MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Posology in children oral liquid medication studies in Liberia

Kolawole* JA, Paye PD and Smith KC

Abstract: The determination and implementation of appropriate dose(s) and dosing in children for effective therapeutic outcome devoid of medication errors is a concern to health practitioners and regulatory authorities. This study surveyed children oral medications on the Liberian pharmaceutical market for appropriate dose/dosage and delivery devices. In the qualitative work, caregivers were interviewed and surveys were conducted in pharmacies for oral medications and the quantitative phase involved the evaluation of the delivery devices. The result of the survey showed that 95.7% of caregivers followed instructions provided at the point of dispensing or as on label of product. Survey result showed that 56% of the oral medicinal products have specific direction for usage while 73% have the inscription “as directed by the physician”, either alone or in combination with specific direction for use. Medicines with delivery device as cup were 80.94% and those with teaspoons were 1.79%, while 17.28% do not have any form of delivery device. 53.11% of the medicinal products provided instruction for delivery of the medicines in “teaspoonful”, though they did not contain teaspoon or cups graduated in “teaspoonful” format. Volume calibration of the teaspoons (n=12, Mean ± SD; 5.389 ± 1.219 ml) showed statistically significant difference (P< 0.05), while the cups volume capacities at 5.0 ml was found to be 5.200 ± 0.326 ml. The large volume cups showed significant difference (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Posology, Liberia, delivery devices, medication error, children oral medication.

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Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activities of extract from Pseudospondias microcarpa (Anarcadiaceae)

Sidjui Sidjui, Lazare,* , Melong, Raduis , Nnanga, Nga , Toghueo Kouipou, Rufin Marie , Zeuko’o Menkem, Elisabeth , Sikadeu, Sandrine , Guedje, Nicole Marie , and Folefoc Ngosong, Gabriel

Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activities of extracts from root and stem barks of Pseudospondias microcarpa. The root and stem barks were extracted successively by n-Hexane, Methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, Methanol, Methanol-Methylene Chloride, and ethanol-water. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tü 57 and Mucormiehei. Cytotoxicity activity of extracts was measured by Brine shrimp lethality bioassay and their phytochemical screening was studied.The inhibition zone diameter of the nineteen extracts ranged from 0-15 mm. PMF4 and PMF7 with 15 mm showed moderate activity on Staphylococcus aureus. PM11 and PMF6 showed 14 mm on Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans respectively. At 24 h, the percentage of lethality vary from 0-21 % with PMF2 and PM3 having 19 and 21 % respectively. At 32 h, percentage varies from 0-56 % with PMF1, PMF2 and PM3 exhibited 27, 38 and 56 % respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of sterols, alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, quinones, glycosides, polyphenols, triterpenes, anthocyanins, anthraquinons, tannins and coumarins. This work revealed the antimicrobial potentials of this plant supporting their traditional use. [...] Read More.

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Therapeutic drug monitoring: An overview of commonly monitored drugs

Nwobodo Ndubuisi N

Abstract: Therapeutic drug monitoring is relevant in individualizing drug therapy, optimizing clinical response and reducing incidence of adverse effects. The use of many effective drugs in clinical practice is limited due to narrow therapeutic window, necessitating individualization of treatment within the framework of therapeutic drug monitoring. Therapeutic drug monitoring is an effective tool for quality assurance in clinical practice, more so for optimizing therapy. Drugs for which therapeutic drug monitoring is indicated constitute only a fraction of drugs in current use. There are clear indications and specific characteristics of drugs for which therapeutic drug monitoring may be required, most especially drugs with very low therapeutic index such as anticonvulsants, cardioactive drugs, antineoplastic drugs, antiasthmatic drugs, immunosuppressants, antidepressant drugs, antibiotics, antiretroviral drugs and antimycobacterial drugs. Hence, the goal of an ideal therapeutic drug monitoring service can be readily achieved by ensuring cautious selection of appropriate drugs and techniques that are cost-effective, highly sensitive/specific and guarantees clinical benefits to the patient.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Adverse drug reaction, clinical practice, common, drug therapy, overview, therapeutic drug monitoring, therapeutic index.

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Synthesis and bio-chemical investigation of series of Bis-(Aldamine-sugar)

Nagham Mahmood Aljamali*

Abstract: The synthesized compounds in our work are calss of heterocyclic compounds in organic synthetic.In the present study, series of various organic compounds [1-11] were synthesized from anil –arabinose compound, which contain two imine –groups can be react as starting material with other compounds (sodium azide, chloro acetyl chloride, azo compound, thiol, secondary amine, maleic anhydride, primary amine) to produce cyclic and open cyclic compounds from (azitidine , form azane , diazepine , thiazine , diazane , sulfide). This work involved cyclization of imine group in some imine –sugar compounds to heterocyclic compounds several steps such as (condensation, alkylation, addition reactions). A detailed discussion of the structural elucidation of newly synthesized compounds was confirmed by (melting points, elemental analysis C.H.N, FT.IR, H.NMR)–spectra, and antimicrobial study on the Gram –positive and Gram –negative bacteria. Keyword: Bis-aldamine, aze-imine, bis-azimine, cyclize of sugar, azane-sugar, arabino-imine, cyclize of aldamin. [...] Read More.

Keywords: Bis-aldamine, aze-imine, bis-azimine, cyclize of sugar, azane-sugar, arabino-imine, cyclize of aldamin.

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A description of the pattern of rational drug use in Ghana Police Hospital

*Daniel Kwame Afriyie and Tetteh, Raymond

Abstract: Irrational use of drugs is a widespread problem at all levels of care, and results in increased mortality, morbidity, adverse drug reactions, poor patient outcomes and wastage of scarce resources. The main objective of the study was to investigate the pattern of rational drug use in the Ghana Police Hospital. Based on World Health Organization (WHO) core indicators of rationale drug use, prescribing data were obtained from 120 outpatients’ records from January-July in 2009. Patient and health facility indicators were obtained by interviewing 100 outpatients and 9 prescribers. Data was analysed with an excel software program. Average number of drugs per patient encounter was 3.7. Of the 446 prescribed drugs identified within study period, 24.2% of encounters received all their medications, 12.5% did not receive any of their prescribed medications while 62.6 % were prescribed by their generic names. Percentage of encounters with injection and antibiotics were 8.3% and 11.9% respectively. Average consulting and dispensing time were observed to be 8 and 1.52 minutes respectively. Percentage of patients who knew the correct drug dosage schedule they received was 62.5%. Percentage of key drugs and treatment guidelines availability were 75.8% and 77.8% respectively. Rational drug use and drug availability at the Hospital was not satisfactory. Adequate drug funding to ensure availability of essential medicines and education of stakeholders is vital to improve the situation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Rational drug use, Prescribing indicators, Patient indicators, Health facility indicators, WHO/INRUD indicators, Ghana.

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VKORC1 haplotype diversity in the admixed Omani population: Significant presence of atypical haplotypes

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: There are significant differences in the performances of dosing algorithms between Caucasians, African Americans and Oriental populations owing to differences in the prevalence of genetic polymorphisms in enzymes involved in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic pathway, although other non-genetic factors do also contribute. The purpose of this work was to assess the vitamin K-epoxide reductase complex unit 1 (VKORC1) haplotypes in the Omani population for predicting specificity of warfarin dose response. We studied the pattern of five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs 9923231; rs 9934438; rs 2884737; rs 17708472 and rs 7294) that define the VKORC1 haplotypes in healthy adult Omani subjects using a PCR-based targeted genomic DNA sequencing. The observed frequencies for VKORC1*1, *2,*3,*4 haplotypes were 0.08, 0.28, 0.29, 0.14 respectively. Four different novel haplotypes were found, two of which were present at a frequency above 3% in the Omani subjects. This is the first study to establish the VKORC1 haplotypes in Omanis. The predicted prevalence of warfarin sensitive VKORC1*2 haplotype was 27.8%, whereas it was 29.4 and 14.4% respectively for the haplotypes *3 and *4. The significant presence of VKORC1*1 haplotype (8%) in Omanis, (otherwise quite rare in Caucasians and Asians) can be traced back to their ancestral African admixture.[...] Read More.

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Halogen substitution anilides of 7-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid as an attempt of optimization of quinolone diuretics by â€œme-tooâ€ method

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Abstract: Using the principles of creating "me-too-drugs" halogen substitution anilides of 7-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid have been synthesized as potential diuretics. According to the results of biological trials, the substances exceeding the diuretic effect of hydrochlorothiazide in sufficiently less dose have been revealed. It has been shown that like pyrroloquinolines, which were previously studied, 7-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-6-carboxamides can also be the base for new highly effective diuretics and are worthy of further research.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Amidation, anilides, 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamides, diuretics, "me-too".

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Comparative effectiveness of Glycyrrhiza glabra vs. omeprazole and misoprostol for the treatment of aspirin-induced gastric ulcers

Mesut Sancar, Thaer Hantash, Betul Okuyan, Sule Apikoglu-Rabus, Zeynep Cirakli, Mine G. Gulluoglu and Fikret Vehbi Izzettin*

Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice) root decoction vs. omeprazole and misoprostol for the treatment of aspirin-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Animals were randomly assigned first to the “prophylaxis” and “treatment” groups and then to the test and the control groups. Liquorice decoction (25 ml/kg; i.g.); omeprazole (2.3 mg/kg; i.p.) and misoprostol (50 g/kg; i.g.) were administered for 3 consecutive days 30 min before aspirin (200 mg/kg, i.g.) administration, in the prophylaxis group. In the treatment group, aspirin (200 mg/kg, i.g.) was administered for 3 consecutive days, and then other drugs were administered at the same doses as the prophylaxis group daily for 4 weeks. According to histopathologic evaluation, misoprostol showed significant protection; however, liquorice decoction and omeprazole failed to protect. In the treatment group histopathological examinations showed no significant difference among liquorice decoction, misoprostol and omeprazole regarding aspirin-induced ulcer treatment; ulcers in all treatment groups were completely cured. The results of this study suggest that Glycyrrhiza glabra can be used for the treatment of NSAID-induced ulcers as an inexpensive alternative to misoprostol and omeprazole.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aspirin, liquorice, misoprostol, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs induced ulcers, omeprazole.

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Evaluation of anti-athletic fatigue activity of Schizandra chinensis aqueous extracts in mice

Shehua Cao*, Huanping Shang, Weibing Wu, Jingrong Du and Ramesh Putheti

Abstract: To study the anti-athletic fatigue effects of Schizandra chinensis aqueous extracts (SCAE), Forty Kunming male mice were randomized into 5 groups (CG, LDG, MDG, IHDG and HDG) equally based on body mass after one week adoption. The control group (CG) was given distilled water and LDG, MDG, IHDG and HDG were given various doses of SCAE (15, 30, 50 and 80 mg/kg) for 28 consecutive days, respectively. Swimming time, lactate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration were measured in the forced swimming treated mice. Results showed that SCAE had significant anti-athletic fatigue effects on mice. It extended the swimming time, increased concentration of the Hb, prevent the increase in lactate and BUN concentrations. In addition, acute toxicity studies revealed that SCAE did not exhibit any toxic symptoms in the limited toxicity evaluation in mice.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Anti-athletic fatigue, Schizandra chinensis, mice.

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In-vitro antimicrobial activity of Ageratum conyzoides (Linn) on clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori

R. N. Ndip, *, A. N. Ajonglefac, T. Wirna, H. N. Luma, C. Wirmum and S. M. N. Efange

Abstract: The present study evaluates the antimicrobial activity of fractionated extracts of Ageratum conyzoides in a bid to isolate the active constituents of the plant with anti- Helicobacter pylori activity. Helicobacter pylori was isolated from the specimens following standard microbiology procedures and isolates subjected to pure fractions of plant extracts for antimicrobial assays. Extracts of A. conyzoides was fractionated by silica gel and thin layer chromatography to obtain pure fractions (17). Fractions 23 - 30 and 31 - 36 were so close and had crystals; it was assumed that they had the same active components, so they were combined and considered as one (fractions 23 - 36). The disk diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility of 15 strains of H. pylori to the fractions. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for the most active fraction was also determined by the broth dilution method. Results were analyzed by the Fisher’s exact test. All the fractions tested demonstrated antimicrobial activity with zone diameters of inhibition between 0 – 30 However, two of the 17 fractions [23 - 36(100%Hex-Hex/EA20%) and 69 - 83(Hex/EA80%)] demonstrated very potent activities. The lowest MIC and MBC recorded were 0.002 and 0.016 mg/ml respectively. However the MIC of the fractions ranged from 0.016 - 0.500 mg/ml for fractions 23 - 36 and 0.002 - 0.500 mg/ml for fractions 69 - 83. The MBC of the fractions ranged from 0.063 - 0.500 mg/ml for fractions 23 - 36; 0.016 - 1.000 mg/ml for fractions 69 - 83. There was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in the potency of the fractions on the different bacterial strains tested, both for the MIC and MBC but comparing the activities of the most potent fractions against the different bacterial strains, they possessed no significant differences (P > 0.05) in their activities both for the MIC and MBC. It is concluded that this plant may contain compounds with therapeutic activity, which may be found in fractions 23 - 36 (100%Hex-Hex/EA20%) and 69 - 83(Hex/EA80%).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, medicinal plant, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, Helicobacter pylori, antimicrobial resistance.

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