MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Correlation between moderate Plasmodium falciparum malarial parasitaemia and antioxidant vitamins in serum of infected children in South Eastern Nigeria

I. Onyesom*, R. C. Ekeanyanwu and N. Achuka

Abstract: The levels of antioxidant vitamins were estimated in Plasmodium falciparum malarial infected children aged 0 to 12 years. 113 children with P. falciparum infection were selected based on laboratory evidence and clinical symptoms. 87 apparently healthy children with no malarial parasitaemia were included as the control subjects. P. falciparum parasitaemia and serum levels of antioxidant vitamins (A, C and E) were determined using standard procedures. The results obtained showed that the mean malarial parasitaemia was 6203.01 ± 1216.79/µl and the mean serum antioxidant vitamin concentrations were 23.23±8.40 µl/dl for vitamin A, 0.49±0.18 mg/dL for vitamin C and 0.78±0.32mg/dL for vitamin E for the P. falciparum malarial infected children. The control children had higher concentrations of vitamins A (51.80±12.41 mg/dL, X2 = 60.713, P0.05) and E (0.96±0.21 mg/dl, X2 =0.039, P>0.05). The degree of malarial parasitaemia and serum concentration of vitamin E were positively correlated (r=0.42) but vitamins A (r= -0.05) and C (-0.06) were negatively correlated. Children within 0-5 years of age had higher malarial parasitaemia (7379.82± 918.99/µl), and these children had lower concentrations of vitamins A (21.27±8.68 µg/dL) and C (0.45±0.19 mg/dL) when compared with children between 6 to 12 years (vitamin A= 25.19±8.12 µg/dl and vitamin C = 0.53±0.16 mg/dL). Results suggest that the degree of malarial parasitaemia in especially children between 0 to 5 years could compromise immunity (as judged by the correlation with and reduction in vitamin E). Malarial infection among children (0 to 12 years) decreased the serum antioxidant vitamin levels, and this could lower free radical defense and contribute to the morbidity and mortality of malaria among children in this region. Health care providers should recognize these effects in planning malarial treatment and control programmes. Changes in serum antioxidant levels during post-treatment period should be investigated and documented.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Plasmodium falciparum, malaria, antioxidant vitamins, Owerri, fever.

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The protective effect of beta glucan against Escherichia Coli infected mice via intraperitonial administration

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Mice infected with ESCHERICHIA COLI were protected against lethal peritonitis by the intra peritoneal administration 0.2 ml of 10 mg of poly-1,3,1,6-glucotriosyl-1,3,1,3-glucopyranose (PGG) glucan per gram body weight of animal 24 h prior to bacterial infection. This procedure employed in this study, is similar to that employ in a previous studies where rat model were protected with β-glucan against intra-abdominal sepsis, where the intramuscular doses of 10 ml to 10 g per animal 24 h and 4 h prior to surgical implantation of the bacterial inoculums reduced the early mortality associated with the peritonitis phase of this experimental disease process. In this study mice were protected with β-glucan against peritonist 24 h prior to intraperitoneal administration of bacteria inoculums. Quantitative cultures of the liver obtained from mice infected with E.COLI showed significantly the liver of PGG glucan-treated infected animal has a reduced microbial load as compare to those infected and were not treated. The transient increase in survival rate of mice infected with E.COLI that have been treated with PGG glucan- as compare with that of those not treated shows the significant effect of β glucan on E.COLI infection.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Beta-glucan, Escherichia coli, poly-131-6-glucotriosyl-j31-3-glucopyranose (PGG) glucan, peritonitis, inoculums, intra-peritoneal, intramuscular

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Induction of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase in bacterial spot disease resistance of tomato

S. Umesha* and R. Kavitha

Abstract: Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is known to be involved in the defense related responses in many host-pathogen systems. Induction of CAD enzyme in bacterial spot disease resistance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) was investigated in the present studies. Twenty different tomato cultivars were screened for resistance against bacterial spot disease incited by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria under field conditions. Field screening was performed by artificially inoculating X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria suspension to four-week-old tomato seedlings and observed for the typical symptoms of bacterial spot disease. They were categorized into highly resistant, resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible cultivars on the basis of disease incidence under field conditions. Tomato cultivars were subjected for estimating CAD - a defense-related enzyme. Temporal pattern of the enzyme was estimated using four cultivars representing each category of tomato cultivars by inoculating with six isolates of X. a. vesicatoria. Native PAGE analysis of CAD was carried out for the time course of enzyme activity and also by selecting three different tomato cultivars, after infecting with the pathogen. Based on the inducible amounts of the enzyme upon pathogen infection, the tomato cultivars were correlated with that of disease incidence under field conditions. A significant (P≤0.05) correlation was observed between the degree of host resistance and the enzyme level. In highly resistant tomato cultivar the enzymatic level was increased in comparison with highly susceptible tomato cultivars. Isoform analysis of CAD enzyme indicated a clear difference between the number of isoforms and also the intensity of each isoform after pathogen infection with the resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars. A possible regulation of CAD in imparting host resistance is discussed here.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, bacterial spot, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, resistance, susceptibility.

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Correlation of plasmid with drug resistance of clinical isolates of Escherichia coli

Mohammad Shahriar* and Nishat Zareen Khair

Abstract: According to the latest data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the six ESKAPE bacteria are responsible for two thirds of all health care-associated infections (HAIs) including Escherichia coli. Klebsiella species and their gram-negative cousin E. coli together accounted for 18 percent of all HAIs in 2006 to 2007, and a growing proportion of these two bad bugs carry resistance to a remarkable spectrum of antibiotics. Of the very few drugs in late-stage development, none works by a novel mechanism. The aim of our study is to correlate the plasmids with drug resistance of clinical isolates of E. coli. Twenty two clinical isolates of E. coli were collected from different diagnostic centers of Dhaka and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was tested. Seven multidrug resistant isolates of E. coli were selected and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern was tested before and after curing. Our study revealed that 100% of the isolates (22 isolates) were resistant to cephalexin, cephradine, oxacillin, penicillin and vancomycin. 95.45% of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, cloxacillin and imipenem. 90.91% isolates (21 isolates) were resistant to erythromycin. 81% of the isolates (18 isolates) were resistant to amoxicillin. 72.72% (16 isolates) were resistant to co-trimoxazole, 63.64% (14 isolates) were resistant to tetracycline. 31.81% (7 isolates) were resistant to ceftriaxone and neomycin. 22.73% (5 isolates) were resistant to gentamicin and only 13.64% of the isolates (3 isolates) were resistant to chloramphenicol. There was no significant difference in the antibiotic susceptibility pattern before and after curing indicating no correlation between plasmid and drug resistance in the 7 isolates of E. coli. However, isolate number 5 which was resistant to gentamicin, neomycin and imipenem became sensitive after curing. Similarly sample number 1 became sensitive to rifampicin and imipenem and sample number 7 became sensitive to imipenem after curing.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Multi-drug resistant, Escherichia coli, antimicrobial susceptibility, plasmid, curing.

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Multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Salmonella enterica serovars in shrimps in 4 h

K. Thirumalai Raj, G. Jeyasekaran*, R. Jeya Shakila, A. Jemila Thangarani and D. Sukumar

Abstract: A rapid and sensitive multiplex polymerase chain reaction (MPCR) based assay was developed for the detection of Salmonella enterica serovars such as Typhi (ATCC 122235), Paratyphi A (MTCC 735), Typhimurium (MTCC 98), Enteritidis (ATCC 13065), Weltevreden (MTCC 1169) Bovismorbificians (MTCC 1162), Brunei (MTCC 1168), Arizonae (MTCC 660) and Infantis (MTCC 1167) in shrimps within 4 h of pre-enrichment. The Salmonella genus specific gene of himA gene was selected and 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer region was used as an internal amplification control (IAC). The genomic DNA was extracted by using boiling and centrifugation method. Sensitivity of the assay was tested by artificially inoculating the shrimp homogenate with viable cells of Salmonella. The MPCR assay could detect up to 5 cells within 4 h of pre-enrichment. Amplification of DNA extracted from other bacterial pathogens viz. Vibrio cholerae (NICED 16582), Escherichia coli (ATCC 9637) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 12598) yielded negative results. This MPCR assay provides specific, rapid and reliable results and allows for the cost effective detection of serovars of S. enterica in one reaction tube in mixed bacterial communities that are prevalent in shrimp products.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (MPCR), Salmonella enteric, himA, 16S-23S spacer region, 4 h assay.

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Bacterial contamination: A comparison between rural and urban areas of Panipat District in Haryana (India)

Tyagi Shruti, Tyagi Pankaj K.*, Panday Chandra Shekhar and Kumar Ruchica

Abstract: A randomized sampling from open air of the kitchens in rural vs urban households to determine bacterial contamination of Haryana (India) were carried out by taking 80 samples between July to September 2009. 40 samples of each in rural and urban area were collected in culture plates. The inoculation procedures were varied from direct inoculation of the kitchen air into the nutrient agar medium. Identification by bacterial taxonomy key, different morphological and biochemical tests in rural households, numbers of bacteria revealed Salmonella spp., Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Paenibacillus spp. with 9 different strains and in urban households, numbers of bacteria revealed Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Micrococcus spp., Paenibacillus spp. and Acinetobacter spp. with 27 strains. Among the isolates, Salmonella spp. (80%) followed by Acinetobacter (63%), Pseudomonas putida (38%) and Paenibacillus polymyxa (30%) were observed in rural areas. In urban areas Bacillus spp. (88%), Pseudomonas spp. (75%), Micrococcus spp. (70%), Paenibacillus spp. (38%) and Acinetobacter spp. (30%) were observed. The bacteriological quality of air of kitchens in rural households was found to be more pathogenic and virulent as compared to that of kitchen in urban households. These opportunistic pathogens may be harmful, especially in immunocompromised host. In this setting, there is a constant risk of contamination and transfer to willing host. Hence, better quality of air can be achieved by manipulating sanitation and hygiene within houses, kitchens and surrounding areas.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Air of kitchens, households, bacteriological quality, sanitation and hygiene.

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Genetic variability and correlation analysis for quantitative traits in chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.)

Qurban Ali*, Muhammad Hammad Nadeem Tahir , Hafeez Ahmad Sadaqat, Saeed Arshad, Jahenzeb Farooq, Muhammad Ahsan, Muhammad Waseem and Amjad Iqbal

Abstract: The present studies were conducted to the estimation of correlation for quantitative traits in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in the field of the department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, during the crop season 2009 to 2010. Correlation studies showed that biomass per plant, number of pods per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, number of seeds per pod and 100-seed weight were positive and significant at genotypic level but positive and highly significant at phenotypic level. Whereas number of days taken to flowering, number of days taken to maturity, primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant were positively correlated with the grain yield per plant at genotypic and phenotypic levels. Plant height was negative and non-significantly correlated with grain yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cicer arietinum, correlation, genotypic, phenotypic, chickpea, Pakistan.

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Colonization and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among farm animals in Saudi Arabia

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major human pathogen that causes severe morbidity and mortality worldwide. Additionally MRSA is widely spread in different animals. There are a growing number of MRSA cases have been reported in dogs, cats, horses, sheep, and other animals indicating the animal health treat too. To assess the frequency of MRSA among animals in Qassim region, a total of 400 samples were collected from camels, sheep, cows, and goats from 334 Staphylococci recovered, 158 (47.3%) were coagulase positive Staphylococcus, among them 90 (57%) were MRSA and 68 (43%) were methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). The reaming strains 176 (52.7%) were coagulase negative Staphylococcus, including 32 (18.2%) were methicillin-resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus and 144 (81.8%) were methicillin-sensitive coagulase negative Staphylococcus. High rate of MRSA and MRCoNS were isolated from camel and sheep while lower rates were observed in goat and cow. Multi drug resistance (MDR) rate among MRSA and MRCoNS isolates was high. MRSA strains are highly prevalent among animals in Qassim region and they may play a potential role of disseminating pathogens between animal and human as well as to the community. Detection of MRSA will be essential for early prevention and control of community acquired infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Prevalence, methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus, multidrug resistance, antibiotic susceptibility.

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Monitoring of enteric fever and diarrhea causing bacteria in a rural setting in Nigeria

Paulinus Osarodion Uyigue* and Kingsley Anukam

Abstract: Blood and stool samples of patients attending the General Hospital Abudu, Edo State, Nigeria were analyzed to know the prevalence of enteric fever and diarrhea causing bacteria in the area in 2006, 2007 and 2008. Blood sample was collected in Robertson cooked medium and glucose broth; then subcultured on blood agar, macConkey agar,salmonella/shigella agar and nutrient agar. Widal agglutination test was also carried out on the blood samples. Stool sample was inoculated into thiosulfate bile sucrose medium, seleniteF medium and later subcultured on macConkey agar and salmonella/shigella agar. Of the patients screened, the percentage incidence of Salmonella typhi was between 17.5 and 56.5% in 2007; Salmonella paratyphi C was between 2.0 and 26.7%; Salmonella paratyphi A was between 0 and 9.4% and Salmonella paratyphi B was between 0 and 0.7%; enteropathogenic Escherichia coli was between 0 and 0.6%; neither shigella nor Vibrio cholera was isolated. In 2008 of the salmonella organisms, the incidence of S. typhi was highest with frequency of 19.7 to 54.5%, followed by S. paratyphi C: 1.0 to 12.6%; S. paratyphi A: 0 to 3.9%, and enteropathogenic E. coli was 0 to 0.8%, and in 2009, the incidence or Salmonella typhi was highest with a frequency of 2.7 to 68.3%. There was no significant difference (p>o.05) between S. typhi incidence throughout the study period. However, there was a significant difference (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Enteric fever, incidence, prevalence, subcultured, typhoid fever.

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Antibacterial activity: A comparison of ripe and unripe fruit extracts of Cissus multistriata (Vitaceae) plant

Enemuor, Simeon Chukwuemeka, Omale, James* and Joseph, Ekpa Matthew

Abstract: The antibacterial activity of methanol extracts of the ripe and unripe fruit of Cissus multistriata against Escherichia coli (Swine) ISB492, E. coli (Swine) ISB440, Serratia marcescens FD5/64, S. marcescens FD1/62, Staphylococcus aureus FD1/62 and Bacillus cereus ISB517 were determined using agar ditch diffusion and tube dilution methods. The crude methanol extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against some of the tested bacterial isolates. Both ripe and unripe fruit extracts were inhibitory to S. marcescens (FD5/64). The unripe fruit extract also was inhibitory to S. marcescens FD1/62 and S. aureus FD1/62. The unripe fruit extract exhibited more antibacterial activity than the ripe fruit extract with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50 mg/ml. The present findings have added to the fact that C. multistriata has some medicinal values which the traditional medical practitioners have been tapping in their treatment of ailments in their localities. Further studies are required to identify the phytochemicals involved and to know the component that is lost during ripening that contributed to loss of some antibacterial activity of the ripe fruit extract of the plant. When these facts are harnessed, it will surely be useful in the development of some new drugs with broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cissus multistriata, antibacterial activity, ripe and unripe fruit, bacterial isolates, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Kogi State, Nigeria.

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