MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Antibacterial activity of leaf essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Bachir Raho Ghalem and Benali Mohamed

Abstract: The antibacterial activities of essential oils from leaves of two Eucalyptus species (globulus and camaldulensis) was determined against Staphylococcus aureus Gram (+) and Escherichia coli Gram (-) bacteria. The inhibiting activity was evaluated by three methods: aromatogramme, microatmosphere and germs in suspension. Results demonstrated of the leaf essential oils of the two species showed an excellent inhibitory effect on S. aureus than that of E. coli. These data would indicate the potential usefulness of the two Eucalyptus species as a microbiostatic, antiseptic or as disinfectant agent.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibacterial activity, essential oil, Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis.

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Stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatographic determination of atorvastatin calcium in pharmaceutical dosage form

Zahid Zaheer*, M. N. Farooqui, A. A. Mangle A. G. Nikalje

Abstract: A simple, selective, precise and stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method of analysis of Atorvastatin Calcium in pharmaceutical dosage form was developed and validated. The chromatographic conditions comprised of a reversed-phase C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm), 5 µ with a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of Methanol: Acetonitrile: Phosphate Buffer solution in the ratio (45:45:10). Flow rate was 1 mL / min. Detection was carried out at 246 nm. The retention time of Atorvastatin was 6.98 min. Atorvastatin Calcium was subjected to acid and alkali hydrolysis, oxidation, photochemical degradation and thermal degradation. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed good linear relationship in the concentration range 52.20 to 156.60 µg/mL. The value of correlation coefficient, slope and intercept were, 0.9999, 36.02 and 26.45, respectively. The method was validated for precision, recovery, ruggedness and robustness. The drug undergoes degradation under acidic, basic, photochemical and thermal degradation conditions. All the peaks of degraded product were resolved from the active pharmaceutical ingredient with significantly different retention time. As the method could effectively separate the drug from its degradation product, it can be employed as a stability-indicating one.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Atorvastatin, chromatography, stability indicating, degradation.

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Proniosome based drug delivery system of piroxicam

A. Chandra* and P. K. Sharma

Abstract: Piroxicam is a widely used potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, with due potential for dermal delivery. Permeation of piroxicam from proniosome based reservoir type transdermal gel formulation across excised rat abdominal skin was investigated using Keshery Chein diffusion cell. There was considerable improvement in flux over the control gel formulation. The lipid vesicles were evaluated for entrapment efficiency and vesicle size of niosomes formed. It was observed that Span 60 based formulations produced vesicles of smallest size and higher entrapment efficiency while those of Span 80 produced vesicles of least entrapment efficiency. Incorporation of lecithin further enhanced entrapment efficiency. Proniosomes were prepared by conventional technique and employing maltodextrin and sorbitol as base. The morphology of the proniosomes was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Maximum flux achieved was 35.61 g/cm2/h, an enhancement of 7.39 times was achieved for transdermal system based on proniosomal gel as compared to control gel. Anti-inflammatory studies revealed that proniosome based transdermal drug delivery system of piroxicam were promising carriers for delivery of piroxicam. There was significant reduction in carrageenan induced rat paw inflammation compared to control.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Piroxicam, niosomes, permeation enhancement, dermal delivery.

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Accelerated stability testing of celecoxib nanoemulsion containing Cremophor-EL

Faiyaz Shakeel*, Sanjula Baboota, Alka Ahuja, Javed Ali and Sheikh Shafiq

Abstract: Celecoxib (CXB), a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor has been recommended for the treatment of arthritis and osteoarthritis upon oral administration. However, long term oral administration of celecoxib cause serious gastrointestinal adverse effects. Therefore the aim of the present study was to enhance CXB’s physical and chemical stability using nanoemulsion formulation in order to eliminate gastrointestinal adverse effects of its oral administration. Optimized nanoemulsion formulation was prepared by spontaneous emulsification method. Nanoemulsion was characterized by droplet size, viscosity and refractive index. Stability studies were performed for the period of 3 months. Droplet size, viscosity and refractive index were determined every month. Shelf- life of nanoemulsion formulation was also determined by accelerated stability testing. It was found that droplet size, viscosity and refractive index were slightly increased at refrigerator and room temperature in 3 months period. However, the changes in these parameters were not statistically significant (p 0.05). The shelf-life of optimized nanoemulsion formulation was found to be 2.38 years at room temperature. These results indicated that both physical as well as chemical stability of celecoxib can be enhanced in nanoemulsion formulation using Cremophor-EL as surfactant.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nanoemulsion, celecoxib, shelf life, cremophor-EL.

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Antidiabetic activity of hydro-ethanolic extracts of Nymphaea Stellata flowers in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats

K. Rajagopal and K. Sasikala

Abstract: The antidiabetic effect of hydro-ethanolic extract (HEE) of Nymphaea stellata Willd flower was investigated in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In the present study, the animals were divided in to normal control, diabetic control, diabetic treated and control treated group (n = 6). Effect of oral administration of HEE (300 mg/kg) for 30 days on the level of blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), phospholipids, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), Hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Glucose-6-phosphatase in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats were evaluated. When comparing the values of the HEE treated group with those of the control diabetic group, we found that the HEE significantly decreased the elevated blood glucose level, glycosylated hemoglobin, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, LDL, VLDL and it showed a significant increase in liver glycogen, insulin and HDL level. Treatment with HEE in diabetic rats increased the Hexokinase, LDH activity and decreased the glucose 6-phosphatase activity. These results clearly indicated that N. stellata flowers possess promising antidiabetic effect in diabetic rats.[...] Read More.

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Evaluation of antimicrobial potentials of stem bark extracts of Cochlospermum planchoni

Doughari, J. H.*, El-Mahmood, A. M. and Phillip, B.

Abstract: Antimicrobial activity of root extracts of Cochlospermum planchoni against some pathogenic bacteria and fungi were investigated using the filter paper disc diffusion method. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence saponins, tannins, glycosides and aikaloid as phytochemicals. Methanol extracts (40 mg/ml) exhibited the highest activity (16 - 30 mm zone diameter of inhibition, MIC and MBC values 2.5 - 22.5 mg/ml) against the test organisms. Chloroform extracts demonstrated the least activity. The activity of the extracts increased with increase in temperature (4 - 100ºC) and increasing acidity (pH 2.5 - 6), but alkaline pH (pH 10) neither enhanced nor depreciated the activity of the extracts. The plant can be used to source newer antibiotic substances and can be used for the treatment of typhoid fever, dysentery, urinary tract and wound infections and mycotic infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, disc diffusion method, extracts, infections, pathogenic, phytochemicals.

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Determination of prednisolone, dexamethasone and hydrocortisone in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluid samples

K. Balaji, G. V. Raghunadha Reddy, T. Madhusudana Reddy and S. Jayarama Reddy*

Abstract: A simple, sensitive and accurate voltammetric studies on prednisolone (PE), dexamethasone (DE) and hydrocortisone (HC) were carried out by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at bare carbon paste electrode (CPE) and -cyclodextrin modified carbon paste electrode (CDMCPE) in Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer solution. PE, DE and HC show marked enhancement of peak currents at CDMCPE when compared to CPE due to the inclusion complex between keto- group from the drug and -cyclodextrin (modifier) . All these compounds exhibit a well-defined single peak in the studied pH range which is attributed to the reduction of keto-group. BR buffer of pH 3.0 was found to be reliable supporting electrolyte for the analytical estimation of these compounds. CV studies indicate that the process was irreversible and adsorption controlled. The reduction peak currents at CDMCPE for PE, DE and HC changes linearly over the concentration range from 5.6 × 10-7 M to 2 × 10-5 M (PE), 4.1 × 10-7 M to 2 × 10-5 M (DE) and 4.2 × 10-7 M to 2.5 × 10-5 M (HC) with a correlation co-efficient of 0.9991, 0.9986 and 0.9995 for the respective compounds. DPV technique is used for the determination of PE, DE and HC in pharmaceuticals and biological fluid samples. For quantification, standard addition method was carried out in both pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluid samples.[...] Read More.

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Effect of viscosity grades of ethylcellulose on the sustained release properties of indomethacin from its tablets matrix

Amri Ahmed* and Sfar Souad

Abstract: The objective of the present study was to estimate the influence of ethyl cellulose (EC) with different viscosity grades on in vitro drug release from EC matrix tablets containing Indomethacin. Four viscosity grades of EC (7, 10, 50 and 100 cp) were studied. The 90 - 125/µm particle size fraction was collected by manual dry sieving and the compression force was varied to produce tablets of equal hardness. The drug release from Indomethacin tablets was determined by dissolution testing as described in the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP). The tablets pore characteristics were studied using helium pycnometry and mercury porosimetry. The release rate constant ranged from 1.25 ± 0.98 for the 7cp viscosity grade tablets to 1.49 ± 1.02 for the 100cp viscosity grade tablets whereas porosity ranged from 5.6% ± 0.3 to 6.8 ± 0.1 when based on gaz pycnometry and from 3.9% ± 0.4 to 5.1 ± 0.2 when based on mercury intrusion. These results indicate that the release rates marginally increased with an increase in viscosity grade. The main explanation for the viscosity grade effect on release rates would be differences in tablet porosity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Matrix, ethylcellulose, viscosity grade, indomethacin, dissolution, porosity.

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Effects of plants and medicinal plant combinations as anti-infectives

Ramesh, Putheti and Okigbo, R. N

Abstract: The ascendancy of the Human Immuno Deficiency virus (HIV) has spurred intensive investigation into plant derivatives, which may be effective, especially for use in underdeveloped nations with little access to expensive western medicines. This review describes mostly the current state of ant microbial substances of plant origin ranging from extracts commonly in use, largely by the community, to substances being prospected screened and tested by researchers and clinicians. This review focuses on plant and their extracts, which are anti microbial in nature or in other words the anti microbial substances of plant origin and their eventual therapeutic effects on human affairs. Only phytochemicals or anti microbial substances reported to have anti microbial or anti-infective properties are examined.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Phytomedicines, medicinal plants, human, diseases.

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Phytochemical screening and antibacterial evaluation of the leaf and root extracts of Cassia alata Linn

El-Mahmood, A. M.* and Doughari, J. H.

Abstract: Phytochemical screening of the leaves and roots of Cassia alata (Linn) revealed the presence of some bioactive components, which have been linked to antimicrobial properties. The effects of water, methanol and chloroform extracts on some pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis showed that the plant parts can be used to treat infections caused by these bacteria. S. aureus, S. pyogenes and P. mirabilis were more susceptible, while E. coli and P. aeruginosa were less sensitive. The effectiveness of the crude extracts were enhanced at elevated temperatures and at near neutrality pH values, which attests to its use in traditional medicine to treat skin, urinary tract and gastrointestinal infections. The aqueous extract was less effective than the organic solvents, thus suggesting the inability of the traditional medicine practitioners to exhaustively extract all the bioactive components with water. The MICs and MBCs of the extracts against the test bacteria were high and correlate with sensitivity test results. The effectiveness of the extracts were less than the conventional antibiotic, metronidazole.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antimicrobial bioactive, pathogenic, phytochemical, traditional medicine.

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