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Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Stem Bark Extracts from Jatropha Curcas (Linn)

O. O. Igbinosa*, E. O. Igbinosa and O. A. Aiyegoro

Abstract: The in vitro antimicrobial activity of crude ethanolic, methanolic and water extracts of the stem bark of Jatropha curcas were investigated. The extracts exhibited antimicrobial activities with zones of inhibition ranging from 5 to 12, 8 to 20 and 0 to 8 mm for ethanol, methanol and water extracts respect-ively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ethanol extract was between 0.5 and 6.25 mgml-1 while that of methanol extract ranged from 0.5 to 10 mgml-1. The minimum bactericidal concen-tration (MBC) for ethanol extract ranged between 2.0 and 12.50 mgml-1, while that of methanol ranged from 2.0 to 20 mgml-1. Again all the extracts exhibited appreciable activity against all the fungal species investigated. The zones of inhibition exhibited by the extracts against the test fungal species ranged between 15 and 18, 15 and 20 and 5 and 10 mm for ethanol, methanol and water extracts respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponin, steroids, tannin, glycosides, alkaloids and flavonoids in the extracts. The ability of the crude stem extracts of J. curcas to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi is an indication of its broad spectrum antimicrobial potential which may be employed in the management of microbial infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Jatropha curcas, antimicrobial activity, phytochemical screening, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).

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Pharmaceutical Potentials of The Oils of Some Popular Insects Consumed in Southern Nigeria

K. E. Ekpo*, A. O. Onigbinde, I. O. Asia

Abstract: Macrotermes bellicosus (MB), Imbrasia belina larva (IBL), Oryctes rhinoceros larva (OR) and Rhynchophorus pheonicis (RP) larva oils were extracted, and the oils were physically and chemically characterized. The lipid content recorded for the insects were 31.46 ± 0.57%, 15.16 ± 0.18%, 14.87 ± 0.33% and 23.30 ± 0.33% (wet weight) for MB, IBL, OR and RP respectively. RP and OR insect oils were golden yellow, odourless and fluid at room temperature (26 ± 2oC), while that extracted from IBL and MB were of a lighter yellow colour. The insect lipids all gave a low solidification temperature and high iodine number indicating a relatively high level of unsaturation of the insect/larval oils. Their saponification values were high suggesting the presence of a fair amount of fatty acids but their acid values were low pointing to the fact that these fatty acids were not free but esterified acids. The cholesterol values were also low but highest in MB with a value of 41.8 ± 0.15 mg/100 g lipid. For all the insects, the neutral lipid fraction was the major fraction in the insect oils. RP had the highest neutral lipid fraction of 88.40 while MB had the least value of 69.87. At the same time MB had the highest phospholipids and glycolipid fractions with values of 19.14 and 10.81 respectively while RP had the least phospholipids and glycolipid fractions with values of 8.20 and 2.60 respectively. For IBL, RP and OR (which are insect larvae) the major fatty acids in the oils were palmitic and oleic acids while for MB (mature insect) the major fatty acids were palmitic and linoleic acids. The insect/larval oils contained more unsaturated fatty acids which explained the high iodine number, low solidification values and the liquid nature of the oils at room temperature. OR recorded the highest level of unsaturation of 65.61 while MB had the least level of unsaturation of 50.02%. Further analysis revealed a refractive index ranging from 1.1 ± 0.01 to 1.3 ± 0.05, specific gravity of 0.84 ± 0.02 to 0.90 ± 0.01, solidification value of 10 - 14°C, total lipid phosphorus ranging from 31.0 ± 0.25 to 47.18 ± 0.03 mg/gm lipid, acid value of 3.12 ± 0.55 to 3.6 ± 0.06, iodine value of 108 ± 0.15 to 140 ± 0.51, saponification value of 187.17 ± 0.55 to 198.9 ± 0.25 and unsaponifiable matter of 8.11 ± 0.02 to 12.04 ± 0.11. These values when compared with that observed in oils which have been considered to be of high quality and of much use in pharmaceutical industries suggest that these insect oils may have pharmaceutical potential.[...] Read More.

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Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship Studies for New Antimicrobial N2- Substituted Phenazines

Khairi M.S. Fahelelbom*, Moawia Al-Tabakha

Abstract: The increased availability of iminophenazines with polar substitute in the N2- side chain (notably B826 with a (3- diethylaminopropyl) imino substituent) in the spleen of mice following oral administration prompted an investigation of a possible correlation between the partition coefficient (log P) values and electronic properties expressed by s* with the concentration of the iminophenazines in the spleen of mice. The correlation studies between log P values and the concentration of the iminophenazines in the spleen of mice showed a poor correlation coefficient (r = 0.515), while a much better correlation was obtained using the electronic parameter s*, where the correlation coefficient was 0.911, indicating the significance of the electronic factor in relation to the transport of the compounds to the spleen of mice, despite the high lipophilicity of the iminophenazines.[...] Read More.

Keywords: QSAR, iminophenazines, partition coefficient, electronic parameter.

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Pharmacognostical standardization of Commiphora berryi (Arn) Engl and phytochemical studies on its crude extracts

Palanisamy Selvamani, Dhrubo Jyoti Sen and Jayanta Kumar Gupta*

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ISSN: 2326-7267 Vol. 2 (7), pp. 001-010, July, 2011. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Pharmacognostical standardization of Commiphora berryi (Arn) Engl and phytochemical studies on its crude extracts

Palanisamy Selvamani¹, Dhrubo Jyoti Sen² and Jayanta Kumar Gupta³*

¹Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli – 620 024, India.

²Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana - 384001, India.

³Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata – 700 032, India.

Accepted 21 April, 2011

Commiphora genus of Burseraceae family comprises of more than 175 species. Among them many species have been reported with diverse medicinal potential. Commiphora berryi (Arn) Engl is a member of this genus and has been reported to have potential use in folklore medicine to treat various ailments such as ulcer, infection, loss of appetite etc. To supplement the necessary information for the systematic identification and authentication of this particular species, pharmacognostic standardization of various parts of this plant as per WHO guidelines and phytochemical studies on various crude extracts obtained from the stem bark of this plant were carried out and reported.

Key words: Commiphora berryi, burseraceae, pharmacognostical standardization, phytochemical studies, TLS, LS, RLS.

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Industries Formulating Oral Antimicrobial Suspensions in Nigeria

Mukhtar, M. D.*, Oyeyi T. I. and Ameh, J. B.

Abstract: Pharmaceutical Companies concerned with the manufacture and trading of the commonest varieties of Oral antimicrobial suspensions in Nigeria were identified. This was prompted by an effort to provide a clue to the current Pharmaceutical Industrial growth of the country. This was achieved through a survey conducted to identify the number, distribution location as well as the product of the industries with the aid of questionnaires distributed to manufacturers (Pharmacists and Sales representatives) . Presence of the products was assessed through consultation with whole sales and patent medicine dealers in Kano market one of the main drug distribution foci in Nigeria drug market. A total of 62 functional factories, unevenly distributed in ten states of the federation were identified. There were 26 (41.93%) in Lagos, 12 (19. 35%) in Kano five (8.06%) in Enugu. Imo, Kwara and Ogun States had four (6.45%) each. There were three (4.83) in Oyo, Anambra had two (3.23%) but Osun and Niger State haboured one (1.61%) in each case. The industries formulated one or more among Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Ampiclox, augmentin, Cloxacillin, Choramphenicol, Co-trimazole, Chloroquine erythromycin and metronidazole suspensions presented in various trade names. The study confirmed the proliferation of local Pharmaceutical manufacturing companies capable of producing one or more first choice antimicrobial suspension for use in chemotherapy. This seems as a mark of industrial progress in Nigeria today. Keywords: Oral antimicrobial suspension, industries, Nigeria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Oral antimicrobial suspension, industries, Nigeria.

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Effect of Faidherbia Albida on Some Biochemical Parameters of Rats Infected with Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei

Tijani A. Y*, Uguru M. O, Salawu O. A, Abubakar A., Onyekwelu N. O. , Akingbasote J. A.

Abstract: Current drugs used in the management of African Trypanosomiasis are toxic and can encounter parasite resistance, hence the need for urgent, less toxic and readily available alternative source of trypanocide. The effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of the stem bark of Faidherbia albida in albino rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei strain Lafia/CT/66/NITR was evaluated. The oral acute toxicity of the extract was determined in rats. Parasitaemia was determined and estimated daily while the packed cell volume (PCV), Total protein, albumin, globulin and free fatty acid were determined at days 5 and 10 post treatment. The results showed that the oral median lethal dose (LD50) was greater than 5000 mg extract/ Kg body weight. There was prolongation of life in the treated groups when compared to the negative control. The administration of the extract led to a highly significant (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Trypanosome brucei brucei, Faidherbia albida, PCV, Free fatty acid.

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Antibacterial activity of terpenoidal fractions from Anogeissus leiocarpus and Terminalia avicennioides against community acquired infections

A. Mann, *, J. O. Amupitan, A. O. Oyewale, J. I. Okogun and K. Ibrahim

Abstract: Terpenoidal fractions were isolated from both Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC) Guill and Perr (Stem) and Terminalia avicennioides Guill and Perr (Root) and assayed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The terpenoidal fractions exhibited antimicrobial activities against all the test microorganisms. All test organisms were susceptible to the terpenoidal fractions. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged between 0.213 and 5.0 µg/ml. The terpenoidal fractions from A. leiocarpus and T. avicennioides could be a potential source of chemotherapeutic agents. The antimicrobial activities of these terpenoidal fractions provide justification for the chemotherapeutic utilization of these plants.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Anogeissus leiocarpus, Terminalia avicennioides, Terpenoidal fractions, antimicrobial activities.

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Nitric oxide producing effect of six extracts from Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poiret (Guttiferae) stem bark

E. O. Iwalewa,*, V. Naidoo, V. Bagla and J. N. Eloff

Abstract: Preliminary pharmacological screening of the aqueous extract from the leaves, stem and root of Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poiret (Guttiferae) are reported to have effect on some cardiovascular diseases like bleeding, cadiopathy, hematuria, and other complications. However, the mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect is not known. The effects of six extracts from the stem bark of H. madagascariensis on equine platelets and chicken hepatocyte cells were explored to examine the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in platelet aggregation and cell viability capacity. Extracts exhibited concentration dependent platelet aggregation, and synergistically increased NO synthesis in platelets pre-treated with NO and prostaglandin (PG) inhibitors (L-NAME and ASA). The ED50 values observed in the extracts of H. madagascariensis extracts in this study were potentiated and the graphs were shifted to the left in the presence of both inhibitors. However, a contrary effect was observed in berberine, in which its ED 50 was shifted to the right non-competitively by the inhibitors. These results demonstrate that extracts from the stem of H. madagascariensis stimulates NO release and this may be a mechanism whereby the constituents of the plant elicit its therapeutic effects in herbal medicine. This study may have relevance in hemostasis, thrombosis and cancer chemotherapy.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Harungana madagascariensis; nitric oxide; equnine platelets, chicken hepatocyte cells, cytotoxicity

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Medicinal plants of Aguambu â€“ Bamumbu in the Lebialem highlands, southwest province of Cameroon

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Ethnobotanical investigations were conducted in Aguambu – Bamumbu Village in Wabane Subdivision (Lebialem Division), Southwest Province of Cameroon to identify the different medicinal plants used in the traditional pharmacopoeia for the treatment of diseases affecting the human body. Ethnobotanical information was collected through questionnaires and personal interviews during field trips. A total of 248 respondents were interviewed and 133 medicinal plants belonging to 59 families identified and documented. Among these plants, 55 were used to treat ailments of the digestive system, 49 for ailments of the urinary - genital system, 25 for ailments of the nervous system, 11 for ailments of the respiratory system and 3 for ailments of the cardiovascular system. The modes of herbal drugs preparation were concoctions, decoctions, macerations and infusions. The most frequently used plant parts were the leaves.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ethnobotany, medicinal plants, biodiversity, Lebialem highlands.

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Comparison of the physical and chemical changes of magistral suspension with anesthesin and aethenamine after date of expiration

Rade Injac

Abstract: This study reports the differences in physical and chemical stability of suspension with dissolved and non dissolved main active compound. In the first case it is methenamine and the other one is anesthesin. At the same time we analyzed two fresh and two 18-months old formulations of both magistral preparations. Anesthesin suspensions did not show any significant physical or chemical changes in 18 months except changes in appearance. On the other hand suspension with methenamine showed as very unstable system. Methenamine was hydrolyzed in water and ammonia and formaldehyde were determined as degradation products. Level of methenamine in preparations after 18 months was 84.6 ± 1.1%. Also the value of water was slightly decreased in old formulation with methanamine, which indicates a physical unstable system.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Methenamine, anesthesin, suspensions, magistral preparation stability.

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