MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Isolation and molecular characterization of Flavobacterium columnare strains from fish in Brazil

F. A. Sebastião, F. Pilarski* and M. V. F. Lemos

Abstract: Flavobacterium columnare, the etiologic agent of columnaris disease, has a broad geographical distribution and accounts for a large number of mortalities in fish species. This study aimed to generate a faster method for diagnosis of columnaris through isolation and characterization of the F. columnare 16S rDNA gene from bacteria isolated from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus). The bacteria were characterized biochemically and by PCR-RFLP. For isolation, rasping with “swab” was performed directly on the characteristic lesions and the cephalic kidney of the fish then transferred to culture medium suitable for Flavobacterium. DNA was extracted for PCR and digestion with restriction enzymes. Altogether, 37 isolates were obtained. Biochemical assays included testing of absorption of Congo red, production of flexirrubin, production of H2S, nitrate reduction and motility. The results indicated that the isolates can be classified as F. columnare. The phylogram generated by the PCR-RFLP technique showed three main branches among of the F. columnare isolates. Therefore, the use of PCR-RFLP for identification of the bacteria was shown to be a more efficient and rapid tool than current biochemical techniques, which are time consuming and often inconclusive.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Fish, Flavobacterium columnare, PCR-RFLP, 16S rDNA.

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Extended spectrum beta lactamases among multi drug resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species causing urinary tract infections in Khartoum

Akram Hassan Mekki, Abdullahi Nur Hassan* and Dya Eldin M Elsayed

Abstract: This is a descriptive laboratory based case study carried out in Khartoum state hospitals during the period of June, 2007 to April, 2008. The study aimed to evaluate emergence of ESBL among multi drug resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species causing nosocomial UTI. Hundred strains of multi drug resistant (MDR) E. coli and Klebsiella species causing nosocomial urinary tract infections (UTIs) from two main hospitals from Khartoum (Omdurman teaching hospital and Fedail Hospital) were included in this study. Susceptibility testing was performed against antibiotics commonly used in treatment of urinary tract infections. E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca (49, 38 and 13% respectively) were among the studied isolates. β-Lactamase was produced by all isolates; high resistance level for 3rd generation cephalosporin was noticed. ESBLs were detected in high prevalence among all multi drug resistant E. coli and Klebsiella species isolates 53%. All isolates were found sensitive to Imipenem and Meropenem. In this study it’s recommended that developing guidelines for the early phenotypic detection of ESBL in microbiology laboratories and seeking knowledge of antibiotic susceptibility pattern for empirical antibiotic therapy. Further studies about ESBL occurrence among UTIs are also recommended.[...] Read More.

Keywords: ESBL in Sudan, multi-drug resistant, MDR Escherichia coli, MDR Klebsiella spp, urinary tract infection, beta lactamase.

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Factors influencing multi-drug resistant and plasmid DNA harbouring Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from Lake Manzala, Egypt

Mahmoud M. M. Zaky*, Fathy A. Mansour and Kenneth M.Persson

Abstract: Lake Manzala is considered one of the most important coastal Lakes in Egypt. This study revealed the highly polluted condition of water and fish samples taken from three of the more important sites (Kapoty, Bashtier and Mataryia areas), representative to human activity and different ecosystems in the Lake water environment. Total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia and nitrates, of the samples taken showed figures exceeding the national and international standards. The samples from the study yielded high levels of bacterial content, which were found through plate counts and by using different growth media such as agar and endo agar. Total viable bacteria (TVB) reached more than 104 cfu/ml in water samples and 105 cfu/g in fish samples, particularly in Kapoty and Mataryia areas. Faecal coliform counts reached 102 cfu/ml in water samples and 103 cfu/g in fish samples. Statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation between Aeromonas spp. counts and some minerals, such as chlorides, calcium and magnesium (r = 0.9, 0.8, and 0.6 respectively; p 0.001), which revealed the interactions and adaptability of such organisms to environmental factors. A total of 88 isolates from Aeromonas differential agar were identified using the API 20E system; 17% of these isolates were Aeromnas hydrophila, and most of these strains were resistant to three or more antibiotics including pencillinG, ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Isolation of plasmid DNA from these strains of A. hydrophila, showed that most harboured plasmids ranging from less than 2.2 - 4 KbP. Such findings could explain the adaptability and multi-drug resistance of such bacterial pathogens, which may have an impact on the course of infection and active causal agents of diarrhoeal diseases in this important coastal area of Egypt on the Mediterranean Sea.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aeromonas hydrophila, multi-drug resistance, plasmid DNA, Lake Manzala.

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Antibiotics susceptibility of bacterial pathogens associated with otitis media

Ihsan E. Alsaimary*, Ahmed M. Alabbasi and Jassim M. Najim

Abstract: One hundred twenty patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) in Basrah, 65(54.2%) males and 55(45.8%) Females, with male: females ratio (1.2:1) and 60 individual without ontological problems as control group were included in this study, which was done during the period of March, 2009 to January, 2010. This Include collection of aural swab samples, culturing of samples, identification of causative agents species and antibiotic sensitivity. Gram's negative bacteria were the commonest microorganisms; it comprises (60%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was common causative agent (19.04%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (16.7%) and Klebsiella spp. (14.3%). Mixed infection was found in high percent (74%), in which P. aeruginosa and other microorganisms were more common. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed that P. aeruginosa was sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin +clavulanic acid and gentamicin, while other is appeared resistant, S. aureus was sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, erthomycin, cephalexine and it is resistant to pencillin and ampicillin, klebsiella species were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin +clavulanic acid ,gentamicin,while resistant to tetracycline.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibiotics, bacteria, otitis media.

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Microbiology and semen indices of sexually- active males in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

S. O. Onemu, A. O. Ogbimi and E. A. Ophori*

Abstract: This study was designed to examine the microbiological quality and semen indices of seminal fluids of sexually active males in Benin City, Nigeria, and to determine the relationship between the presence of pathogenic micro -organisms and semen parameters. Semen was collected from 229 volunteer sexually-active men, aged 19 - 33 years (mean 24.73 ± 3.4) in Benin City, Nigeria. Volunteers were advised to abstain from sex for 3 days before semen collection and also from alcohol (including other factors that may affect semen quality). A ten-fold serial dilution of well mixed semen in physiological saline (NaCl 0.15 M) was inoculated onto blood agar, heated blood agar, MacConkey agar, Sabouraud dextrose agar slants and mycoplasmal agar enriched with 30% serum and supplemented with 100 µg/ml ceftazidine for the isolation of Mycoplasma species. All inoculated culture media were incubated at 37°C for 24 - 48 h. Isolates were characterized and identified by standard microbiological methods and antimicrobial sensitivity test was carried out by the disc diffusion method. The determination of spermatozoa concentration, motility characteristics and other accompanying cells was carried out adopting standard procedures. Micro-organisms ( 3 × 106 cfu/ml) were isolated from 80/229 (34.9%) of participants’ semen. The isolates were Staphylococcus aureus 47/80 ( 58.8%). Escherichia coli 10/80 (12.5%) Klebsiella spp. 6/80 (7.5%), Candida albicans 5/80 (6.3%) and Mycoplasma species 12/80 (15.0%). Sensitivity to antimicrobial agents was highest among isolates to ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin. No activity was demonstrated with amoxicillin and tetracycline. Spermatozoa concentration was zero in 10.4% of the study population, 28.4% had concentrations below World Health Organization threshold for spontaneous male fertility. Semen with pathogenic micro-organisms had significantly lower (p < 0.001) spermatozoa concentrations and motility parameters. Therefore, the study suggests that the presence of pathogenic micro-organisms in semen is a marker of deterioration in semen parameters and development of male infertility.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Microbiology, pathogenic microorganisms, semen, sexually active males, antimicrobial, Nigeria.

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Comparison of in vitro activity of imipenem productions on bacterial isolates from Hashemi Nezhad Tehran hospitalized patients

Amirmorteza Ebrahimzadeh Namvar, Babak Asghari, Shoshtari Zadeh and Abdolaziz Rastegar Lari,*

Abstract: Carbapenams are one of the ß-lactamase antibiotic resistances to penicillin that were introduced in 1980 to the medical world. Imipenem- a semi-synthetic derivative of thienamycin- is one of the most important broad spectrum ß-lactamase in carbapenems. The irregular usage of drugs, especially in these types of gram-negative bacteria will lead to a serious problem in the treatment of pathogenic bacteria. Comparison of in vitro activity of imipenem productions is the aim of this study. 135 strains of various gram positive and gram negative bacteria collected from Hashemi Nejad Hospital in Tehran were studied. Initially strains were identified by phenotypic methods; then Disk Diffusion and MIC methods based on instructions of Forum France Microbiology were used. From 135 samples, urine samples (36%) were the most and trachea (4%) was the lowest. Among gram-negative bacteria isolated, both E. coli and Pseudomonas (37%) had most common and Enterobacter (1%) was the lowest. By disk diffusion method, Supranem, Taynam and Mast pharmaceutical products, showed similar result, but the results related to internal company disks were different. 20% of the total bacteria studied had MIC over 8 mg (resistant). Due to results of this study using standard dicks and antibiotic powder (Imipenem/Cilastatin sodium) (Supranem) or (Tienam) is recommended. [...] Read More.

Keywords: ß-lactamase, antibiogram, imipenem.

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Global review of meningococcal disease. A shifting etiology

J. Leimkugel, V. Racloz*, L. Jacintho da Silva and G. Pluschke

Abstract: Despite expansive studies over the past century, the epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) has remained elusive in some of its aspects. The following review attempts to summarize the past and current trends in the etiology of IMD. Data was collected through the analysis of peer-reviewed studies and surveillance data on national, sub-national and regional levels performed using various search engines such as pubmed (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/), regional WHO homepages (www.who. int) and department of health websites. Despite the establishment of improved surveillance, the reasons for the differences in IMD epidemiology between endemic and epidemic settings are not fully under-stood. Factors influence the timing and distribution of epidemics including climatic, socio-economic and cultural factors involving changes in human lifestyle, natural growth of the human population, crowding and increased mobility. These have also strongly affected the global population structure of Neisseria meningitides and are still currently responsible for changing patterns in IMD epidemiology. In recent years, much interest has arisen on the subject due to both the development of conjugate vaccines and to the continuing occurrence of outbreaks, many of them in industrialized countries. With antimicrobial resistance on the rise, effective and affordable vaccines along with continued surveillance are needed to help combat this complex disease.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Meningococcal meningitis, epidemiology, vaccines, antimicrobial resistance, surveillance.

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Prevalence and seasonality of fowl typhoid disease in Zaria-Kaduna State, Nigeria

I. J. Mbuko, M. A. Raji*, J. Ameh, L. Saidu, W. I. Musa and P. A. Abdul

Abstract: A five years retrospective study (2003 - 2007) of the prevalence of fowl typhoid (FT) and other poultry diseases diagnosed at the avian unit of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-Kaduna State, Nigeria was conducted. A prevalence rate of 18.4% (129 cases) was recorded for FT out of 700 cases of poultry disease. The highest number of outbreaks of FT was recorded during the rainy season (July - September). 48 cases (29.1%) of FT were recorded in birds 15 weeks and above, 124 cases (18.4%) in layers and only two cases (16.7%) in turkeys. Outbreaks of FT were closely associated with age, type and poultry species of birds (P < 0.05). The outbreaks of FT were also observed to be 3.1 times more likely to occur in December, 2.4 and 1.3 times more likely to occur in birds of 15 weeks and above and 1 - 5 weeks of age respectively. It was concluded from the study that FT is more commonly reported in the chicken than other poultry species and adult birds (>15 weeks) are more susceptible to the disease in Zaria, Nigeria. This study recommends that poultry farmers should be encouraged to practice prompt and regular vaccination of layers against fowl typhoid disease.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Salmonella enterica serovars Gallinarium, chicken, Nigeria.

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Calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P significantly influence coronary flow rate in gene knockout mice

Hongbao Ma, *, Jenny Young and Shen Cherng

Abstract: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) which is potent vasodilator neuropeptides play a counter-regulatory role in several models of experimental hypertension. Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts (n = 328) were used to compare coronary flow rates among wild type (WT), a-CGRP gene knockout (KO) and NK1-KO mice under various pressure loading conditions (20, 30, 40 and 50 mmHg). The aorta of each heart was cannulated and all hearts were perfused with PBS at 37°C. Coronary flow rate was measured by pressure difference of both sides of a capillary. Perfusion was stopped 15 min for ischemia. Deletion of a-CGRP gene resulted in a significant reduction in coronary flow rate for both genders at all pressures. Deletion of NK1 gene resulted in a significant reduction in coronary flow rate for male mice at all pressures, but not for female mice. Coronary flow rate for both WT and a-CGRP-KO mice was consistently lower in female than in male mice, but not for NK1- KO mice. Coronary flow rate in a-CGRP mice was 19.2 and 15.4% lower than that of female and male WT mice, respectively. This effect seems to be gender related with less coronary flow noted in female WT and a-CGRP-KO mice, but not in NK1-KO mice.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Calcitonin gene-related peptide, flow rate, gene knockout, heart, mouse, neurokinin 1, substance P.

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Skin diseases among preschool children

Allma Koçinaj*, Dardan Koçinaj and Merita Berisha

Abstract: In developing countries skin diseases can affect more than 60% of the general population and usually are not well managed. Skin diseases are common in children. Epidemiologic studies of the general population, however, are still limited and missing for the region of Kosova. The aim of this study was to investigate disease prevalence in children under 6 years old of out- and in-patients at the department of Dermatological clinic - a tertiary health care center, a cross-sectional study was carried out during a period of one year. A total of 1,998 children 0 - 6 years old were examined. In the out-patients scabies presented in 18% of overall dermatoses, atopic dermatitis 7.9%, urticaria 7.9%, pyodermia 7.8%, tinea superificialis 5.9%, staphylodermia 5.5%, dermatitis amoniacalis 4.7%, eczema infantum 4%, impetigo contagiosa 3.5% and exanthema toxo-allergica 2.7%. While in the in-patients, acute urticaria presented in 26.1% of the overall dermatoses, scabies 20.7% and atopic dermatitis 10.8%, epidemiologic data are necessary for the monitoring of skin changes in school children and provides the basis of training programs for medical professionals in primary health care with the aim to reduce long-term morbidity and socioeconomic impact.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Skin disease, prevalence, children.

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