MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Histological and biochemical study of the effects of garlic oil and vitamin E in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity

Adejoke Yetunde Onaolapo and Olakunle James Onaolapo

Abstract: The effects of over-the-counter garlic oil capsules and vitamin E on the liver following paracetamol (APAP) overdose was studied. This was with a view to comparing the possible hepatoprotective effects of vitamin E and garlic oil. Thirty adult Wistar rats weighing between 150 and 200 g were randomly divided into five groups of 6 rats each. Garlic oil (3 mg/kg) or vitamin E (200 mg/kg) was administered concurrently with a daily oral dose of 500 mg/kg of APAP. Serum levels of Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured on the 15th day following which animals were sacrificed; liver sections were processed for histological study. Statistical analysis was carried out using a one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a post-hoc test; results were expressed as mean ±S.E.M. The results showed significant weight reduction and elevation of liver enzymes and extensive liver cell injury in animals in the paracetamol control (group B) with significant improvement seen in the groups that received either garlic oil or vitamin E although there was no significant difference in the effects of vitamin E over garlic oil. The study concluded that both vitamin E and garlic oil are hepatoprotective in paracetamol induced liver injury with neither showing any advantage over the other. Keywords: Paracetamol, Hepatotoxicity, Garlic oil, Vitamin E. [...] Read More.

Keywords: Paracetamol, Hepatotoxicity, Garlic oil, Vitamin E.

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Diversity of plants used to treat respiratory diseases in Tubah, northwest region, Cameroon

D. A. Focho*, E. A. P. Nkeng, B. A. Fonge, A. N. Fongod, C. N. Muh, T. W. Ndam and A. Afegenui

Abstract: This study was conducted in Tubah subdivision, Northwest region, Cameroon, aiming at identifying plants used to treat respiratory diseases. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to interview members of the population including traditional healers, herbalists, herb sellers, and other villagers. The plant parts used as well as the modes of preparation and administration were recorded. Fifty four plant species belonging to 51 genera and 33 families were collected and identified by their vernacular and scientific names. The Asteraceae was the most represented family (6 species) followed by the Malvaceae (4 species). The families Asclepiadaceae, Musaceae and Polygonaceae were represented by one species each. The plant part most frequently used to treat respiratory diseases in the study was reported as the leaf. Of the 54 plants studied, 36 have been documented as medicinal plants in Cameroon’s pharmacopoeia. However, only nine of these have been reported to be used in the treatment of respiratory diseases.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, Tubah subdivision, respiratory diseases, diversity.

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In vitro inhibitory effect of Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. extracts against herpes simplex

Fernanda Otaviano Martins, Michelle Mendes da Rocha Gomes, Fábio Luis Pereira Nogueira, Gabriel Rocha Martins, Maria Teresa Villela Romanos, Maria Auxiliadora Coelho Kaplan and Fábio de Sousa Menezes*

Abstract: The inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) in vitro, at non-cytotoxic concentrations of Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. extracts have been evaluated. As for the antiviral activity, the maximum non toxic concentration has been established and this concentration has been used in the anti herpes assay, in vitro. Antiviral activity was determined by reduction of the virus titres. U. baccifera extracts showed the maximum percentage of inhibition against HSV-1-ACVr and the order of activity was found to be butanol fraction > ethyl acetate fraction > ethanol extract. However, the same extracts have not shown expressive percentage of viral inhibition against HSV-2-ACVr.. This is the first report showing antiviral activities for U. baccifera extracts.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Urera baccifera, antiviral activity, HSV-1, HSV-2

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Effect of lead toxicity on coenzyme Q levels in rat tissues

Gamil M. Abdallah, El-Sayed M. El-Sayed* and Osama M. Abo-Salem

Abstract: Lead is a persistent and common environmental contaminant, which chiefly plays a significant role in modern industry. Coenzyme Q acts as electron and proton carrier in mitochondria and functions as an antioxidant in its reduced form (ubiquinol) . To investigate the hazardous effects of lead on the coenzyme Q level, rats were injected i.p. with lead acetate (5 mg/kg b.wt. daily for 6 weeks). Our results showed that the levels of both oxidized (ubiquinone) and reduced (ubiquinol) forms of coenzyme Q9 and Q10 in serum, brain, liver and kidney of lead-treated rats are quite different depending on the organ tissue type.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lead, coenzyme Q, antioxidants.

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Effect of aqueous extract of scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in albino Wister rats

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Abstract: The effect of aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum was investigated in rat models of liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) . Treatment of separate groups of rats with 2.5 ml/kg body weight of 5, 10 and 15% aqueous extracts of O. gratissimum for 3 weeks after establishment of CCl4 induced liver damage, resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) less hepatotoxicity than with CCl4 alone, as measured by serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. For serum alanine aminotransferase, activity decreased from 68.95 ± 21.38 U/l to 35.77 ± 1.48 U/l, while for aspartate aminotransferase, activity level decreased from 165.65 ± 17.75 to 110.10 ± 3.05 U/l and for alkaline phosphatase, activity level decreased from 364.65 ± 37.75 to 212.74 ± 15.27 U/l. The reduction though not statistically significant (p < 0.05) was dose dependent. Histopathological findings also suggest that treatment with aqueous extracts of O. gratissimum after establishment of CCl4-induced liver damage significantly reduced and even reversed the liver damage in the rats. The results of the study indicate that O. gratissimum might be an effective plant hepatoprotector in the diet of patients with hepatopathies.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aqueous extract, Ocimum gratissimum, hepatoprotector, hepatotoxicity, carbon tetrachloride.

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Neutral components in the leaves and seeds of Syzygium cumini

A. Kumar, *, T. Jayachandran, P. Aravindhan, D. Deecaraman, R. Ilavarasan and N. Padmanabhan,

Abstract: The Syzygium cumini has medicinal importance as an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiulcergenic. The major components of the leaves and seeds have the acid, neutral and phenolic fractions. In this study, the neutral fraction components which form the bulk is studied in detail and results were presented. The neutral components of the leaves and seeds have been studied by gas-chromatography. A total of 13 and 42 compounds were identified in the leaves and seeds respectively. The main compounds in the leaf extract were heptacosane, nonacosane, octacosane, tricontane, octadecane and in the seed extract, 4-(2-2-dimethyl-6-6-methylenecyclohexyl) butanol, decahydro-8a-ethyl-1,1,4a,6-tetramethylnaphalene, octadecane, 1-chlorooctadecane and tetratetracontane were identified. The major compound in the leaves was octadecane and in the seed 1-chlorooctadecane.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Syzygium cumini, octadecane, nonacosane.

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Haemolytic effects and changes in serum enzymes in normal rats exposed to halofantrine hydrochloride overdose

Nwangwu Spencer*, Adeyekun Felix, Uhunmwangho S. Esosa, Madu Michael, Ofusori David, Nwangwu Udoka, Njoya Helen and J. Josiah Sunday

Abstract: The levels of serum enzymes and haemolytic effects of overdose of halofantrine hydrochloride were determined in adult male rats. The animals were grouped into four groups and were orally administered halofantine hydrochloride in normal saline: 0 mg/kg (control), 4 mg/kg (under-dose), 8 mg/kg (normal dose) and 16 mg/kg (overdose) in three repeated doses at 6 h interval. The changes in serum enzyme levels were determined by monitoring the levels alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total serum albumin. The haemolytic effect of the drug was monitored by the changes in Packed Cell Volume (PCV), total bilirubin and direct bilirubin. There were significant increases in the ALT, AST and ALP levels in both the normal dose and overdose when compared with the control. The reduction in total serum albumin in normal dose and overdose was also significant (p < 0.05). The result also revealed a significant decrease in PCV and increase in total and direct bilrubin (p < 0.05) in the overdose groups. The result is indicative of the hepatotoxicity and haemotoxicity of halofantrine hydrochloride in normal dose and overdose conditions.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Halofantrine hydrochloride, haemotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, serum enzymes.

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methanolic fraction of Jatropha curcas against B16F10 melanoma induced lung metastasis in C57BL/6 mice

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The methanolic fraction of Jatropha curcas was studied for its anti-metastatic activity using B16F10 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice. Simultaneous administration of methanolic fraction at doses 100 and 200mg/kg, p.o significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited the metastatic colony formation of the melanoma in lungs by 47.54 and 69.52% respectively, with increase in the survival rate of the metastatic tumour bearing animals, as compared to the untreated control animals. Lung collagen hydroxyproline content was highly elevated in the control animals, which was reduced by the simultaneous administration of methanolic fraction at the tested dose levels. The level of lung hexosamines and uronic acid content was also elevated in the control animals. Administration of methanolic fraction of J. curcas at tested dose levels 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o significantly reduced the elevated level of hexosamine and uronic acid content, when compared to that of vehicle treated control animals. Levels of serum sialic acids and g-glutamyltranspeptidase that are markers of neoplastic proliferation were also reduced in the methanolic fraction treated animals as compared to the higher levels in the control animals. Histopathological analysis of the lung tissues also correlated with these findings. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of methanolic fraction of J. curcas on B16F10 melanoma cells was studied using MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; Thiazolyl blue) assay and the IC50 was found to be 24.8 µg/ml. Thus, simultaneous administration of methanolic fraction of J. curcas at the tested dose levels were effective in inhibiting the metastasis of B16F10 melanoma cells and possessed significant anti-metastatic and antiprolifertaive activity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Jatropha curcas, B16F10 melanoma cells, metastasis, antiprolifertive.

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In vitro inhibitory effects of Hypoxis obtusa and Dicoma anomala on cyp450 enzymes and p-glycoprotein

L. Gwaza, A. R. Wolfe, L. Z. Benet, B. J. Guglielmo, T. E. Chagwedera, C. C. Maponga and C. M. Masimirembwa, *

Abstract: Herbal medicines have been shown to cause clinically significant interactions with conventional medicines. Herbal medicines can alter the activity of drug- metabolizing enzymes and transporters, potentially resulting in herb -drug interactions. However, such information is generally not yet available for herbal medicines used only in developing nations. The inhibitory effects of crude extracts of Hypoxis obtusa and Dicoma anomala on cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4 were evaluated in vitro using human liver microsomes. Herbal extracts at concentrations of 50 and 250 g/ml were tested for inhibition of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers using 4.3 nM [3H]-digoxin as the substrate. Extracts of Hypoxis inhibited CYPs strongly, while extracts of Dicoma were moderate CYP inhibitors. The IC50 values for methanol and water extracts on CYP3A4 were 0.20 and 1.0 mg/ml for Hypoxis and 1.2 and 2.4 mg/ml for Dicoma. In the Pgp inhibition experiments, the (basolateral to apical) / (apical to basolateral) digoxin efflux ratios did not change significantly in the presence of the herbal extracts. Whilst, the extrapolation of the data to in vivo is rather speculative, there is need for assessment of the clinical significance of Hypoxis - drug interactions.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Herb-drug interactions, cytochrome P450, P-glycoprotein, Hypoxis obtusa, Dicoma anomala.

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Pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease: Review of cellular aspects of renal lesions

Mohanad Naji Sahib*, Shaymaa Abdalwahed Abdulameer, Noorizan Abd.Aziz and Yahaya Hassan

Abstract: Diabetic kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy) is the most common cause of end-stage renal failure disease in some parts of the world, and is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. This review, based on database resources, was undertaken to review the extracellular and intracellular mechanisms involved in the progression of this disease. Growth factors and, signaling pathways, in addition to, hemodynamic and cellular changes play an important role in the pathogenesis of nephropathy from high glucose level to more complicated biochemical abnormalities. As a conclusion, the understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetic kidney is very complex and heterogeneous and remains poorly understood. But it is important to consider oxygen reactive species and glucose level as the key elements to terminal renal failure or to arrest the progression of this serious disease[...] Read More.

Keywords: Diabetic, nephropathy, cellular and hemodynamic changes.

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