MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Comparative studies of antibacterial effect of some antibiotics and ginger (Zingiber officinale) on two pathogenic bacteria

A. Sebiomo*, A. D. Awofodu, A. O. Awosanya, F. E. Awotona and A. J. Ajayi

Abstract: This study investigated the comparative effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and some antibiotics on two pathogenic bacteria. The plant extracts were prepared by weighing the plant leaves and root (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 g) into 100 mls of water and ethanol (at g/100 ml) and grounded to determine the extract concentrations. Serial dilutions of the antibiotics used were prepared to determine the various antibiotic concentrations. The results obtained showed that ginger extract of both the plant and root showed the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes while the three antibiotics used (chloramphenicol, ampicillin and tetracycline) were also active but at less extent compared to ginger extract. The concentration of the plant extract had significant effect on the zone of inhibition on both organisms. The concentration of the three antibiotics had significant effect on the zone of inhibition for both organisms. This result showed that ethanol extracts of ginger both leaf and root can be used alongside conventional antibiotics to fight agents of infections that are so prevalent in the hospitals.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ginger, zone of inhibition, extract, antibacterial.

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Potentials of Gladiolus corms as an antimicrobial agent in food processing and traditional medicine

Sunday J. Ameh*, Obiageri O. Obodozie, Patrick O. Olorunfemi, Innocent E. Okoliko and Nelson A. Ochekpe

Abstract: The genus Gladiolus (Family: Iridaceae) has 260 species of a perennial herb. In West Africa the corms of Gladiolus species are used in food and Traditional Medicine, often in combination with other plant materials. This study aimed at verifying the basis for the use of these corms in both instances. Aqueous extracts of the corms obtained in Benue State, Nigeria, were tested for antimicrobial effects; and screened for key phytochemicals. Antimicrobial effects were evaluated by measuring the diameters of inhibition zones on agar plates, using clinical isolates of the bacteria: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes; and the fungi: Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Trichophyton mentagrophyte. The results showed that the extracts, at concentrations of 75 – 400 mg of the plant material per mL of water, were active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus niger, but relatively inactive against the others. The extracts contained alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and carbohydrates, but attempts at TLC separation were only marginally successful. The somewhat selective antimicrobial effects of the extracts do however; suggest the basis for the use of these corms. But the presence of cardiac glycosides - a cardiotoxin, calls for caution in their use.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Gladiolus, corm, iridaceae, antimicrobial, food processing, traditional medicine, phytochemicals, Benue State.

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Phytochemical extraction and antimicrobial properties of different medicinal plants: Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Eugenia caryophyllata (Clove), Achyranthes bidentata (Datiwan) and Azadirachta indica (Neem

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Aqueous ethanolic extract of four medicinal plants were subjected to in vitro antibacterial assay against human pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa employing cup diffusion method. Among four plants tested Eugenia caryophyllata (Clove) was found to be the most effective against S. typhi. All the plants were ineffective against E. coli and K. pneumonia. Achyranthes bidentata was found to be ineffective against all the tested organisms. The largest zone of inhibition (22 mm) was obtained with E. caryophyllata against S. typhi and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) value of 5 mg/l was obtained with Azadirachta indica against S. typhi. K. pneumoniae and E. coli were found to be resistant with all the plant extracts. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed for the detection of alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, tannins and reducing sugars. Thin layer chromatography was also performed using solvent system chloroform, methanol and water (10:10:3) for the analysis of lipid present in plant extract. The present study will be successful in identifying candidate plant with different antimicrobial activity which could be further exploited for isolation and characterization of the novel phytochemicals in the treatment of infectious disease especially in light of the emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms and the need to produce more effective antimicrobial agents.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibacterial property, drug resistance, medicinal plant, zone of inhibition.

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Antimicrobial agents from the leaf of Struchium sparganophora (Linn) Ktze, Asteraceae

L.S. Kasim*, V.A. Ferro, O.A. Odukoya, Allan Drummond, G.E. Ukpo, Veronique Seidel, A. I. Gray and Roger Waigh.

Abstract: Three Antimicrobial agents from the leaf of Struchium sparganophora were isolated by chromatographic methods and characterized. The microbial inhibitory activity of these compounds was investigated against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The antimicrobial activity of some of these compounds was similar in some of the micro-organisms used for the tests except Klebsiella. aerogenes and the fungus Candida albicans where all the compounds showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between 50 and 6.25 µg/ml. Luteolin and 3 methyl 2, 6, hexacosedienol significantly inhibited the growth of the two fungi (P[...] Read More.

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Preliminary screening of antimycobacterial effect of psychrophillic Actinomycetes isolated from Manali ice point: Himachal predesh

A. Raja* and P. Prabakaran

Abstract: Totally, 128 psychrophilic actinomycetes were isolated and 14 were found to be facultative psychrophilic which were selected to determine the antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The results showed that, four strains were active against the test organism M. tuberculosis. The active isolates screened in the present study were found to be highly effective and comes under Streptomycetes species (RH7 and RH8), Micromonospora species (RH9) and Micropolyspora species (RH12). All the isolates capable of producing metabolites and their presence were confirmed by TLC. The ‘active culture filtrate’ showed ‘only one band’ and its functional Group Is low molecular weight neutral compounds and amines were determined based on their solubility and pH.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Psychrophilic actinomycetes, glaciers, drug resistance, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primary amines.

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Characterization of Bacillus sp. strains isolated from rhizosphere of soybean plants for their use as potential plant growth for promoting Rhizobacteria

Aris Tri Wahyudi*, Rina Puji Astuti, Asri Widyawati, Anja Meryandini, and Abdjad Asih Nawangsih

Abstract: Rhizobacteria of Bacillus species were isolated from the rhizosphere of soybean plant of Cirebon, Indonesia, and further examined for plant growth promoting activities. A total of 118 isolates identified as Bacillus sp., 90 isolates (76.3%) among them positively produced phytohormone indole acetic acid (IAA). The 12 isolates (13.3%) were selected, initially on the basis of germinating seed bioassay in which the root length, shoot length or number of lateral root of the seedling was enhanced significantly. All those 12 isolates produced siderophore and 11 isolates (91.7%) were able to solubilize phosphate. Furthermore, 3 isolates (25%) among them were able to inhibit the growth of Fusarium oxysporum, 9 isolates (75%) inhibited the growth of Rhizoctonia solani, and 1 isolate (8.3%) of Bacillus sp. inhibited the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii. DNA sequence analysis of 16S rRNA genes of those 12 isolates revealed that, all of them similar with Bacillus sp. cluster and was separately divided into four groups. This study has pointed out 12 isolates of Bacillus sp. that may be applicable as inoculants according to each supporting characters as growth promoter rhizobacteria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Rhizobacteria, Bacillus sp., growth promoter, IAA, antifungal compounds, phosphate solubilization, siderophore, 16S rRNA.

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Microbial load in ready-to-eat rice sold in Benin City

Wogu, M. D., Omoruyi, M. I.*, Odeh, H. O. and Guobadia, J. N.

Abstract: The microbial load of ready-to-eat rice from both local fast food centers (local restaurants) and Standard fast food centers (high class restaurants) within Benin City was investigated. The total colony count ranged from 2.0 x 104 to 1.2 x 106 for bacteria and 8.0 x 104 to 2.0 x 105 for fungi. Four bacteria were isolated: Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia. B. cereus, which is mainly associated with food poisoning because of its ability to produce toxins, was present in 37.5% of samples alongside E. coli. Two fungi were isolated: Saccharomyces cerevisae, occurring in 50% of samples, and Aspergillus niger. Ready-to-eat rice from standard fast food centers was found to have more microbial load and more microorganisms compared to ready-to-eat rice from local fast food centers. The results of our study indicated that most of the ready-to-eat rice samples examined did not meet bacteriological quality standards. Hence, it is recommended that a more close supervision of ready-to-eat food should be carried out by relevant authorities. Keywords: Microbial load, ready-to-eat rice, standard fast food centers and local fast food centers.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Microbial load, ready-to-eat rice, standard fast food centers and local fast food centers.

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Study of Chamomileâ€™s yield and its components under drought stress and organic and inorganic fertilizers using and their residue

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Management of organic and inorganic fertilizer application and residual of them are very important in their effect on environment and plant yield in order to determine the effect of drought stress and different amendments on flower, essential oil and chamazulene yield and yield components of CHAMOMILLA RECUTITA (L.). Rauschert, this study was conducted in split plot design with three replications during 2007 to 2009 at University of Zabol. Treatment included W1 (non stress), W2 (75% FC) and W3 (50% FC) as main plot and three kind of residual’s fertilizers: F1 (non fertilizer), F2 (chemical fertilizer), F3 (manure fertilizer) and F4 (compost) as sub plot that is used in the first year. Results showed that water stress at W3 treatment reduced dry and fresh flower yield at both years. Low drought stress increased essential oil and chamazulene yield however high drought stress decreased these variable. Chemical fertilizer caused to make the highest yield and essential oil in the first year, but in the second year that had no difference with control treatment (without fertilizer). The residue of animal manure and compost enhanced flower, oil and chamazulene yield at the second year. In addition, animal manure and compost under drought stress in the first year and under all water conditions in the second year reach the best quantitative and qualitative yield and application of them was recommendable.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Chamomilla recutita, essential oil, chamazulene, animal manure.

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Utilisation of crude oil and gasoline by ten bacterial and five fungal isolates

A. Sebiomo*, A. O. Awosanya and A. D. Awofodu

Abstract: This study investigated the abilities of ten bacterial and five fungal isolates indigenous to polluted mechanic soils to utilise and degrade crude oil and gasoline. Of all the bacterial and fungal isolates obtained in this study Pseudomonas sp. Bacillus sp. and Aspergillus sp. were found to be more predominant in the polluted mechanic soils. The growth profiles were determined by monitoring the optical density, total viable counts, dry weights and pH of the culture utilizing crude oil and gasoline as carbon and energy source. Total viable counts increased significantly with optical density and dry weights of fungi as the days of incubation progressed until the 14th day (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacteria, fungi, crude oil, gasoline, biodegradation.

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Antibacterial potential of pot marigold

S. Bissa* and A. Bohra

Abstract: Plants continue to be an important therapeutic aid for alleviating the ailments of humankind. In the present research work different parts (root, leaf and flowers) of Calendula officinalis were screened for potential antibacterial activity against some important bacterial strains, namely Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The antibacterial activity was determined in aqueous, alcohol, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts using agar disc diffusion method. Although all the plant parts showed significant anti microbial activity but the highest antibacterial activity was observed in petroleum ether extract of dried leaves against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Phytochemical analysis was also done.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Calendula officinalis, petroleum ether extract, Klebsiella pneumoniae.

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