MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Physico-chemical and microbiological properties of honey samples obtained from Ibadan

M. O. Adenekan, N. A. Amusa*, A. O. Lawal and V. E. Okpeze

Abstract: This research paper investigated the physico -chemical and microbiological properties of 10 samples of honey obtained from Ibadan, Oyo State. The physicochemical properties evaluated were colour, water activity, pH, moisture content, ash content and electrical conductivity, while the standard plate count (SPC), total coliforms, Bacillus spp., yeast and mould fungi were the microbiological properties evaluated. Results showed a range of honey colours from light amber to dark amber. There was significant difference in the pH of the honey samples obtained from different areas of Ibadan. Minimum pH of 2.80 was observed from honey sample collected from Idi-Ayunre, while the highest pH value of 4.50 was from honey collected from Iwo Road. Total acidity value obtained ranged from 24.60 to 41.20 meq kg -1, while moisture content was 18.30%, ash content 0.50 g 100 g-1 and the electrical conductivity of 0.64 mScm-1. Results of the microbiological characteristics showed that the microbial profile were very low for all the microorganisms studied. The SPC varied from 0 - 200 cfu g-1 whereas total coliform were not detected in any of the samples and fungi (yeast and moulds) were also present at low counts in all the honey samples obtained from Ibadan.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Natural honey, physico-chemical properties, microbiology, Ibadan.

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BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS IITRHR2: A novel source of antimicrobial proteinaceous food substance

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Spoilage of food due to contamination by bacteria present in the environment is a major problem which affects human health and efforts to identify antibacterial components from natural sources has gained momentum. In this regard we isolated a new strain of BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS IITRHR2 (accession number FJ447354) which produced bacteriocin like inhibitory substance (BLIS). Partially purified BLIS showed a major peak on HPLC with antimicrobial activity. This proteinaceous substance (~1.2 kDa) was thermo-stable and pH resistant but lost activity when subjected to proteinase treatment. BLIS inhibited growth of 16 bacteria including environmental and clinical contaminants of food products and potentiated the activity of nisin. In conclusion, the proteinaceous substance isolated from B. LICHENIFORMIS IITRHR2 showed potential to combat contamination of food products by bacteria present in the environment.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, Bacillus licheniformis IITRHR2, BLIS, nisin.

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Characterization and antibiogram of Salmonella spp. from poultry specimens

R. Selvaraj, R. Das, S. Ganguly, M. Ganguli, S. Dhanalakshmi and S. K. Mukhopadhayay*

Abstract: The present study was done for characterization and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the Salmonella spp. found as contaminants in chicken carcass. The overall incidence of Salmonella contamination of poultry carcass was found to be 4.90% with the higher percentage of Salmonella being isolated from chicken meat (8.00%) followed by liver and spleen (6.25%). The isolates were identified as Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Paratyphi B and Salmonella (Rough). Eight Salmonella isolates obtained from poultry were confirmed as Salmonella spp. according to their biochemical profile and their sensitivity to different antimicrobial agents. Amikacin, kanamycin and ciprofloxacin were found to be the most effective antibiotics against Salmonella spp.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Characterization, Salmonella spp., chicken carcass, antibiotic sensitivity.

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Symptomatic urogenital candidiasis and therapeutic management on women taking oral contraceptive pills

Jombo G. T. A.*, Akpera M. T., Adebisi S. I. and Bolarin D. M.

Abstract: The use of oral contraceptive pills are increasingly becoming popular among women in both urban and rural Nigerian settings, and its perceived association with gynaecologic infections not withstanding. This study was therefore carried out to ascertain the rate of urogenital candidiasis among women on oral contraceptive pills (OCP) in Gboko town. All the willing women on OCP attending family planning clinic and Comprehensive health centre in Gboko were consecutively recruited in the month of September, 2009. Questionnaires were used to obtain relevant data such as age, marital status, occupation and urogenital symptoms. Urine, high vaginal swab and endocervical swab specimens were subsequently collected, transported and processed for isolation of microorganisms using standard laboratory procedures. The rate of urogenital candidiasis among the 153 women on OCP was significantly higher 36.5% compared to the control 20.3% (P < 0.05) in as much as their general knowledge about the disease was poor; similarly, genitourinary symptoms were recorded in 22.2% of the women on OCP as compared to the 5.2% in the control group (P < 0.001) and was significantly higher among the singles, separated, widowed and divorced (64.4 to 64.7%) compared to the married 27% (P < 0.05). 79.4% of the symptomatic infections were caused by Candida species. Women should be properly counselled and health educated on the need for prompt and adequate treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis while facilities for appropriate treatment and proper laboratory diagnosis provided.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Candidiasis, contraceptive pills, oral, urogenital, women.

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Vancomycin resistant enterococcus causing surgical site infections in a tertiary care hospital

J. B. Suchitra* and N. Lakshmidevi

Abstract: Presence of Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) is increasingly being reported. In the present study we reported the prevalence of Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus causing Surgical Site Infections (SSI) in a tertiary care hospital. Pus from surgical site wound was cultured and Enterococcus species was identified as standard microbiological methods. The antimicrobial susceptibility for Vancomycin was determined by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by broth dilution method. Patients (n = 2566) who had undergone surgery were included in the study. Enterococcus species had grown in cultures in 112 (4.3%) patients. Vancomycin resistance was observed in 9 isolates (8.03%). The rampant use of higher antibiotics in hospital has already paved way for multi drug resistance. The presence of Vancomycin Resistance must caution both physicians as well as hospital administrators on the urgent need for stringent hospital infection control programmes.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Vancomycin resistant enterococcus, VRE, surgical site infection.

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Multiple-mutations in the katG encoding catalase proxidase in isoniazid resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates

M. Karim Rahimi S. Zaker bostanabad, *, P. Adimi, M. Shekarabei, M. Habibollah, F. Shirmohammadi, Kh. Bigdeli, A. Faraji, B. Delalat, Z. Tayebi, M. Masoumi, E.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of multiple-mutations in the katG gene, predominant nucleotide changes and its correlation with high level of resistance to isoniazid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates that were randomly collected from sputa of 42 patients with primary and secondary active pulmonary tuberculosis from different geographic regions of Iran. Drug susceptibility testing was determined using the CDC standard conventional proportional method. DNA extraction, katG gene amplification and DNA sequencing analysis were performed. Thirty four (80%) isolates were found to have multiple-mutations (composed of 2 - 5 mutations) in the katG gene. Increased number of predominant mutations and nucleotide changes were demonstrated in codons 315 (AGC ACC), 316 (GGC AGC), 309 (GGT GTT) with a higher frequency among patients bearing secondary tuberculosis infection with elevated levels of resistance to isoniazid (MIC µg/ml 5 - 10). Furthermore it was demonstrated that the combination of mutations with their predominant nucleotide changes were also observed in codons 315, 316 and 309 indicating higher frequencies of mutations among patients with secondary infection respectively. In this study 62% (n = 21) of multi-mutated isolates found to have combination of mutations with predominant nucleotide changes in codons 315 (AGC ACC), 316 (GGC GTT), 309 (GGT GGT) and also demonstrated to be more frequent in isolates of patients with secondary infections, bearing higher level of resistance to isoniazid ( 5 – 10 µg/ml).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Predominant mutation, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, high level resistant to izoniazid, Iran.

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Prevalence of toxigenic traits in native food isolates of Bacillus cereus in the city of Mysore, Southern India

Shivalingsarj V. Desai and Mandyam C. Varadaraj*

Abstract: In the growing concern for microbial food safety of traditional foods, the present study has attempted to characterize toxigenic profile of native food isolates of Bacillus cereus. In a total of 65 traditional foods, 26 isolates were characterized by morphological, cultural and biochemical attributes as B. cereus. Of these, 12 isolates (46%) were confirmed as B. cereus by PCR with 16S rDNA and phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C primers in PCR. Among B. cereus isolates, 8 (67%) and 6 (50%) were positive for binding and lytic components of haemolysin (hbl complex) and sphingomyelinase (sph) in PCR. Besides, 67% of the isolates exhibited discontinuous haemolytic pattern in blood agar. The toxigenic food isolates of B. cereus CFR 1529, 1530, 1534 and 1536 revealed a high degree of sequence homology with selected strains of B. cereus and other species of B. cereus cluster as evidenced in sequence homology of partial nucleotide sequences of respective PCR amplicons of selected target genes. The study does indicate that toxigenic traits appear to be well spread within B. cereus cluster and have become stable traits among food isolates of B. cereus prevalent in the food chain.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacillus cereus, PCR, phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, haemolysin BL, sphingomyelinase, toxigenic, sequence homology, microbial diversity.

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Assessment of antibiotics susceptibility profiles of some selected clinical isolates from laboratories in Nigeria

A. O. Nkang, I. O. Okonko*, O. K. Mejeha, O. G. Adewale, A. O. Udeze, A. Fowotade, E. A. Fajobi, A. O. Adedeji and E. T. Babalola

Abstract: Because antimicrobial resistance patterns are continually evolving and multi-drug resistant (MDR) organisms undergo progressive antimicrobial resistance, continuously updated data on antimicrobial susceptibility profiles will continue to be essential to ensure the provision of safe and effective empiric therapies. This current study reports on the assessment of antibiotics susceptibility profiles of some selected clinical isolates from laboratories in Nigeria. Thirteen antibiotics were bought from different pharmacy shops in Calabar metropolis and their susceptibility profiles were evaluated against some clinical isolates obtained from Microbiology Section of Sufat Medical Laboratories, Ishie, Calabar; Microbiology laboratory Unit of University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar and Department of Microbiology, University of Calabar, Calabar. These included Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. The species level identification was then carried out by standard biochemical test and by comparing their characteristics with those of known taxa. Susceptibility tests were performed by Bauer-Kirby disc diffusion by using Muller Hinton Agar (CM337-Oxoid). The results were expressed as susceptible/resistant according to criteria developed by NCCLS. S. aureus was susceptible to 09 (75.0%) and resistant to 3 (25.0%) of 12 antibiotics used. Str. pyogenes was susceptible to 8 (66.7%) antibiotics and resistant to 4 (33.3%). Of 11 antibiotics tested against E. coli and P. aeruginosa, E. coli was susceptible to 10 (90.9%) and resistant to 1 (09.1%). P. aeruginosa was susceptible to 9 (81.8%) and resistant to 2 (18.2%). Of 13 antibiotics tested against K. pnenmoniae, it was susceptible to 10(83.3%) and resistant to 2(16.7%). Resistance to chloramphenicol was common to all isolates except K. pneumoniae. Erythromycin- resistance was common to Str. pyogenes. Also, rifampicin-resistance was common to S. aureus. Resistance to gentamicin and tetracycline was only common to Str. pyogenes while penicillin-resistance was common to S. aureus only. Though, some multi-drug resistant organisms were reported in this study, some organisms were highly susceptible to most of the test antibiotics. There are several limitations of this work. Nevertheless, the results can serve to direct any national effort aimed toward reducing the antimicrobial resistance problems of local hospitals. The reasons for the differences in antimicrobial drug–resistant patterns might be related to infection control practices or to timing of the introduction of resistant organisms. However, more research is needed to clarify these differences. We believe that our findings represent the endemic multi-drug resistant situation in our hospitals in Nigeria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibiotics, assessment, clinical isolates, resistance pattern, susceptibility profiles

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Fusidic acid-resistant methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus isolates in community of Casablanca (Morocco)

Mohamed Elazhari,*, Driss Elhabchi, Khalid Zerouali, Noureddine Dersi, Jean David Perrier-Gros-Claude, Sanaa Bouhali Zriouil, Mohammed Hassar, Rachid Saile and Mohammed Timinouni

Abstract: Fusidic acid -resistant Staphylococcus aureus is poorly documented in community acquired infections in Morocco. From 1st January, 2007 - 31 October, 2008, we collected 140 S. aureus isolates at Institute Pasteur, Casablanca, 18 of them exhibited resistance to fusidic acid and were negative for gene encoding methicillin resistance (mecA). seh toxin gene was found in 14 strains (14/18) along with an accessory gene regulator (agr) group III, 9 of them were found with two other toxin genes (sek plus seq). In conclusion, we found a close relationship between the presence of the seh gene and the possession of agr group III in fusidic acid-resistant methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (FAR-MSSA) strains. In addition, our results indicate a relationship between 6 FAR -MSSA strains belonging to the same pulsotype and harbouring agr group III with luk -PV toxin genes.[...] Read More.

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Resistant phenotypes and genotypes of clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium in a teaching hospital in Shantou, China

Yuanchun Huang, Qing Peng*, Fen Yao, Yuanshu Qian, Yingmu Cai, Xiaoyang Jiao and Dexing Hua

Abstract: This study is the first to report on the resistant phenotypes and genotypes of Enterococcus faecium clinical isolates in Shantou, China. A total of 39 E. faecium clinical isolates were collected from January 2004 to January 2006 and analyzed for their resistance to 10 antibiotics and for genes coding for resistance to the associated antibiotics. E. faecium isolates were resistant to 5 or more antibiotics, and most showed high minimal inhibitory concentrations to many antibiotics as well. Resistance to erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and penicillin was 100.0, 100.0, 97.4, and 92.3%, respectively. The mean resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and high levels of gentamicin was 80% or greater for each. Neither -lactamase-producing nor vancomycin-resistant isolates were found. Genes such as aph(3 )- ,ermB, aac(6 )/aph2 , ant(6)- ,gyrA, TetM, ParC, and pbp5 coding for resistance to the associated antibiotics were present at 79.5, 71.8, 92.3, 71.8, 100.0, 38.5, 23.1 and 69.2% respectively. E. faecium isolates showing multidrug resistance (MDR) were prevalent in Shantou. A total of 32 strains carried at least 5 resistance genes. The gene profile of E. faecium isolates (ermB/aac(6 )/aph2 /aph(3 )- /ant(6)- /gyrA/Pbp5) indicated that most of the strains carried MDR in different regions. The high occurrence of MDR suggested maintenance of selective pressure by use of different antibiotics. A rapid increase in antibiotic resistance is the result of incorrect antibiotics.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Enterococcus faecium, multidrug-resistance, phenotype, genotype.

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