MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Symptomatic urogenital candidiasis and therapeutic management on women taking oral contraceptive pills

Jombo G. T. A.*, Akpera M. T., Adebisi S. I. and Bolarin D. M.

Abstract: The use of oral contraceptive pills are increasingly becoming popular among women in both urban and rural Nigerian settings, and its perceived association with gynaecologic infections not withstanding. This study was therefore carried out to ascertain the rate of urogenital candidiasis among women on oral contraceptive pills (OCP) in Gboko town. All the willing women on OCP attending family planning clinic and Comprehensive health centre in Gboko were consecutively recruited in the month of September, 2009. Questionnaires were used to obtain relevant data such as age, marital status, occupation and urogenital symptoms. Urine, high vaginal swab and endocervical swab specimens were subsequently collected, transported and processed for isolation of microorganisms using standard laboratory procedures. The rate of urogenital candidiasis among the 153 women on OCP was significantly higher 36.5% compared to the control 20.3% (P < 0.05) in as much as their general knowledge about the disease was poor; similarly, genitourinary symptoms were recorded in 22.2% of the women on OCP as compared to the 5.2% in the control group (P < 0.001) and was significantly higher among the singles, separated, widowed and divorced (64.4 to 64.7%) compared to the married 27% (P < 0.05). 79.4% of the symptomatic infections were caused by Candida species. Women should be properly counselled and health educated on the need for prompt and adequate treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis while facilities for appropriate treatment and proper laboratory diagnosis provided.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Candidiasis, contraceptive pills, oral, urogenital, women.

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Vancomycin resistant enterococcus causing surgical site infections in a tertiary care hospital

J. B. Suchitra* and N. Lakshmidevi

Abstract: Presence of Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) is increasingly being reported. In the present study we reported the prevalence of Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus causing Surgical Site Infections (SSI) in a tertiary care hospital. Pus from surgical site wound was cultured and Enterococcus species was identified as standard microbiological methods. The antimicrobial susceptibility for Vancomycin was determined by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by broth dilution method. Patients (n = 2566) who had undergone surgery were included in the study. Enterococcus species had grown in cultures in 112 (4.3%) patients. Vancomycin resistance was observed in 9 isolates (8.03%). The rampant use of higher antibiotics in hospital has already paved way for multi drug resistance. The presence of Vancomycin Resistance must caution both physicians as well as hospital administrators on the urgent need for stringent hospital infection control programmes.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Vancomycin resistant enterococcus, VRE, surgical site infection.

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Multiple-mutations in the katG encoding catalase proxidase in isoniazid resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates

M. Karim Rahimi S. Zaker bostanabad, *, P. Adimi, M. Shekarabei, M. Habibollah, F. Shirmohammadi, Kh. Bigdeli, A. Faraji, B. Delalat, Z. Tayebi, M. Masoumi, E.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of multiple-mutations in the katG gene, predominant nucleotide changes and its correlation with high level of resistance to isoniazid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates that were randomly collected from sputa of 42 patients with primary and secondary active pulmonary tuberculosis from different geographic regions of Iran. Drug susceptibility testing was determined using the CDC standard conventional proportional method. DNA extraction, katG gene amplification and DNA sequencing analysis were performed. Thirty four (80%) isolates were found to have multiple-mutations (composed of 2 - 5 mutations) in the katG gene. Increased number of predominant mutations and nucleotide changes were demonstrated in codons 315 (AGC ACC), 316 (GGC AGC), 309 (GGT GTT) with a higher frequency among patients bearing secondary tuberculosis infection with elevated levels of resistance to isoniazid (MIC µg/ml 5 - 10). Furthermore it was demonstrated that the combination of mutations with their predominant nucleotide changes were also observed in codons 315, 316 and 309 indicating higher frequencies of mutations among patients with secondary infection respectively. In this study 62% (n = 21) of multi-mutated isolates found to have combination of mutations with predominant nucleotide changes in codons 315 (AGC ACC), 316 (GGC GTT), 309 (GGT GGT) and also demonstrated to be more frequent in isolates of patients with secondary infections, bearing higher level of resistance to isoniazid ( 5 – 10 µg/ml).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Predominant mutation, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, high level resistant to izoniazid, Iran.

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Prevalence of toxigenic traits in native food isolates of Bacillus cereus in the city of Mysore, Southern India

Shivalingsarj V. Desai and Mandyam C. Varadaraj*

Abstract: In the growing concern for microbial food safety of traditional foods, the present study has attempted to characterize toxigenic profile of native food isolates of Bacillus cereus. In a total of 65 traditional foods, 26 isolates were characterized by morphological, cultural and biochemical attributes as B. cereus. Of these, 12 isolates (46%) were confirmed as B. cereus by PCR with 16S rDNA and phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C primers in PCR. Among B. cereus isolates, 8 (67%) and 6 (50%) were positive for binding and lytic components of haemolysin (hbl complex) and sphingomyelinase (sph) in PCR. Besides, 67% of the isolates exhibited discontinuous haemolytic pattern in blood agar. The toxigenic food isolates of B. cereus CFR 1529, 1530, 1534 and 1536 revealed a high degree of sequence homology with selected strains of B. cereus and other species of B. cereus cluster as evidenced in sequence homology of partial nucleotide sequences of respective PCR amplicons of selected target genes. The study does indicate that toxigenic traits appear to be well spread within B. cereus cluster and have become stable traits among food isolates of B. cereus prevalent in the food chain.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacillus cereus, PCR, phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, haemolysin BL, sphingomyelinase, toxigenic, sequence homology, microbial diversity.

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Assessment of antibiotics susceptibility profiles of some selected clinical isolates from laboratories in Nigeria

A. O. Nkang, I. O. Okonko*, O. K. Mejeha, O. G. Adewale, A. O. Udeze, A. Fowotade, E. A. Fajobi, A. O. Adedeji and E. T. Babalola

Abstract: Because antimicrobial resistance patterns are continually evolving and multi-drug resistant (MDR) organisms undergo progressive antimicrobial resistance, continuously updated data on antimicrobial susceptibility profiles will continue to be essential to ensure the provision of safe and effective empiric therapies. This current study reports on the assessment of antibiotics susceptibility profiles of some selected clinical isolates from laboratories in Nigeria. Thirteen antibiotics were bought from different pharmacy shops in Calabar metropolis and their susceptibility profiles were evaluated against some clinical isolates obtained from Microbiology Section of Sufat Medical Laboratories, Ishie, Calabar; Microbiology laboratory Unit of University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar and Department of Microbiology, University of Calabar, Calabar. These included Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. The species level identification was then carried out by standard biochemical test and by comparing their characteristics with those of known taxa. Susceptibility tests were performed by Bauer-Kirby disc diffusion by using Muller Hinton Agar (CM337-Oxoid). The results were expressed as susceptible/resistant according to criteria developed by NCCLS. S. aureus was susceptible to 09 (75.0%) and resistant to 3 (25.0%) of 12 antibiotics used. Str. pyogenes was susceptible to 8 (66.7%) antibiotics and resistant to 4 (33.3%). Of 11 antibiotics tested against E. coli and P. aeruginosa, E. coli was susceptible to 10 (90.9%) and resistant to 1 (09.1%). P. aeruginosa was susceptible to 9 (81.8%) and resistant to 2 (18.2%). Of 13 antibiotics tested against K. pnenmoniae, it was susceptible to 10(83.3%) and resistant to 2(16.7%). Resistance to chloramphenicol was common to all isolates except K. pneumoniae. Erythromycin- resistance was common to Str. pyogenes. Also, rifampicin-resistance was common to S. aureus. Resistance to gentamicin and tetracycline was only common to Str. pyogenes while penicillin-resistance was common to S. aureus only. Though, some multi-drug resistant organisms were reported in this study, some organisms were highly susceptible to most of the test antibiotics. There are several limitations of this work. Nevertheless, the results can serve to direct any national effort aimed toward reducing the antimicrobial resistance problems of local hospitals. The reasons for the differences in antimicrobial drug–resistant patterns might be related to infection control practices or to timing of the introduction of resistant organisms. However, more research is needed to clarify these differences. We believe that our findings represent the endemic multi-drug resistant situation in our hospitals in Nigeria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibiotics, assessment, clinical isolates, resistance pattern, susceptibility profiles

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Fusidic acid-resistant methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus isolates in community of Casablanca (Morocco)

Mohamed Elazhari,*, Driss Elhabchi, Khalid Zerouali, Noureddine Dersi, Jean David Perrier-Gros-Claude, Sanaa Bouhali Zriouil, Mohammed Hassar, Rachid Saile and Mohammed Timinouni

Abstract: Fusidic acid -resistant Staphylococcus aureus is poorly documented in community acquired infections in Morocco. From 1st January, 2007 - 31 October, 2008, we collected 140 S. aureus isolates at Institute Pasteur, Casablanca, 18 of them exhibited resistance to fusidic acid and were negative for gene encoding methicillin resistance (mecA). seh toxin gene was found in 14 strains (14/18) along with an accessory gene regulator (agr) group III, 9 of them were found with two other toxin genes (sek plus seq). In conclusion, we found a close relationship between the presence of the seh gene and the possession of agr group III in fusidic acid-resistant methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (FAR-MSSA) strains. In addition, our results indicate a relationship between 6 FAR -MSSA strains belonging to the same pulsotype and harbouring agr group III with luk -PV toxin genes.[...] Read More.

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Resistant phenotypes and genotypes of clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium in a teaching hospital in Shantou, China

Yuanchun Huang, Qing Peng*, Fen Yao, Yuanshu Qian, Yingmu Cai, Xiaoyang Jiao and Dexing Hua

Abstract: This study is the first to report on the resistant phenotypes and genotypes of Enterococcus faecium clinical isolates in Shantou, China. A total of 39 E. faecium clinical isolates were collected from January 2004 to January 2006 and analyzed for their resistance to 10 antibiotics and for genes coding for resistance to the associated antibiotics. E. faecium isolates were resistant to 5 or more antibiotics, and most showed high minimal inhibitory concentrations to many antibiotics as well. Resistance to erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and penicillin was 100.0, 100.0, 97.4, and 92.3%, respectively. The mean resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and high levels of gentamicin was 80% or greater for each. Neither -lactamase-producing nor vancomycin-resistant isolates were found. Genes such as aph(3 )- ,ermB, aac(6 )/aph2 , ant(6)- ,gyrA, TetM, ParC, and pbp5 coding for resistance to the associated antibiotics were present at 79.5, 71.8, 92.3, 71.8, 100.0, 38.5, 23.1 and 69.2% respectively. E. faecium isolates showing multidrug resistance (MDR) were prevalent in Shantou. A total of 32 strains carried at least 5 resistance genes. The gene profile of E. faecium isolates (ermB/aac(6 )/aph2 /aph(3 )- /ant(6)- /gyrA/Pbp5) indicated that most of the strains carried MDR in different regions. The high occurrence of MDR suggested maintenance of selective pressure by use of different antibiotics. A rapid increase in antibiotic resistance is the result of incorrect antibiotics.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Enterococcus faecium, multidrug-resistance, phenotype, genotype.

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Rapid, specific and concurrent detection of Listeria, Salmonella and Escherichia coli pathogens by multiplex PCR in Iranian food

Hamid Reza Tavakoli, Ali Najafi* and Ali Ahmadi

Abstract: We are unable to detect all microorganisms in media. In consequence, molecular methods like PCR based techniques can mend our difficulties in this era. Herein, we describe simultaneous detection of major food-borne pathogens Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Iranian food materials used for comparison of traditional microbiological methods (such as culture and serology) and multiplex PCR method in the detection of pathogens were prepared from several local restaurant, including eggs, raw milk, Raw kobide, salad, chicken, and cheese. Following DNA extraction, PCR assay were performed, using three specific primer pair. Because of all different sizes of the amplified fragments for each uniplex reaction, we optimized the each primers concentration to achieve a clearly visible band pattern of agarose gel (210 bp for Listeria, 556 bp for E. coli and 942 bp for Salmonella). In conclusion, uniplex and multiplex PCR was considered to perceive detection of the pathogens simultaneously.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157H7, multiplex PCR.

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Evaluation of fluorescent in situ hybridization for rapid diagnosis of enterococcal wound infection

Somayyeh Gharibi, Saeed Tajbakhsh*, Keivan Zandi and Ramin Yaghobi

Abstract: Enterococci are among prominent causes of nosocomial wound infections. Since the rapid detection of causative agents could make earlier administration of choice antibiotics and quick recovery of patients, so the application of rapid diagnostic methods is important. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for the detection of Enterococcus in wound swab samples. The time needed for FISH procedure is about 3 h. Specimens taken from 33 hospitalized patients were examined by both FISH and culturing procedures. By using conventional culture, 10 of 33 wound samples were culture-positive. Out of these 10 specimens, eight were FISH-positive, but two specimens were FISH-negative for Enterococcus. The remaining 23 wound specimens were Enterococcus negative according to the both methods. Therefore, the specificity of FISH was 100%; however, this method showed 80% sensitivity. Because of high specificity of FISH, the combined application of FISH and cultivation methods would be suggested for detection of enterococci from wound specimens in situations in which rapid diagnosis has an advantage in the treatment of patients.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Enterococcus, wound infection, fluorescent in situ hybridization, FISH.

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Camel pneumonia in Nigeria: Epidemiology and bacterial flora in normal and diseased lung

M. S. Abubakar,*, M. Y. Fatihu, N. D. G. Ibrahim, S. B. Oladele and M. B. Abubakar

Abstract: Respiratory disease is an emerging problem in camels, although information of the normal bacterial flora and bacterial agents implicated in pneumonia is rare in Nigeria. Five hundred lung samples were collected at random from two randomly selected camel slaughter house in Nigeria. Swabs samples were cultured and identified. Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida were recovered from pulmonary lesions, however Staphylococcus aureus and other Staphylococcus spp. were the most commonly isolated. Others agents isolated includes: Corynebacterium spp., Streptococcus spp., Klebsiella pneumonia, Micrococcus spp., Bacillus spp. and Proteus spp. It was concluded that, camels harbour in their lower respiratory tract potentially pathogenic agents, that may pose threat to other camels, domestic animals and/or livestock or even human populations. Therefore we suggest transboundary movements of animals be instituted and the camel herd health programme in Nigeria be maintained.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacterial flora, camel, epidemiology, Nigeria, pneumonia.

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