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Full Length Research Paper
Abstract: Management of organic and inorganic fertilizer application and residual of them are very important in their effect on environment and plant yield in order to determine the effect of drought stress and different amendments on flower, essential oil and chamazulene yield and yield components of CHAMOMILLA RECUTITA (L.). Rauschert, this study was conducted in split plot design with three replications during 2007 to 2009 at University of Zabol. Treatment included W1 (non stress), W2 (75% FC) and W3 (50% FC) as main plot and three kind of residual’s fertilizers: F1 (non fertilizer), F2 (chemical fertilizer), F3 (manure fertilizer) and F4 (compost) as sub plot that is used in the first year. Results showed that water stress at W3 treatment reduced dry and fresh flower yield at both years. Low drought stress increased essential oil and chamazulene yield however high drought stress decreased these variable. Chemical fertilizer caused to make the highest yield and essential oil in the first year, but in the second year that had no difference with control treatment (without fertilizer). The residue of animal manure and compost enhanced flower, oil and chamazulene yield at the second year. In addition, animal manure and compost under drought stress in the first year and under all water conditions in the second year reach the best quantitative and qualitative yield and application of them was recommendable.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Chamomilla recutita, essential oil, chamazulene, animal manure.
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文章
A. Sebiomo*, A. O. Awosanya and A. D. Awofodu
Abstract: This study investigated the abilities of ten bacterial and five fungal isolates indigenous to polluted mechanic soils to utilise and degrade crude oil and gasoline. Of all the bacterial and fungal isolates obtained in this study Pseudomonas sp. Bacillus sp. and Aspergillus sp. were found to be more predominant in the polluted mechanic soils. The growth profiles were determined by monitoring the optical density, total viable counts, dry weights and pH of the culture utilizing crude oil and gasoline as carbon and energy source. Total viable counts increased significantly with optical density and dry weights of fungi as the days of incubation progressed until the 14th day (P[...] Read More.
Keywords: Bacteria, fungi, crude oil, gasoline, biodegradation.
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S. Bissa* and A. Bohra
Abstract: Plants continue to be an important therapeutic aid for alleviating the ailments of humankind. In the present research work different parts (root, leaf and flowers) of Calendula officinalis were screened for potential antibacterial activity against some important bacterial strains, namely Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The antibacterial activity was determined in aqueous, alcohol, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts using agar disc diffusion method. Although all the plant parts showed significant anti microbial activity but the highest antibacterial activity was observed in petroleum ether extract of dried leaves against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Phytochemical analysis was also done.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Calendula officinalis, petroleum ether extract, Klebsiella pneumoniae.
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A. Sebiomo*, V. W. Ogundero and S. A. Bankole
Abstract: The abilities of twelve bacterial isolates to utilise atrazine and primextra and the degradation dynamics of the two herbicides in soil was determined in this study. Soil treatments were carried out in triplicates using the completely randomized blocked design. Utilisation of atrazine and primextra were determined by monitoring growth rates of the bacteria, actinomyces and streptomyces via viable counts, optical density and pH changes. Chromatographic analysis of soil samples were also done to determine residual concentration of herbicides. The viable count and the optical density values increased significantly (P< 0.001) from the 0 h to the 20th day and latter dropped on the 25th to the 30th day. The pH values dropped significantly (P< 0.001) from the 0 h to the 30th day. Bacillus subtilis recorded the highest viable count values of 8.98 and 9.25 on the 20th day and optical density values of 0.934 and 1.631 respectively on atrazine and primextra on the 20th day during growth on atrazine and primextra thus significantly (P[...] Read More.
Keywords: Optical density, viable count, biodegradation, herbicide.
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Efuntoye, M. O.*, Mabekoje, O. O. and Adekoya, F. A.
Abstract: To evaluate the prevalence of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in intestines of land snails and to determine the antibiogram of the isolates, samples for culture were obtained from ninety-nine different land snail species. Isolates of S. aureus were tested for enterotoxin production using the SET-RPLA and their antibiotic susceptibilities were determined by disc diffusion methods according to NCCLS standards. A total of 42 S. aureus isolates were recovered. Of these, 28 were enterotoxigenic. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that all of the S. aureus isolates had 100% resistance to augmentin, cloxacillin, cefuroxime and amoxycillin-clavulanic acid and showed varying resistance to other antibiotics tested. The results showed that enterotoxigenic S. aureus could be found in snails and could show resistance to commonly used antibiotics. The presence of enterotoxigenic S. aureus underscores the need for thorough cooking of snails before consumption in order to prevent staphylococcal food poisoning.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Snails, Staphylococcus aureus, enterotoxin, antibiotic sensitivity.
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Mohamed E. Hamid
Abstract: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of methicillin resistant coagulase positive Staphlococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in two major hospitals in Asir region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and to compare it with the community-acquired infections. Two hundreds and ten coagulase positive S. aureus recovered from 9831 specimens from various infections at Asir Central Hospital and Abha General Hospital, KSA (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia), were tested against 44 commonly used antibacterial agents. One hundred of the isolates were from hospital-acquired infections, 100 from community-acquired infections and 10 isolates were collected from the hospital environment. All isolates were found resistant to aztreonam, colistin, mecillinam, metronidazole, polymyxin B and nalidixic acid but were sensitive to vancomycin, nitrofurantoin and novobiocin. Various levels of resistant were recorded for the remaining antibiotics. High resistance to antimicrobial agents was detected among hospital acquired infections compared to community acquired infections (p[...] Read More.
Keywords: Staphlococcus aureus, coagulase positive, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).
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Eman Halawani* and Mohamed Shohayeb
Abstract: The antibacterial activities of 52 samples of 24 types of honey, either locally produced or imported were evaluated for their antibacterial activity. Manuka honey was included in the study for the sake of comparison. The antibacterial activity (estimated as phenol %) of 91.7% of the tested honeys ranged between 5.5 and 7.9%. There was no relationship between the potency of antibacterial activity and the color of honey. Locally produced Shaoka and Taify Sidr and the imported honeys, Yemeni Sidr, Black Seed, Clover and Orange Blossom, were more potent than Manuka honey. On the other hand, both Kashmiri and German acacia honeys were as potent as Manuka honey. Taking into consideration, the peroxide activity found in these honeys, which ranged between 4.8 and 15.6%, Taify, Shaoka, Black Seed, Yemeni Sidr, Orange blossom and Clover honeys had comparative antibacterial activities to Manuka honey. It was concluded that several honeys available in the Saudi market especially the locally produced Shaoka, and Taify Sidr, in addition to imported Yemeni Sidr, black seed, Clover and Orange blossom are as potent as Manuka honey. Therefore we recommend these honeys for use in the treatment of bacterial infections.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Saudi honeys, Shaoka honey, antibacterial activity of honey, Manuka honey.
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Asit Ranjan Ghosh*, K. Thanasekaran and Subarna Roy
Abstract: Shigellosis is very common in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Two major species and serotypes, Shigella flexneriae 2a and Shigella dysenteriae type 1 were the cause of shigellosis in the Island till 2001. During 2002 to 2003, the scenario of shigellosis shifted and Shigella sonnei emerged as the prime and sole pathogen. On examination of 106 diarrhoeic stool samples, a total of seven S. sonnei was isolated. All the isolates were nalidixic resistant. The shift of predominant nalidixic acid-resistant trait of S. dysenteriae type 1 to S. sonnei had been observed in this study and was reported elsewhere (Ghosh et al., 2003). The present study aimed to study genotypic characterization of the nalidixic acid resistant S. sonnei. The molecular typing of isolated strains was carried out by plasmid profiling, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The results revealed the clonality of the nalidixic acid-resistant S. sonnei. The study explores a note of caution to the public health for an epidemic due to nalidixic acid resistant S. sonnei in near future.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Nalidixic acid resistance, Shigella sonnei, dysenteric children.
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Ogundare A. O.
Abstract: The antibacterial potency of ethanol, acetone and chloroform leaf extracts of Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Corchorous olitorius and Manihot palmata were screened against ten bacterial isolates using the agar-well diffusion method. The leaf extracts were screened for antibacterial activities at 25 mg/ml concentration. Antibacterial efficacy of extracts against the bacterial isolates was indicated by the appearance of clear zones of inhibition around the wells. The extracts (except that of Corchorous olitirious), showed inhibitory activities against Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae and Escherichia coil with zones of inhibition ranging between 2 and 20mm. Result of the antagonistic activity of the extracts compared favourably with the activity of standard antibiotics. The rate of killing by the extracts was carried out, using 50 mg/ml. It was observed that the number of bacterial cells was decreasing as the time of interaction between the extract and the bacteria increased until all cells were killed. Phytochemcial screening of the extracts revealed the presence of some bioactive components like alkaloids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones, steroids, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides. These properties determine the antimicrobial potential of the leaf extracts.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity, phytochemical components, extracts, zone of inhibition.
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文章
Full Length Research Paper
Abstract: Some species of “streptococci” have great role in dental caries. So control of their activities can promote prevention of dental caries. Use of herbal agents is a notable issue in recent researches. The aim of this study was evaluation of antimicrobial activity of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extract of seed and stem of Ammi visnaga against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus sanguis. First step or screening was designed by determination of antimicrobial activity for each extracts using Disk diffusion method. For those extract which presented it; “no growth hallo” was evident around related paper disks. Next step was determination of MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) corresponding to “modified macrodilution” method for those extracts revealed antimicrobial activity. “No growth hallo” was obvious around S. sanguis and it was absent around S. salivarius; For S. mutans, only aqueous seed extract produced the hallo. MIC and MBC of aqueous and hydroalcoholic stem extract against S. sanguis, were 5 and 7%, stem extract against S. sanguis as well as hydroalcoholic seed extract against S. sanguis, 5 and 5%, aqueous seed extract against S. sanguis, 15 and >30% and aqueous seed extract against S. mutans, 20 and >30%, respectively. A. visnaga revealed antimicrobial activity against some species of oral Streptococci including S. mutans. So, we can use it for prevention of dental caries but further investigation is recommended.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Ammi visnaga, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, antimicrobial activity.
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