MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Comparative effectiveness of Glycyrrhiza glabra vs. omeprazole and misoprostol for the treatment of aspirin-induced gastric ulcers

Mesut Sancar, Thaer Hantash, Betul Okuyan, Sule Apikoglu-Rabus, Zeynep Cirakli, Mine G. Gulluoglu and Fikret Vehbi Izzettin*

Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice) root decoction vs. omeprazole and misoprostol for the treatment of aspirin-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Animals were randomly assigned first to the “prophylaxis” and “treatment” groups and then to the test and the control groups. Liquorice decoction (25 ml/kg; i.g.); omeprazole (2.3 mg/kg; i.p.) and misoprostol (50 g/kg; i.g.) were administered for 3 consecutive days 30 min before aspirin (200 mg/kg, i.g.) administration, in the prophylaxis group. In the treatment group, aspirin (200 mg/kg, i.g.) was administered for 3 consecutive days, and then other drugs were administered at the same doses as the prophylaxis group daily for 4 weeks. According to histopathologic evaluation, misoprostol showed significant protection; however, liquorice decoction and omeprazole failed to protect. In the treatment group histopathological examinations showed no significant difference among liquorice decoction, misoprostol and omeprazole regarding aspirin-induced ulcer treatment; ulcers in all treatment groups were completely cured. The results of this study suggest that Glycyrrhiza glabra can be used for the treatment of NSAID-induced ulcers as an inexpensive alternative to misoprostol and omeprazole.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aspirin, liquorice, misoprostol, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs induced ulcers, omeprazole.

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Evaluation of anti-athletic fatigue activity of Schizandra chinensis aqueous extracts in mice

Shehua Cao*, Huanping Shang, Weibing Wu, Jingrong Du and Ramesh Putheti

Abstract: To study the anti-athletic fatigue effects of Schizandra chinensis aqueous extracts (SCAE), Forty Kunming male mice were randomized into 5 groups (CG, LDG, MDG, IHDG and HDG) equally based on body mass after one week adoption. The control group (CG) was given distilled water and LDG, MDG, IHDG and HDG were given various doses of SCAE (15, 30, 50 and 80 mg/kg) for 28 consecutive days, respectively. Swimming time, lactate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration were measured in the forced swimming treated mice. Results showed that SCAE had significant anti-athletic fatigue effects on mice. It extended the swimming time, increased concentration of the Hb, prevent the increase in lactate and BUN concentrations. In addition, acute toxicity studies revealed that SCAE did not exhibit any toxic symptoms in the limited toxicity evaluation in mice.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Anti-athletic fatigue, Schizandra chinensis, mice.

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In-vitro antimicrobial activity of Ageratum conyzoides (Linn) on clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori

R. N. Ndip, *, A. N. Ajonglefac, T. Wirna, H. N. Luma, C. Wirmum and S. M. N. Efange

Abstract: The present study evaluates the antimicrobial activity of fractionated extracts of Ageratum conyzoides in a bid to isolate the active constituents of the plant with anti- Helicobacter pylori activity. Helicobacter pylori was isolated from the specimens following standard microbiology procedures and isolates subjected to pure fractions of plant extracts for antimicrobial assays. Extracts of A. conyzoides was fractionated by silica gel and thin layer chromatography to obtain pure fractions (17). Fractions 23 - 30 and 31 - 36 were so close and had crystals; it was assumed that they had the same active components, so they were combined and considered as one (fractions 23 - 36). The disk diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility of 15 strains of H. pylori to the fractions. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for the most active fraction was also determined by the broth dilution method. Results were analyzed by the Fisher’s exact test. All the fractions tested demonstrated antimicrobial activity with zone diameters of inhibition between 0 – 30 However, two of the 17 fractions [23 - 36(100%Hex-Hex/EA20%) and 69 - 83(Hex/EA80%)] demonstrated very potent activities. The lowest MIC and MBC recorded were 0.002 and 0.016 mg/ml respectively. However the MIC of the fractions ranged from 0.016 - 0.500 mg/ml for fractions 23 - 36 and 0.002 - 0.500 mg/ml for fractions 69 - 83. The MBC of the fractions ranged from 0.063 - 0.500 mg/ml for fractions 23 - 36; 0.016 - 1.000 mg/ml for fractions 69 - 83. There was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in the potency of the fractions on the different bacterial strains tested, both for the MIC and MBC but comparing the activities of the most potent fractions against the different bacterial strains, they possessed no significant differences (P > 0.05) in their activities both for the MIC and MBC. It is concluded that this plant may contain compounds with therapeutic activity, which may be found in fractions 23 - 36 (100%Hex-Hex/EA20%) and 69 - 83(Hex/EA80%).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, medicinal plant, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, Helicobacter pylori, antimicrobial resistance.

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Histological and biochemical study of the effects of garlic oil and vitamin E in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity

Adejoke Yetunde Onaolapo and Olakunle James Onaolapo

Abstract: The effects of over-the-counter garlic oil capsules and vitamin E on the liver following paracetamol (APAP) overdose was studied. This was with a view to comparing the possible hepatoprotective effects of vitamin E and garlic oil. Thirty adult Wistar rats weighing between 150 and 200 g were randomly divided into five groups of 6 rats each. Garlic oil (3 mg/kg) or vitamin E (200 mg/kg) was administered concurrently with a daily oral dose of 500 mg/kg of APAP. Serum levels of Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured on the 15th day following which animals were sacrificed; liver sections were processed for histological study. Statistical analysis was carried out using a one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a post-hoc test; results were expressed as mean ±S.E.M. The results showed significant weight reduction and elevation of liver enzymes and extensive liver cell injury in animals in the paracetamol control (group B) with significant improvement seen in the groups that received either garlic oil or vitamin E although there was no significant difference in the effects of vitamin E over garlic oil. The study concluded that both vitamin E and garlic oil are hepatoprotective in paracetamol induced liver injury with neither showing any advantage over the other. Keywords: Paracetamol, Hepatotoxicity, Garlic oil, Vitamin E. [...] Read More.

Keywords: Paracetamol, Hepatotoxicity, Garlic oil, Vitamin E.

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Diversity of plants used to treat respiratory diseases in Tubah, northwest region, Cameroon

D. A. Focho*, E. A. P. Nkeng, B. A. Fonge, A. N. Fongod, C. N. Muh, T. W. Ndam and A. Afegenui

Abstract: This study was conducted in Tubah subdivision, Northwest region, Cameroon, aiming at identifying plants used to treat respiratory diseases. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to interview members of the population including traditional healers, herbalists, herb sellers, and other villagers. The plant parts used as well as the modes of preparation and administration were recorded. Fifty four plant species belonging to 51 genera and 33 families were collected and identified by their vernacular and scientific names. The Asteraceae was the most represented family (6 species) followed by the Malvaceae (4 species). The families Asclepiadaceae, Musaceae and Polygonaceae were represented by one species each. The plant part most frequently used to treat respiratory diseases in the study was reported as the leaf. Of the 54 plants studied, 36 have been documented as medicinal plants in Cameroon’s pharmacopoeia. However, only nine of these have been reported to be used in the treatment of respiratory diseases.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, Tubah subdivision, respiratory diseases, diversity.

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In vitro inhibitory effect of Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. extracts against herpes simplex

Fernanda Otaviano Martins, Michelle Mendes da Rocha Gomes, Fábio Luis Pereira Nogueira, Gabriel Rocha Martins, Maria Teresa Villela Romanos, Maria Auxiliadora Coelho Kaplan and Fábio de Sousa Menezes*

Abstract: The inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) in vitro, at non-cytotoxic concentrations of Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. extracts have been evaluated. As for the antiviral activity, the maximum non toxic concentration has been established and this concentration has been used in the anti herpes assay, in vitro. Antiviral activity was determined by reduction of the virus titres. U. baccifera extracts showed the maximum percentage of inhibition against HSV-1-ACVr and the order of activity was found to be butanol fraction > ethyl acetate fraction > ethanol extract. However, the same extracts have not shown expressive percentage of viral inhibition against HSV-2-ACVr.. This is the first report showing antiviral activities for U. baccifera extracts.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Urera baccifera, antiviral activity, HSV-1, HSV-2

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Effect of lead toxicity on coenzyme Q levels in rat tissues

Gamil M. Abdallah, El-Sayed M. El-Sayed* and Osama M. Abo-Salem

Abstract: Lead is a persistent and common environmental contaminant, which chiefly plays a significant role in modern industry. Coenzyme Q acts as electron and proton carrier in mitochondria and functions as an antioxidant in its reduced form (ubiquinol) . To investigate the hazardous effects of lead on the coenzyme Q level, rats were injected i.p. with lead acetate (5 mg/kg b.wt. daily for 6 weeks). Our results showed that the levels of both oxidized (ubiquinone) and reduced (ubiquinol) forms of coenzyme Q9 and Q10 in serum, brain, liver and kidney of lead-treated rats are quite different depending on the organ tissue type.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lead, coenzyme Q, antioxidants.

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Effect of aqueous extract of scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in albino Wister rats

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The effect of aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum was investigated in rat models of liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) . Treatment of separate groups of rats with 2.5 ml/kg body weight of 5, 10 and 15% aqueous extracts of O. gratissimum for 3 weeks after establishment of CCl4 induced liver damage, resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) less hepatotoxicity than with CCl4 alone, as measured by serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. For serum alanine aminotransferase, activity decreased from 68.95 ± 21.38 U/l to 35.77 ± 1.48 U/l, while for aspartate aminotransferase, activity level decreased from 165.65 ± 17.75 to 110.10 ± 3.05 U/l and for alkaline phosphatase, activity level decreased from 364.65 ± 37.75 to 212.74 ± 15.27 U/l. The reduction though not statistically significant (p < 0.05) was dose dependent. Histopathological findings also suggest that treatment with aqueous extracts of O. gratissimum after establishment of CCl4-induced liver damage significantly reduced and even reversed the liver damage in the rats. The results of the study indicate that O. gratissimum might be an effective plant hepatoprotector in the diet of patients with hepatopathies.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aqueous extract, Ocimum gratissimum, hepatoprotector, hepatotoxicity, carbon tetrachloride.

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Neutral components in the leaves and seeds of Syzygium cumini

A. Kumar, *, T. Jayachandran, P. Aravindhan, D. Deecaraman, R. Ilavarasan and N. Padmanabhan,

Abstract: The Syzygium cumini has medicinal importance as an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiulcergenic. The major components of the leaves and seeds have the acid, neutral and phenolic fractions. In this study, the neutral fraction components which form the bulk is studied in detail and results were presented. The neutral components of the leaves and seeds have been studied by gas-chromatography. A total of 13 and 42 compounds were identified in the leaves and seeds respectively. The main compounds in the leaf extract were heptacosane, nonacosane, octacosane, tricontane, octadecane and in the seed extract, 4-(2-2-dimethyl-6-6-methylenecyclohexyl) butanol, decahydro-8a-ethyl-1,1,4a,6-tetramethylnaphalene, octadecane, 1-chlorooctadecane and tetratetracontane were identified. The major compound in the leaves was octadecane and in the seed 1-chlorooctadecane.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Syzygium cumini, octadecane, nonacosane.

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Haemolytic effects and changes in serum enzymes in normal rats exposed to halofantrine hydrochloride overdose

Nwangwu Spencer*, Adeyekun Felix, Uhunmwangho S. Esosa, Madu Michael, Ofusori David, Nwangwu Udoka, Njoya Helen and J. Josiah Sunday

Abstract: The levels of serum enzymes and haemolytic effects of overdose of halofantrine hydrochloride were determined in adult male rats. The animals were grouped into four groups and were orally administered halofantine hydrochloride in normal saline: 0 mg/kg (control), 4 mg/kg (under-dose), 8 mg/kg (normal dose) and 16 mg/kg (overdose) in three repeated doses at 6 h interval. The changes in serum enzyme levels were determined by monitoring the levels alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total serum albumin. The haemolytic effect of the drug was monitored by the changes in Packed Cell Volume (PCV), total bilirubin and direct bilirubin. There were significant increases in the ALT, AST and ALP levels in both the normal dose and overdose when compared with the control. The reduction in total serum albumin in normal dose and overdose was also significant (p < 0.05). The result also revealed a significant decrease in PCV and increase in total and direct bilrubin (p < 0.05) in the overdose groups. The result is indicative of the hepatotoxicity and haemotoxicity of halofantrine hydrochloride in normal dose and overdose conditions.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Halofantrine hydrochloride, haemotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, serum enzymes.

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