MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Thai medicinal plants: Potential sources of anti-cholangiocarcinoma drugs

Tullayakorn Plengsuriyakarn, Veerachai Thitapakorn, Kesara Na-Bangchang, Juntra Karbwang*

Abstract: Accepted 04 March, 2013 Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), the bile duct cancer, is a major public health problem in several parts of the world particularly in Southeast Asia. The incidence of CCA in northeastern Thailand is high. The most effective treatment is surgical removal in early stage patients. However most patients present to the hospital in advanced stage, which is inoperable. There is no standard chemotherapy regimen for advanced stage. The life expectancy after being diagnosed is 12 weeks. The existing chemotherapeutics are not effective. There is an urgent need to explore other effective agents to combat with this devastating disease. Several medicinal plants used in traditional medicine have been demonstrated to exhibit promising anti-CCA activities either in in vitro and/or in vivo models. These include triptolide from Tripterygium wilfordii, the ubiquitous tannic acid,Atractylodes lancea (Thunb) DC., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Prasa-Prao-Yhai formulation, and curcumin, the pure compound isolated from Curcuma longa Linn.Their mechanisms of anti-CCA activities are either through direct activities on cancer cells (induction of apoptosis, stimulation of cell cycle arrest, and cytotoxicity, etc.) or through indirect activities through promotion of host immune system (inhibition of inflammation caused by liver fluke infection, inhibition of NF-kB-regulated gene products expression involved in DNA damage, etc.). The candidate leads from these plants for CCA treatment are awaited. Their potential roles in CCA either when using alone or as adjunct therapy should be further investigated. Keywords:Cholangiocarcinoma,anticholangiocarcinoma,medicinalplants,purecompound,chemotherapyCholangiocarcinoma, anti-cholangiocarcinoma, medicinal plants, pure compound, chemotherapy.[...] Read More.

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Management of subclinical mastitis with mastilep gel and herbal spray (AV/AMS/15)

P Hase, S Digraskar, K Ravikanth, M Dandale, S Maini

Abstract: A clinical trial was conducted to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of Mastilep gel and topical herbal spray (AV/AMS/15) against treatment of sub clinical mastitis. The mastitis suspected bovine cases presented to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC) and the instructional livestock farm, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Parbhani, Maharashtra state, India were incorporated in study. The cows were screened by performing Mastrip test and Modified California Mastitis Test. All animals were grouped in 3 groups of 10 animals in each. Group A (Control Group) was given no treatment, Group B – treated with herbal spray (AV/AMS/15) sprayed on udder/affected quarters post milking BID for 5 days, Group C- Mastilep gel (applied gently by massaging the udder), post milking BID for 5 days. Somatic cell count (SCC), milk fat content, milk yield was evaluated along with microbiological investigations (isolation and identification). SCC in AV/AMS/15 sprayed and Mastilep gel treated group was reduced significantly on the 5th day of treatment to 2.89±0.83 and 4.01±2.06 respectively. After treatment milk yield in cows suffering from sub clinical mastitis increased significantly with unchanged Milk fat %. Milk samples of all the affected quarters revealed predominance of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Escherichia coli as the causative agents of bovine sub clinical mastitis. On the basis of microbial investigation on the 5th day, 60% cure rate was recorded in Mastilep gel treated cows and 70% after treatment with AV/AMS/15 herbal formulation. Affected animals were negative for subclinical mastitis at the end of the experiment. As far as comparison between therapeutic efficacy of AV/AMS/15 herbal spray (Group B) and Mastilep gel (Group C) is concerned with both at par. However, the efficacy of AV/AMS/15 herbal spray, in reducing the SCC in milk was higher as compared to Mastilep gel and the significant difference (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mastitis, SCC, mastilep, herbal, udder.

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Opinion and knowledge of Nigerian physiotherapists on relevance and usefulness of pharmacology education on dosage of topical medications

Onigbinde Ayodele Teslim, Bamitale Kayode D.S, Olaogun Matthew O. B, Makinde Olufisayo Olukemi, Adetoogun Gbadegesin Elubode, Odeyemi Emmanuel

Abstract: The aims of this study were to evaluate the knowledge of Nigerian physiotherapists on dosage prescription for topical medications using Finger Tip Unit as an index; and also to determine their opinion on impact and usefulness of pharmacology education on topical medications. A self-administered questionnaire was utilized for this study. The participants were classified into 2 groups: those who had pharmacology education (48 participants) and those without formal education (59 participants) during undergraduate training. The data were analyzed using descriptive and non-parametric inferential statistics. Thirty-five respondents (85.4%) and 37 respondents (67.3%) of those with and without pharmacology education respectively showed poor knowledge of prescription dosages using Finger Tip Unit. A range of 66.1% to 83.3% of respondents did not respond to the questions on dosage of topical medications while only a range of very few (14.6% - 37.2%) knew the equivalence of FTU in gram among the 2 groups. The result showed that 38 physiotherapists (79.1%) and 46 (78.0%) with and without pharmacology education respectively agreed that extensive pharmacology education would have improved their knowledge of topical drugs and prescription. Similarly, 39 physiotherapists (81.3%) and 44 (80.0%) with and without pharmacology education respectively agreed that an extensive knowledge of pharmacotherapy is useful to practice and that it increases the quality of clinical practice. The result of the Chi square test showed that the number of respondents without pharmacology education who agreed with the positive opinion statements was significantly higher than that of those who had pharmacology education (X2 = -2.32, P = 0.003). The study concluded that both physiotherapists with and without pharmacology training have poor knowledge of dosage prescription of topical medications using FTU. Also, most respondents opined that pharmacology is relevant and useful to clinical physiotherapy practice. [...] Read More.

Keywords: Pharmacology education, clinical physiotherapy, relevance and usefulness, prescription dosages, Finger Tip Unit.

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A comparative study of prescribing patterns in two tertiary care teaching hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria

Arinola E. Joda* and Roseline I. Aderemi-Williams

Abstract: Worldwide, it is estimated that over half of all medicines are prescribed, dispensed or sold inappropriately, and that half of all patients fail to take their medicine correctly. Measuring drug use is a requirement for improving drug use either at the individual facility or national level. Much work has been done by World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Network on Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD) in providing tools for such measurements. The main objective of this work was to document and compare prescribing patterns in two teaching hospitals in Lagos State using WHO/INRUD developed indicators. The survey was conducted in the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH) and the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH). Prescriptions were sampled in both facilities and data required to document prescribing patterns collected. A total of 933 prescriptions were surveyed. Results obtained revealed that in the two facilities the average drugs used per encounter was 3.55, generic prescribing was less than 50% and encounters with antibiotics are high. On analysis, statistically significant differences existed on average number of drugs prescribed, use of generic nomenclature, percentage antibiotic use and percentage injection use in the two facilities. Long-term, intensive interventions should be carried out to ensure rational use of drugs in these facilities that are centers of excellence in medical and pharmaceutical care.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Rational drug use, investigating drug use, teaching hospitals, prescribing indicators, WHO/INRUD drug use indicators.

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Effects of the aqueous fruit extract of Solanum macrocarpum L., Î±-solanidine, nicotinic acid, cholestyramine and simvastatin on liver function of hyperlipidaemic rats administered triton-X orally for

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Abstract: Studies were conducted on the effect of 50mg/kg each of the aqueous fruit extract of Solanum macrocarpum, α-solanidine, (a steroidal glycoalkaloid found in the Solanaceae), three antihyperlipidaemic drugs nicotinic acid, simvastatin and cholestyramine) on forty two (42) rats made hyperlipidaemic by treating them with 400 mg/kg triton-X for 7 days. The rats were divided into 7 groups of 6 rats each. At 24h, 48h and 72h respectively, the rats in each group were humanely sacrificed and blood samples collected for biochemical liver analysis. The liver function analyzed were total protein, albumin, total bilirubin and liver enzymes (ALP, ALT, and AST). The extract, α-solanidine and the three hypolipidaemic drugs all significantly increased (P0.05) in albumin for the five substances tested. Bilirubin levels however decreased significantly (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Solanum macrocarpum, aqueous extract, liver function, hyperlipidaemic rats, α-solanidine, hypolipidaemic drugs.

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Study of Nigella sativa oil in the management of wheeze associated lower respiratory tract illness in children

Jameel Ahmad*, Rahat Ali Khan and M. Ashraf Malik

Abstract: Nigella sativa seeds and its oil had been widely used in traditional medicine (particularly in Unani Medicine) for a wide variety of illnesses including bronchial asthma in adults. The adjuvant effect of N. sativa oil in patients of bronchial asthma has already been reported but, no work had yet been done in very common disease of children called wheeze associated lower respiratory tract illness (wheeze associated LRTI). So In the present study 84 patients of wheeze associated LRTI were investigated for any beneficial role of N. sativa oil in this condition. Control group (41) and test group (43), were administered with Standard treatment and N. sativa oil along with Standard treatment in dose of 0.1 ml/kg/day, respectively. Patients were assessed on 0 (Zero) day and reassessed on 3rd, 7th, 10th and 14th day of treatment by using Pulmonary Index (PI) and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR). The PI was reduced more in test group as compared to control group in all days of treatment and difference was statistically significant on 3rd day (P < 0.05) . The inter-group comparison on 3rd, 7th, 10th and 14th day also showed significant reduction in PI of test group compared to control group (P 0.05). In inter-group comparison, the improvement in PEFR was observed only till 7th day of treatment in the control group but it was unto 14th day of treatment in the test group (P[...] Read More.

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Dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect of silymarin in experimental animal model of chronic inflammation

Kasim Mahmood Juma'a, Zheen Aorahman Ahmed, Intesar Tariq Numan and Saad Abdul Rehman Hussain*

Abstract: Silymarin is a polyphenolic flavonoid derived from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) that has anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and anticarcinogenic effects. It has been used medicinally to treat liver disorders including acute and chronic viral hepatitis, toxin/drug induced hepatitis and alcoholic liver disease. The efficacy and dose-response effect of silymarin (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) were assessed against negative and positive control using formalin- induced paw edema in rats as a model of chronic inflammation. In this model, all doses of silymarin were given intraperitonealy (IP) 30 min before induction of inflammation and continued for 7 consecutive days. Paw edema was measured before and 6 days after induction of inflammation using vernier caliper method and balance method. Silymarin in 250 and 500 mg/kg significantly lowered paw edema (P < 0.05) in both methods and found to be comparable with that produced by the reference drug dexamethazone and significantly different from that produced by acetyl salicylic acid and silymarin 125 mg/kg (P < 0.05). Therefore, silymarin exerts anti-inflammatory activity in rat model of chronic inflammation which was significantly increased as the dose increased up to 500 mg/kg. Keywords: Silymarin, chronic inflammation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Silymarin, chronic inflammation.

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PAMAM-drug complex for delivering anticancer drug across blood-brain barrier in-vitro and in-vivo

Daming Cui, Qiwu Xu, Shixin Gu, Jinlong Shi and Xiaoming Che*

Abstract: The delivery of anticancer drugs to the brain is profoundly limited by blood-brain barrier (BBB). The purpose of this work is to develop a new carrier for doxorubicin to overcome the BBB. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer, a novel nanoscopic high- branching polymer, was exploited as an efficient carrier of doxorubicin. The MTT assay showed that PAMAM (generation 3) had little cytotoxicity in brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) . The results of fluorescence intensity assay and fluorescent microscopy showed that the cellular uptake of PAMAM/doxorubicin complex was much higher than that of free doxorubicin and exhibited concentration and time dependent manners. The action of PAMAM in increasing the cellular uptake of doxorubicin was stronger than that of verapamil, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor. In body distribution study, the brain uptake of doxorubicin in PAMAM/doxorubicin group increased dramatically (about 6-fold) compared to that in free doxorubicin group. These data suggest that the novel PAMAM/drug complex is a simple but efficient system, which showed great capability to cross the BBB. PAMAM dendrimer could be used as an effective carrier to deliver anticancer drugs to the brain.[...] Read More.

Keywords: PAMAM, doxorubicin, blood-brain barrier, p-glycoprotein.

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Ethnophytotherapeutic information for the treatment of high blood pressure among the people of Ilugun, Ilugun area of Ogun State, south-west Nigeria

Lawal, I. O.*, Uzokwe, N. E., Ladipo, D. O., Asinwa, I. O. and Igboanugo, A. B. I.

Abstract: Ethnophytotherapeutic information includes the contribution of indigenous knowledge using plants to provide native remedies for varieties of ailment. In African, various species of plants are used in the traditional medicine for the cure of chronic cardio-vascular diseases, where hypertension is one of them. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain enthnomedical information on the treatment of high blood pressure in the Yoruba speaking communities of Ilugun area of Ogun State. Nine species: (Ficus exasperata, Heliotropium indicum, Afromomum melegueta, Justicia schimperi, Persea americana, Talinium triangulare, Afraegle paniculatum, Newboldia laevis and Chenopodium ambrosioides) from different families were identified as being used for curing high blood pressure. Plants are documented for further research on chemical composition and active ingredients contained in these plant parts.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ethnophytotherapy, herbal treatment, high blood pressure, Ilugun people, traditional medicines.

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Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of crude extracts from the root, stem bark, and leaves of Terminalia glaucescens

Adebayo, E. A. and Ishola, O. R.

Abstract: The root, stem-bark and leaves of Terminalia glaucescens were investigated for activity against some pathogenic organisms. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, anthraquinones and phlobatannins (mostly in root and stem -bark). The results of in-vitro antimicrobial screening of the crude methanol extract exhibited a wide range of activity on Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Candida albicans. The crude leaf extracts inhibited the growth of E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhi and C. albicans at a concentration of 50, 80, 40 and 60 mg/ml respectively, while the stem-bark extract had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 40 mg/ml on K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, S. typhi and 30 mg/ml on C. albicans. The extract from the root inhibited the growth of E. coli at a concentration of 10 mg/ml while K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis and C. albicans were inhibited at a concentration of 60 mg/ml. The findings indicated that the extracts from T. glaucescens, contained bioactive components that have antimicrobial properties. Key word: Terminalia glaucescens, phytochemical, antimicrobial agents, crude extract, minimum inhibitory concentration.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Terminalia glaucescens, phytochemical, antimicrobial agents, crude extract, minimum inhibitory concentration.

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