MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Comparative analysis of antibacterial activities of Xenorhabdus species on related and non-related bacteria in vivo

András Fodor, *, Andrea M. Fodor, Steven Forst, Joseph S. Hogan, Michael G. Klein, Katalin Lengyel, Gyula Sáringer, Erko Stackebrandt, R. A. J. Taylor and Éva Lehoczky

Abstract: Insect-nematode-bacterium mutualistic associations provide attractive systems for discovery of inter kingdom signal compounds and antibiotics. A better understanding of the biological meaning of the inter-specific diversity of compounds with antimicrobial activity of the Steinernema-symbiont Xenorhabdus bacteria may provide options for simultaneous applications in pathogen control. Anti-bacterial activities of representative strains of Xenorhabdus budapestensis, Xenorhabdus szentirmaii, Xenorhabdus innexi, Xenorhabdus ehlersii, Xenorhabdus nematophila, Xenorhabdus bovienii and Xenorhabdus cabanillassii were tested on non-related (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria and on each other by previously published bioassays. All active compounds were adsorbed by AmberliteR XAD1180. Chemical and thermal stability of antibacterial factors were determined. Antibiotic factors produced by different Xenorhabdus species against each other differ from those used against other competing bacterial genera. Anti-Xenorhabdus activity of the cell-free medium and sensitivity of the cells of other Xenorhabdus strains negatively correlated in X. innexi and X. bovienii. Some activity remained unchanged during high pressure and 121°C for 10 min. The first comparative analysis of the intraspecific antibacterial activities of Xenorhabdus species demonstrated that some Xenorhabdus species with strong antibacterial activity could be co-cultured and they might be used simultaneously for pathogen control.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Xenorhabdus, autoclaveable antimicrobials, intra-generic, cross-tolerance.

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Investigation of symbiosis between VAM fungi and root of Patchouli (Pogostemum cablin Bent.)

A. Misra* and M. L. Gupta

Abstract: Patchouli (Pogostemum cablin Bent.) is a highly valued aromatic plant. Vesicular-arbascular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi were obtained from the roots of Pogostemon cablin. The presence of VAM improved seedling growth by facilitating the nutrient uptake of P and Zn in the P and Zn depleted soils of the controlled region of Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants farm. VAM fungi were identified as Glomus fasciculatum. Application of G. fasiculatum can be successfully used for plantation of Pogostemon cablin, and its sustainability on an entisol degraded soils.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Patchouli, VAM, Zn, Ca, and micronutrients.

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Presence of antibiotic resistant coliforms in sachet water sold in some parts of South Eastern Nigeria

Afiukwa, Ngozi Felicitas, Iroha Ifeanyichukwu Romanus*, Afiukwa Celestine Azubuike, Ayogu Thomas Eze, Onwa Ndubuisi Collins and Nwuzo Agabus Chidiebube

Abstract: Three hundred sachet water samples produced in Enugu and Onitsha namely: Aqua Rapha, Bejoy, Teck Tack, SO and Rock Tama were collected from six different batches. They were screened for the presence of faecal coliforms using standard microbiology techniques. Sachet- water samples contaminated with faecal coliforms were selected and tested for their susceptibility to fourteen different antibiotics by disc diffusion method. 80 (26.6%) were contaminated with faecal coliforms as follows: Aqua Rapha 25 (41.6%) specifically (ESCHERICHA COLI, ENTEROBACTER and KLEBSIELLA spp.), Rock Tama 1 (1.6%) (E. COLI,), Bejoy 20 (33.3%) (E. COLI, ENTEROBACTER and KLEBSIELLA spp.) , Teck Tack 9 (15%) (E. COLI, ENTEROBACTER and KLEBSIELLA spp.), and SO 33 (55%) (E. COLI, ENTEROBACTER and KLEBSIELLA spp). Susceptibility studies showed that E. COLI was highly resistance to trimethroprim, sulphamethoxazole/trimethroprim, ampicillin, aztrenoman, ceftazidime, and cefpirome but susceptible to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, cefoxitin and cefotaxime. ENTEROBACTER and KLEBSIELLA spp. were totally resistance to all the antibiotics tested. We report the presence of multi-drug resistance fecal coliform in the form of E. COLI, ENTEROBACTER and KLEBSIELLA spp. from sachet- water.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Sachet water, feacal coliform, antibiotics, multi-drug resistance.

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Biological control of olive leaf spot (peacock spot disease) caused by Cycloconium oleaginum (Spilocea oleaginea)

Mahmoud Al-Khatib*, Khalaf Alhussaen, Nasser El-Banna and Morouj Zyadeh

Abstract: We report the antifungal activity of eight different bacterial isolates (Bacillus megaterium NB-3, Bacillus cereus NB-4, B. cereus NB -5, Bacillus subtilis NB-6, Corynebacterium xerosis NB- 2, Burkholderia mallei NB-8, B. subtilis (HNEB-1) and B. cereus NEB II voru) against the olive leaf spot fungus (Cycloconium oleaginum). B. subtilis NB-6 (6.88 cm2), B. megaterium NB-3 (7.13 cm2), B. subtilis HNEB-1 (7.63 cm2) and B. cereus NB-4(7.88 cm 2) were found to control significantly the growth of C. oleaginum, where the strains of C. xerosis NB-2 (12.75 cm2), B. mallei NB-8 (15.63 cm2) and B. cereus NB-5 (16.25 cm2) controlled the fungal growth under the experimental conditions. B. cereus NEBII voru is the only tested bacterial strain that enhanced the fungal growth of C. oleaginum under our experimental conditions (46.25 cm2).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacillus, antifungal, biological control, olive Leaf spot, Burkholderia, Corynebacterium, Cycloconium oleaginum.

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Choices of drugs for self-treatment of malaria among adult women in a Nigerian city: Implications for the success of the ongoing â€˜roll backâ€™ malaria programme

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Abstract: Correct knowledge of current antimalarial drugs available for malaria treatment by Nigerians has a significant impact on the overall success of the ongoing national malaria control programme. This is as a result of a large segment of the communities, who more often than not, rely on self medications or as care givers influence the choice drugs for malaria treatment for their wards. The study was therefore set up to ascertain the types of drugs used for self medication of malaria among adult women in Makurdi city. The study was cross-sectional in nature involving adult women who were selected from households using systematic sampling methods. Quantitative information such as age, educational level, marital status, occupation and knowledge of malaria were obtained using structured and semi structured questionnaires, while qualitative information was obtained using focussed and in-depth group discussions to complement quantitative data. Those aware of existence of malaria were 97% (2,013/2075) with no significant age difference (P > 0.05) while 3.0% (62/2,075) with no knowledge of malaria all had no education (P < 0.001). There was a strong correlation between low economic status, low educational level and unemployment, and self medications for malaria (RR = 1.4 - 1.55). Several drugs with no antimalarial properties were mentioned by the respondents with the factors earlier stated still playing significant roles; and little or no mention was made of the artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) by the same group (P < 0.05). There should be a renewed sensitization and public awareness about the current trend in the control of malaria with special emphasis on the use of ACT; also introduction of home managers of malaria for commencement of intermittent preventive treatment should be considered a priority.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Drugs, self-medication, malaria, adult women.

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Novel pyrazolyl pyridazine derivatives likely to possess anti- inflammatory activity

F. A. Yassin

Abstract: Reaction of 4-acetyl-5,6-diphenylpyridazin-3(2H)-one (1) with diethyl oxalate in refluxing sodium ethoxide/ethanol mixture afforded ethyl 2,4-dioxo -4-(3-oxo- 5,6-diphenyl-2,3-dihydropyridazin4-yl)butanoate (2) which with hydrazine hydrate (1:1 mol) in refluxing ethanol afforded ethyl5- (3-oxo-5,6-diphenyl-2,3-dihydropyridazin 4- yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate (3) while reaction of 2 with hydrazine hydrate (1:2 moles) in refluxing ethanol gave the corresponding acid hydrazide (4) . Reaction of acid chloride (6) with primary amines namely, aniline, p-toluidine and anisidine in the presence of DMF containing K2CO3 afforded the corresponding amide derivatives (7a – c). Hydrazones (9a – c) were prepared via the reaction of the acid hydrazide (4) with appropriate aldehydes namely, benzaldehyde, p-chlorobenzaldehyde and p-nitrobenzaldehyde in refluxing ethanol/acetic acid mixture. Reaction of carboxylic acid hydrazide (4) with each of ethyl acetoacetate, acetylacetone and ethyl cyanoacetate gave the corresponding pyrazolone and pyrazole derivatives 11, 12 and 13 respectively.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Benzilmonohydrazone, pyridazine, pyrazole, ethyl acetoacetate, diethyl oxalate, acetylacetone, ethyl cyanoacetate, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory.

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Production and characterization of amylase produced by Bacillus megaterium isolated from a local yam peel dumpsite in Minna, Niger State

S. B. Oyeleke*, S. H. Auta and E. C. Egwim

Abstract: Ten grams (10 g) of soil obtained from a local yam peel dumpsite in Minna, Niger State was analyzed. The bacterial isolates identified were Bacillus megaterium and Staphylococcus aureus. Bacillus megaterium was used in the present study for the production of amylase enzyme as it recorded the largest zone of activity. Amylase activity was determined using DNS method. Highest yield of amylase by B. megaterium was obtained after 48 h of incubation. The optimum temperature for the activity of amylase produced was obtained at 60°C with a concentration of 0.55 mg/ml. Optimum pH was obtained at pH 7.0 with a concentration of 0.67 mg/ml. The results showed that B. megaterium is a good producer of extracellular amylase at high temperatures which could be an indication that amylase produced would be thermostable.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacillus megaterium, yam peel dump site, amylase, optimum activity.

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Screening of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus strains for extracellular protease enzyme production

Oyeleke, S. B.*, Egwim, E. C. and Auta, S. H.

Abstract: The fungal isolates identified as Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus isolated from a local rice husk dumpsite were screened for protease enzyme production. High yields of protease enzyme were obtained by both fungi after 144 h with concentrations of 0.96 µg/ml/min for A. flavus and 0.84 µg/ml/min for A. fumigatus. Optimum temperature for the activity of protease produced by A. flavus and A. fumigatus was at 30°C with protease activities of 0.46 and 0.43 µg/ml/min, respectively. Optimum pH for the activity of protease produced by A. flavus and A. fumigatus were pH 8 and 5, respectively. The result showed that both isolates were good producers of extracellular protease enzymes which can be useful in industries.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Protease, rice husk, optimization, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus.

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Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains

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Abstract: Shiga toxin -producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is recognized wordwide as human pathogen. During the processing of carcasses, fecal contamination or transfer of bacteria from the animals’ hide to carcasses can promote transmission of pathogenic E. coli to food supplies. A survey was performed to determine the sensibility profile to several antimicrobial drugs of STEC in carcasses obtained from an abattoir in Brazil between March 2008 and August at 2009. A total of 120 STEC were isolated. All isolates were confirmed as being E. coli by their biochemical analysis and submitted to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for detection of stx, eae and ehly genes. The most frequent resistance was seen against cephalothin (84.0%), streptomycin (45.0%), nalidixic acid (42.0%) and tetracycline (20.0%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) to three or more antimicrobial agents was observed in 46 (38.3%) E. coli isolates. The presence of STEC and MDR strains among the isolates in the beef carcasses emphasizes the importance of proper handling to prevent carcass contamination.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Escherichia coli, multi-drug resistance, shiga toxin-producing E. coli.

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Antimicrobial resistance and disinfectants susceptibility of persistent bacteria in a tertiary care hospital

Maria Lucia Morcerf Bouzada, Vania Lucia Silva, Felipe Augusto Sa Moreira, Girlene Alves Silva and Claudio Galuppo Diniz*

Abstract: It is well known that putative pathogenic bacteria are ubiquitous and widely distributed in the hospital environment. This study aimed to detect bacterial persistence in the nosocomial environment (different critical areas of the hospital) after mopping by the cleaning staff. Susceptibility patterns to antimicrobial drugs and disinfectants commonly used in health services were also investigated by disk diffusion and agar dilution tests. Rinse water from mops was processed for isolation of Enterobacteriaceae (GNR), non-fermenting Gram-negative rods (NFGNR), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) and enterococci (ENT). Microorganisms were biochemically characterized and 547 strains were recovered. Only CNS and NFGNR were isolated in all critical areas. Overall 67% of the isolated bacteria were resistant to more than three drugs, being considered as multiresistant. Disinfectants were effective in concentrations ranging from 0.125 to 1%. Hospitals provide reservoirs of multiresistant microorganisms borne by patients and staff, but the hospital environment may be an important repository. Preventing the spread of relevant bacteria depends on the quality of hospital routine cleaning services. Monitoring bacteria susceptibility to antimicrobials and disinfectants may help the management of nosocomial infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nosocomial environment, hospital cleaning, antimicrobial drugs, disinfectants.

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