with traumatic hemorrhagic shock was established. 96 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group (n = 6), traumatic shock group (n = 30), GR blocking group (n = 30) and NF-kB inhibiting group (n = 30). 10 g/L of Ru486 (Mifepristone) was given via intramuscular injection 1.5 h before injury to block GR expression in GR blocking group, and 200 mg/kg of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) was given via intraperitoneal injection 1 h before injury to inhibit the activity of NF-kB. The expression of GR, TNF- and IL-6, the activity of NF-kB, the hepatic pathology and the hepatic function were dynamically observed 0.5, 2, 4, 6, 8 h after trauma. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to detect the bind activity of NF-kB. The content of GR protein in liver tissue started to decrease 2 h after traumatic hemorrhagic shock, and was significantly lower than the normal control group after 4 h (P < 0.01). The activity of NF-kB was significantly increased after injury, and peaked after 6 h (P < 0.01). After blocking GR expression, NF-kB expression was significantly increased at each time point after reinjury. Two hours after injury, inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the Sinus hepaticus. The expressions of TNF - , IL-6, ALT and TB were significantly increased 2 h after injury (P < 0.01). After inhibiting NF -kB, GR expression was increased in liver tissue after reinjury. TNF-and IL-6 were rapidly decreased at each time point after injury. The liver cell degeneration was significantly recovered 4 - 8 h after injury under light microscope and the congestion in the S. hepaticus was relieved. ALT and TB expressions in serum were significantly decreased 4 h after injury. GR and NF-kB have a close relationship and play an important role in the hepatic injury after traumatic hemorrhagic shock.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Trauma, hemorrhagic shock, glucocorticoid receptor, nuclear factor kappa B, liver injury.

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