MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

Research Article

Effect of some chemicals on growth, melanogenesis, pathogenicity and metabolic activities of Rhizoctonia solani

Amany H. Aboellil* and Neveen M. Mohammed

Abstract: Morphogenesis, cell differentiation, sclerotial formation and melanogenesis of a fungus depend on growth conditions. The present work aims to study the effect of some chemicals on the growth parameters of Rhizoctonia solani, which is the main causal organism of many diseases as damping off disease of many crops such as Phaseolus vulgaris. Different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide H2O2 and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were studied. EDTA showed an inhibitory activity with decreasing sclerotia formation and its pigmentation (melanogenesis), also hyphae became hyaline. This isolate which lacks melanin, was nominated as hyaline Rhizoctonia (HR). Hydrogen peroxide showed highest sclerotia formation and increase in its pigmentation. This isolate, which forms melanin, will be nominated as dark Rhizoctonia (DR). It caused a higher disease index to seeds of P. vulgaris than did HR. Melanin is a virulence factor. The disease index was higher by DR than HR. DR exhibited less protein content, but more diverse proteins than HR. DNA similarity between DR and HR was about 90%. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was detected in a higher amount in DR than HR. Catalase could not be detected in either DR or HR. EDTA is promising potential drugs for combating pathogenicity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Rhizoctonia, superoxide dismutase, pathogenicity, melanin, DNA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of carbon, nitrogen and trace elements on growth and sporulation of the Termitomyces striatus (Beeli) Heim

Simerjit Kaur

Abstract: Nutritional studies namely carbon, nitrogen and trace element requirements of Termitomyces striatus have been carried out. Amongst all the carbon compounds used, the most favourable in order of effectiveness are D (+) glucose, D (+) sucrose, maltose and D (+) raffinose. The fungus showed poor growth with lactose. Sodium nitrite served as the best inorganic nitrogen source for the growth of this fungus. Ammonium acetate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium oxalate, potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate supported fairly good growth of the fungus. Among different amino acids tested, maximum average mycelial dry weight was obtained with L-arginine followed by glycine and DL-tryptophan. The fungus showed poor growth with L-α-amino-n-butyric acid, L-cystine, L-cysteine HCl and DL-serine. The selected concentrations of trace elements also affected the mycelial growth of this fungus to a significant level. There is a gradual increase in growth (average mycelial dry weight) from control to optimum concentration of required trace elements beyond which it decreases. None of the trace elements required for growth are found to be completely fungistatic for the growth of this fungi. The fungus formed asexual conidia similar to that formed in the sporodochial stage in the termite garden of termites of the subfamily Macrotermitinae.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Termitomyces, edible mushrooms, cultural studies, C, N nutrition, mycelial growth.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Biochemical characterisation of two novel laccases from Magnaporthe grisea

Kaminee Ranka and Bharat B. Chattoo*

Abstract: Laccases are widely distributed oxido-reductases that catalyse the biological oxidation-reduction of polyphenols with a concomitant reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Genome analysis of Magnaporthe grisea using bioinformatic approach showed the presence of multiple laccases, which encode proteins with three domains of multicopper oxidase. The transcript levels of all M. grisea laccases were analysed by quantitative RT-PCR, in order to study their expression patterns in normal and nitrogen starved conditions. The highest relative expression was observed for MGG_08127 (MgLac1) in normal conditions. The highest induction was observed for MGG_02876 (MgLac2) in nitrogen starvation. Since total fungal protein extracts would contain multiple laccases, heterologous gene expression, purification and further enzyme characterisation was carried out to analyse the function of these two laccases from M. grisea. Thus, we identified a novel multifunctional laccase, MgLac2, in M. grisea which showed lignin-like dye decolourising activity, 1, 8-dihydroxynapthalene (DHN) polymerisation ability and also ferroxidase activity. Its optimum pH and maximum thermostability were at 4 to 4.5 and 30°C, respectively. MgLac1 also showed dye decolourization activity, its optimum pH and maximum thermostability were at 4 to 5 and 30°C, respectively. We found that the laccases expressed in normal conditions and in conditions which mimic pathogenicity are different biochemically.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Magnaporthe grisea, laccase, dye decolourization, 1, 8-dihydroxynapthalene (DHN) polymerisation, ferroxidase activity, glutathione-S-transferase (GST).

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Screening of indigenous yeast isolates obtained from traditional fermented foods of Western Himalayas for probiotic attributes

Aditi Sourabh, Sarbjit Singh Kanwar*, and Om Prakash Sharma

Abstract: Twenty three indigenous isolates of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) obtained from various traditional fermented foods and traditional inocula of Western Himalayas (Himachal Pradesh) were subjected to in vitro probiotic tests. All the isolates were found to be intrinsically tolerant to upper gastrointestinal transit and this property was isolate dependent. Reduction in viability (in terms of log CFU/ml cells) was more in simulated gastric juice of pH 2 as compared to pH 3. These isolates were also investigated for surface hydrophobicity and autoaggregation abilities. Nine yeast isolates produced exopolysaccharide and four exhibited antioxidative activity using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay (in methanol and buffered methanol reaction systems). Interestingly, one indigenous yeast isolate (Sc15) was found positive for siderophore production, whereas none of the isolates was positive for bile salt deconjugation activity (towards glycine and taurine conjugated bile salts) and galactosidase enzyme production.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Probiotics, yeast isolates, simulated gastric and intestinal juices, Western Himalayas, antioxidant, exopolysaccharide.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Growth and IN VITRO phosphate solubilising ability of SCLERODERMA SINNAMARIENSE: A tropical mycorrhiza fungus isolated from GNETUM AFRICANUM ectomycorrhiza root tips

Eneke Esoeyang Tambe Bechem

Abstract: The growth and ability of SCLERODERMA SINNAMARIENSE isolated from GNETUM AFRICANUM ectomycorrhiza root tips to solubilise calcium tetrahydrogen diorthophosphate, calcium phytate, hydroxyapatite and amorphous iron phosphate was assessed in axenic culture under a range of conditions. S. SINNAMARIENSE grew on all P sources when NH4+ was sole nitrogen source, but failed to grow on amorphous iron phosphate in unbuffered media with peptone as sole nitrogen source. The fungus solubilised calcium tetrahydrogen diorthophosphate and hydroxyapatite in unbuffered media with NH4+ as nitrogen source. The internal phosphorus status of the mycelia had no influence on the ability of the fungus to solubilise the substrates. The data confirmed that mycorrhizal fungi can access P sources which are normally unavailable and may pass on the absorbed P to the plant partner in case of symbiosis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Phosphorus solubilisation, Scleroderma sinnamariense, mycorrhiza fungus.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Alternaria jacinthicola, a new fungal species causing blight leaf disease on water hyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laubach]

Karim Dagno*, Julien Crovadore, François Lefort, Rachid Lahlali, LudivineLassois and M. Haïssam Jijakli

Abstract: Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) causes environmental, agricultural and health problems in Mali. This is particularly severe in the District of Bamako and the irrigation systems of the “Office du Niger” area. During two years survey for fungal pathogens of water hyacinth infested areas, isolate Mlb684 was collected from diseased plant. This fungal isolate was identified as a potential mycoherbicide for sustainable management for water hyacinth. The aim of this study was to characterize isolate Mlb684. The characterization was based on a morphological description and a DNA sequence analysis. Various genes amplified from isolate Mlb684 were compared to those existing in Genbank. These genes were 18S ribosomal rDNA gene, ITS rDNA gene, elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1a) gene, calmodulin and actin genes. DNA sequence comparisons and morphological description provided enough evidences to show that isolate Mlb684 belonged to the Alternaria genus and was distinct from any other known Alternaria species. Based on these evidences, the new fungal isolate was called “Alternaria jacinthicola Dagno & M.H. Jijakli”. A specimen culture has been deposited in the Gembloux Agro Bio Tech Plant Pathology unit fungal collection, with Mlb684 reference and in the Industrial Fungal and Yeast Collection (BCCM/MUCL, Belgium) under the accession number: MUCL 53159 and all DNA sequences were deposited in GenBank (NCBI).[...] Read More.

Keywords: ITS rDNA, 18S rDNA, actin, calmodulin, elongation factor, genetic characterization, Alternaria jacinthicola, Eichhornia crassipes, water hyacinth.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Physiological variability among isolates of Phomopsis azadirachtae from Tamil Nadu

K. Girish,* and S. Shankara Bhat,

Abstract: 16 isolates of Phomopsis azadirachtae, causing die-back of neem were isolated from 16 different geographical regions of Tamil Nadu. Their growth response to physical (temperature and pH) and chemical (carbon and nitrogen sources) factors were investigated. The toxicity of culture filtrate of each isolate on neem seed germination was also studied. Several isolates exhibited maximum growth at 35°C. Maximum growth of all the isolates was observed at pH 6.0. Many isolates preferred starch and a few, sucrose, as carbon sources. Ammonium sulphate formed the good nitrogen source for most of the isolates. However, all the isolates displayed significant differences among themselves in their growth response to each treatment. The culture filtrate of each isolate inhibited the germination of neem seeds but exhibited varying degree of toxicity. The results obtained suggest the existence of physiological variability within P. azadirachtae.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Die-back of neem, carbon source, culture filtrate, isolates, nitrogen source, pH, Phomopsis azadirachtae, temperature, variation.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Use of isozyme analyses and PCR based methods RAPD and RFLP for assessment of biochemical and genetic diversity of morphologically similar ectomycorrhizal Lactarius deliciosus from India

K. Mukesh Upadhyay*, A. K. Pandey and R. C. Rajak

Abstract: The present study was undertaken to assess the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship among the morphologically similar and ecologically variant isolates of Lactarius deliciosus using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based techniques random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD), rDNA analysis and isozyme patterns. Two major groups were defined amongst the total isolates by cluster analyses. Four bands of amylase isozymes viz; A232.4, A342.7, A461.5, A672.0 and two bands each of pectinases (Pe364.18, Pe261.11), cellulases (C460.14, C356.12), glutamate dehydrogenases (GLD126.00, GLD229.18) and acid phosphatases (AP110.00, AP214.18) were common in all the morphologically similar isolates. The RAPD profile revealed that a total of 12 polymorphic bands were obtained, among these a locus of 550 bp was diversified in all strains except M221 and M222. Few common bands which is present in zymogram (isozymes) and electrogram (RAPD) exhibited genetic similarities amongst ecologically variant isolates. Amplifications of the ITS region resulted a single PCR product of approximately 560 bp for all the isolates. When amplified fragments were digested with restriction enzymes, identical banding patterns were observed, which showed that no inter-generic or intra-specific variation among the isolates.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ectomycorrhizal, Isozyme, random amplification of polymorphic DNA, restriction fragment length polymorphism, zymography.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Comparative analysis of bioethanol production by different strains of immobilized marine yeast

P. Senthilraja*, K. Kathiresan and K. Saravanakumar

Abstract: Yeasts are well known for bioethanol production. However, marine yeasts are less known for the activity. In the present context of increasing demand for energy and biofuel, the microbial synthesis of ethanol using cellulosic waste materials has gained recent importance. The present study deals with the identification of potential marine yeasts for ethanol production. Ten species of marine yeasts were cultured for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h for bioethanol production. Of the ten species, CANDIDA ALBICANS exhibited the maximum production of ethanol (47.3±3.1 g/L) within 96 h, when glucose was used as carbon source. The ethanol production by this species was found higher when the yeast cells were immobilized in sodium alginate compared to suspension culture. This experiment was also conducted with both immobilized yeast cells and non-immobilized cells. The experiment revealed that the marine yeast C. ALBICANS is efficient in bioethanol production, when it is immobilized.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bioethanol, marine yeast species, monoclonal antibodies, thermotolerant.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Imaging flow cytometric analysis of Schizosaccharomyces pombe morphology

Radha Pyati*, Lindsay L. Elvir, Erica C. Charles, Umawattee Seenath and Tom D. Wolkow

Abstract: The morphology of Schizosaccharomyces pombe can be rapidly monitored in asynchronous, G2-rich populations using imaging flow cytometry (IFC). Cell morphology was analyzed in terms of length and aspect ratio before and after exposure to several toxins. The toxins target the DNA (hydroxyurea and phleomycin) or cytoskeletal elements (thiabendazole, carbendazim and latrunculin A) and exert well-characterized effects on the morphology. Using IFC and yeast mutants, predictable morphological changes were detected accompanied with loss of gene products required during cellular responses to these toxins. IFC is a sensitive tool for accurate detection of subtle morphological changes in large, asynchronous S. pombe populations.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Imaging flow cytometry, fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, cell cycle, morphology, genotoxin, cytoskeletal toxin.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The research of infection process and biological characteristics of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IB on soybean

Aiping Zheng* and Yanran Wang

Abstract: The isolate Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IB collected from the diseased leaves of soybean were identified by the method of internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis. In this study, we focus on the biological characteristics and infection process of AG-1IB. Morphological, nucleus, chromosome, and infection process were observed. Typical infectious structures as infection cushion and appressorium were observed during the infection process.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IB, soybean, biological characteristics, infection process.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Fungicide toxicity against the growth of lineages of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (Mestch.) Sorokin

Sideney B. Onofre*, Cristiane R. Kasburg, Danusa de Freitas, Silvana Damin, Andréia Vilani, Jéssica A. Queiroz and Francini Y. Kagimura

Abstract: In this work the fungicidal action of three agrochemicals (Sphere®, Nativo® and Bendazol®) used in soybean for control of fungal diseases on the lineages CG-28 and CG-30 of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae was evaluated. It was found that the fungicides inhibited the vegetative growth of the lineages at the concentrations indicated for the field, thereby showing its antifungal effect.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Biocontrol, crops, pesticides.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Halophilic fungi in a polyhaline estuarine habitat

Valerie Gonsalves, Shweta Nayak and Sarita Nazareth*

Abstract: Halophilic mycobiota was isolated from Mandovi estuary and it was dominated by Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Cladosporium and Eurotium were found in lesser numbers while obligate halophiles were found only amongst the aspergilla and they were all identified as Aspergillus penicillioides. Some aspergilli and all the isolates of Penicillium, Cladosporium and Eurotium were facultative halophiles. There were significant differences in growth of each isolate at different salt concentrations. Most of the isolates were euryhaline, having a wide range of salt tolerance; a few were stenohaline, with a narrow range of halotolerance. The isolates were mainly moderate halophiles, with a very few slight halophiles. Isolation of obligate halophilic fungi from polyhaline environment of an estuary is hereby reported for the first time.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aspergillus penicillioides, obligate halophiles, facultative halophiles.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Studies on wine production from pawpaw (Carica papaya)

Idise Okiemute Emmanuel* and Ofiyai Odoyo

Abstract: Wine was produced from pawpaw (Carica papaya) at a ratio of 1:4 for pawpaw must: water in fermentation vessels A to D. Fermentation vessel A pawpaw must contained natural yeast and water; B contained natural yeast from pawpaw and sugar solution; C contained natural yeast, activated baker’s yeast and sugar solution; and D (control) contained sugar solution and Baker’s yeast. Pawpaw wines produced had average values of 3.84, 29.6, 0.628, 0.9950, 0.464, 1.348, 6.66 and 0.54; 3.76, 29.6, 0.631, 1.0036, 0.623, 1.358, 6.89 and 0.37; 3.86, 29.8, 0.718, 0.9994, 0.419, 1.354, 6.32 and 0.78; and 3.33, 29.6, 0.659, 0.9974, 0.216, 1.351, 6.72 and 0.8 for pH, temperature (°C), optical density (at 560 nm), specific gravity, percentage titratable acidity, percentage alcohol (v/v), total aerobic count (log10cfu/ml) and retardation factor (Rf) (cm). Fermentation was carried out for 144 h, and it was observed that malo-lactic fermentation after 48 h was evident. Testing of the wine’s taste showed very little differences in the wines from Recipes A – C, while statistical analyses at 95% confidence level showed no significant differences. The wine from the control had similar taste and characteristics with natural palm wine. Pawpaw wine could thus be produced for immediate consumption, or preserved by refrigeration using Recipes A - C. More research is, however, required to determine the shelf stability of the pawpaw wine.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Pawpaw, flora, fermentation, sugar, wine, flavor, yeast.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

In vitro antimicrobial studies of Nodulisporium specie: An endophytic fungus

S. Rehman*, Tariq Mir, A. Kour, P. H. Qazi, P. Sultan and A. S. Shawl

Abstract: Nodulisporium sp. an endophytic fungus identified by 28s ribosomal gene sequencing isolated from a medicinal plant, Nothapodytes foetida was studied for its in vitro antimicrobial activity. Dual culture studies were carried out for antifungal activity where maximum antagonistic activity was against Alternaria alternata and Colletotrichum gleosporoides. For antibacterial studies, Gram positive and Gram negative human pathogens strains were used. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of Nodulipsporium showed appreciable growth inhibition mainly active against disease causing Gram positive bacteria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nothapodytes foetida, endophytes, antagonism, antimicrobial, Nodulisporium, sp., pathogen, bacteria, minimum inhibitory concentration.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Production of cellulase by different co-culture of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum from waste paper, cotton waste and baggase

M. Jayant*, J. Rashmi, M. Shailendra and Y. Deepesh

Abstract: Cellulases are a group of hydrolytic enzymes capable of degrading cellulose to the smaller glucose units. These enzymes are produced by fungi and bacteria. The solid waste of sugar, paper and industry using baggase, paper waste and cotton waste was fermented by Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum in solid state fermentation. There is attempts to transfer the various industrial carbon waste to veterinary proteins depend on microorganisms by using of chemical process. The study indicates that the cellulases obtained from compatible mixed cultures simultaneous mixing of both fungi have more enzyme activity as compared to their pure cultures and other combinations. The fermentation experiments were performed in solid stat fermentation (SSF). Incubation time, carbon sources and initial pH of fermentation medium was optimized with simultaneous mixed culture. It was revealed that the newspaper at pH = 5 and 40°C was the best source of carbon for the enhanced production of cellulase in the compatible mixed culture experiments after 8 days of incubation. Based on the reported results, it may be concluded that industrial carbon waste can be a potential substrate for production of cellulase, incorporation of co-culturing A. niger and P. chrysogenum. The aim of this work is to produce cellulase from waste paper and reduce the pollution.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, cellulase, culture.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Generation of a cDNA library reveals the presence of a Ty-1/copia transposon in Phellinus rimosus (Hymenochaetaceae, Basidiomycota)

Luis Cesar Maffei Sartini Paulillo, Sizenando José de Andrade Junior, Abelmon da Silva Gesteira, Marco Brotto, and Aristóteles Góes-Neto

Abstract: Lignocellulolytic fungi have significant potential as bio-convertors with a particular capacity to degrade recalcitrant natural composts, such as lignin. We generated a cDNA library of a lignocellulolytic fungus, the Phellinus rimosus (Hymenochaetaceae, Basidiomycota), and a typical species of polypore mushroom from the Brazilian semi-arid region. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report ever to describe the existence of a Ty1-copia retrotransposon in the P. rimosus species. Given the taxonomic complexity in the Brazilian semi-arid region, our findings will be useful as they provide a molecular identity to this important parasite species of the semi-arid region of Brazil.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lignocellulolytic fungi, biotechnology, Phellinus rimosus, Ty-1 copia, Brazilian semi-arid region, molecular marker.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

First qualitative survey of filamentous fungi in Dal Lake, Kashmir

Suhaib A. Bandh*, Azra N. Kamili, Bashir A. Ganai, Samira Saleem, Bashir A. Lone and Humera Nissa

Abstract: Filamentous fungi comprehend a heterogeneous group of heterotrophic microorganisms that act as saprobes or parasites or, less frequently as symbionts living in association with other organisms. Water samples obtained seasonally from April 2010 to March 2011 at sixteen different sites of Dal Lake, Kashmir were serially diluted five folds followed by spread plate technique for the isolation of filamentous fungi, spreading 0.1 ml inoculum from the serial dilution tubes on the Petri dishes containing Rose-Bengal Streptomycin Agar medium. Twenty three (23) species of fungi namely Penicillium caseicolum, P. commune, P. chrysogenum, P. funiculosum, P. lilacinum, P. olivicolor, P. dimorphosporum, Penicillium sp. I, Penicillium sp. II, Penicillium sp. III, Penicillium sp. IV, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. japonicus, A. niger, A. terreus, A. versicolor, A. wentii, Aspergillus sp. Fusarium sp. Rhizopus sp. Acremonium sp. and Mucor sp. belonging to five genera were recovered from the Lake water samples. Penicillium and Aspergillus were the most dominant genera with a total of 11 and 8 species respectively. The most prevalent species was P. chrysogenum with its occurrence at all sixteen (16) sampling stations and a highest total of seventeen species was recorded at site 16 (Pokhribal Nallah II).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Filamentous fungi, Dal Lake, serial dilution, qualitative.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The surface display of phytase on yeast cell and activity assay of the displayed protein

Shumin Yao*, Jing Huang and Jingli Tan

Abstract: Phytase is a new-style enzyme used in animal feed additive. It can increase phosphorus availability, decrease environmental phosphorus pollution and improve the performance of animals. Phytase gene was cloned by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using first strand cDNA as template after reverse transcripting Aspergillus niger total RNA. The phyA gene was cloned into plasmid pYD1 which allows regulated expression, secretion and detection of expressed proteins on the surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells using immunofluorescence. The construct was propagated in Escherichia coli DH5α and then was transformed into the yeast strain EBY100. After induction, the phytase activity was measured every 12 h. The results indicated that the activity of the fusion protein reached the highest level after being induced with 2.0% galactose for 48 h. This enzyme had pH optima (pH 7) and its optimum temperature was about 65°C.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Yeast surface display, Aspergillus niger, phytase.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Studies on biodiversity of some mushrooms collected in Lagos State, Nigeria using biotechnological methods

Bankole, P. O.*, and Adekunle, A. A.

Abstract: The biodiversity of mushrooms in Lagos State, Nigeria was studied using modern biotechnological method of DNA sequence analyses. Sixteen mushrooms were collected in Lagos State for 12 months. The mushrooms collected include: Agaricus campestris, Coprinus comatus, Daldinia concetrica, Ganoderma adspersum, Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Mycena haematopus, Mycena sp., Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus tuber-regium, Polyporus sp., Polyporus squamosus, Polyporus sulphureus, Trametes versicolor, Xylaria polymorpha, and Xylaria sp. Subsequently, eight different pure mushroom mycelia were isolated using potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) from sterile tissues of A. campestris, C. comatus, G. lucidum, P. ostreatus, P. tuber-regium, P. sulphureus, X. polymorpha, and Xylaria sp. A mycelia spawn of each of the isolated mushrooms was made and kept in duplicates for DNA sequence analyses. The DNA sequence analyses of each of the eight mushroom mycelia pure isolates were carried out. No similarity was observed when a BLAST query of the mushroom DNA sequences was carried out to determine the similarity with the GenBank database previous submissions. The sequences were then submitted to the GenBank database for reference purpose. Comprehensive description given by the GenBank provides a detailed, reliable and accurate identification than visual characteristics and phenotypic properties of the mushrooms.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Biodiversity, mushroom, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence, phylogenetic tree.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Fungi associated with the spoilage of berry and their reaction to electromagnetic field

B. J. Akinyele* and C. O. Akinkunmi

Abstract: Fungi responsible for the spoilage of some berry, namely pawpaw (Carica papaya), sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), banana (Musa acuminata), garden egg (Solanum melongena), lemon (Citrus limoni), and tangelo (Citrus tangelo) with respect to their control using electromagnetic field were investigated. Fungi isolated include the genera of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Articulospora, Gonatobotryum, Varicosporium, Trichoderma, Blastomyces, Fusarium, Pleurothecium and yeast, Saccharomyces. The fungal isolates were treated by exposure to electromagnetic field strength generated at voltage of 7, 10, and 13 V for periods of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min, respectively. Growth of the fungal isolates was inhibited by the electromagnetic field with the inhibitory effect becoming more pronounced with increase in the field intensity and period of exposure. Apparently, healthy fruits were exposed to the highest electromagnetic field generated (13 V) for maximum time of exposure used (60 min). Proximate and mineral analyses of the treated and untreated fruits revealed that electromagnetic field wave has no negative or adverse effects on the nutrient components of the fruits. Therefore, electromagnetic field wave can be used in controlling spoilage fungi, thereby increasing the shelf life of fruits.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Berry, electromagnetic field, spoilage, fungi, voltage.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Polyphenols and antioxidant properties in forced and naturally aged Brazilian beer

Priscila Becker Siqueira*, Helena Maria André Bolini and Gabriela Alves Macedo

Abstract: Beer is a beverage obtained through alcoholic fermentation of malt wort, usually made of barley, which could be added of other cereals, such as corn, rice or wheat. Its alcoholic content is between 3 and 8%. It can be considered a good source of polyphenols derived both from malt and hop. Due to its antioxidant capacity and low alcoholic content, its able to improve plasma antioxidant activity, reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, without the negative effects of high doses of alcohol. Beer is an unstable product that is involved in a series of chemical, physical and sensorial transformations during its shelf life. This study evaluated the oxidative profile of two different types of Brazilian beer submitted to a forced aging process (6 days at 42°C) and natural aging (4 months at room temperature). The applied tests were: total polyphenol content, hydrogen-donating ability (DPPH), reducing power and copper reducing activity. Results showed no changes in total polyphenol content or antioxidant capacity during forced aging. Beers aged naturally showed a decrease in their polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Beer, polyphenols, antioxidant capacity, aging, storage.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Utilization of milk permeate in the manufacture of sports drinks

Hattem H. E, Elham H. Abouel-Einin and Mehanna N. M.*

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to milk permeate in the manufacture of sports drinks. The milk permeate contained 6.1% total solids, 4.2% lactose and 0.54% ash. The permeate was treated through several processes, heat fermentation and clarification. Strawberry and mango homogenates were prepared and stored at -20°C until use. Fruit beverages were prepared using the pretreated permeate and fruit homogenates at ratio of 3:1 (v/w). Sports drinks were chemically analyzed and organoleptically evaluated fresh and every 5 days until 15 days of storage in refrigerator. The results revealed that milk permeate was a good source the essential electrolytes such as calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium and phosphorus which may be taken as sports drinks after normal or vigorous exercise to replace these ions. Using strawberry or mango greatly increased calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium and phosphorus content in the prepared drink. Mango was a better source for potassium and magnesium compared to strawberry, whereas strawberry was a better source with respect to calcium and phosphorus. Sensory evaluation indicated that the two sports drinks with fruits were more acceptable than the plain control.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Milk permeate, mango, strawberry, sports drinks.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Preparation and application of a novel environmentally friendly cucumber seed coating agent

Zeng Defang*, Tu Renjie and Wu Shan

Abstract: A novel cucumber seed coating agent was made from natural polysaccharide, fertilizer and microelement, etc., which achieved a good effect on increasing cucumber yield and antifeeding against pests. The foremost difference between this seed coating agent and conventional ones was that it controlled pests through the approach of repelling pests and enhancing the immunity of seeds, but not by killing pests. Results indicated that this seed coating agent had excellent control of pests and diseases and increased yield by 8.4 to 10.8%, while the material cost was decreased by 16.7% compared with the conventional toxic seed coating agent. In addition, results showed it was safe for man and livestock without causing any pollution and harm. Therefore it had three characteristics of high yield, less cost and friendly environment.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Environmentally friendly type, cucumber seed coating agent, polysaccharide, antifeedant, germination percentage.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Amylolytic enzymes produced by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in rice semi-solid fermentation

Sideney Becker Onofre*, Paula Steilmnn, Julia Bertolini, Daniele Rotta, Aline Sartori, Francini Yumi Kagimura, Sara Ângela Groff and Luciana Mazzali

Abstract: Amylases are enzymes that hydrolyze starch, releasing several products including dextrines and small polymers of glucose units. This work investigated the capacity of the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides of producing the amylolytic enzymes a-amylase and glucoamylase through fermentation in semi-solid medium of residues of the processing of rice, without supplementation. The a-amylase activity was determined according to the methodology of Pandey et al. (2005) and that of glucoamylase was determined through the release of reducing sugars, dosed by the DNS method described by Soccol (1992). The results show that the fungus C. gloeosporioides showed the highest peaks of enzymatic production at 96 h, where 563.32 U/g of a-amylase and 345.30 U/g of glucoamylase were obtained at 28°C and pH 5.49. With these data it is concluded that the fungus C. gloeosporioides has great capacity of producing amylolytic enzymes (a-amylase and glucoamylase) through fermentation in rice-based solid state without supplementation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Starch, biotechnology, enzymes, processes, endophytic,

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Optimization of cellulase production by Aspergillus niger and Tricoderma viride using sugar cane waste

Ali A. Juwaied, Ahmed Abdulamier Hussain Al-amiery*, Zahraa Abdumuniem and Umar Anaam

Abstract: Sugar cane waste was used as substrates for the production of cellulase enzyme using Aspergillus niger and Tricoderm aviride. From the fermentation studies, sugar cane waste gave the best result with an enzyme activity value of (using A. niger and T. aviride) 2.7 and 2.6 IU/ml respectively. It gave the maximum enzyme activity at about the 10 days of cultivation, suggesting that is the optimum time when the enzyme may be harvested. The fermentation experiments were performed in solid stat fermentation (SSF). Incubation time and initial pH of fermentation medium watts optimized with simultaneous mixed culture. It was revealed that the sugar cane waste at pH = 4.5 and 40°C Aspergillus niger (37°C for T. viride) was the best source of carbon for the enhanced production of cellulase in the compatible culture experiments. Based on the reported results, it may be concluded that sugar cane waste can be a potential substrate for production of cellulase, incorporation of culturing A. niger or T. viride. The aim of this work is to produce cellulase from sugar cane waste and reduce the pollution.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aspergillus niger, cellulase, culture, sugar cane waste.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Two new schifffnerulaceous fungi from Kerala, India

V. B. Hosagoudar, J. Thomas and D. K. Agarwal*

Abstract: Two new species namely, SARCINELLA LORANTHACEARUM and SCHIFFNERULA MELIOSMATIS were collected from Peppara and Neyyar Wildlife sanctuaries and Silent Valley National park are described and illustrated in detail.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Black mildews, new species, Kerala, India.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Some new rust fungi (Uredinales) from Fairy Meadows, Northern Areas, Pakistan

N.S. Afshan*, A. N. Khalid and A. R. Niazi

Abstract: Puccinia opizii on Carex curta is reported here as a new record for Pakistan. Furthermore, Coleosporium lycopi, Cronartium ribicola, Melampsora epitea, Peridermium thomsonii, Phragmidium rosae-moschatae, Puccinia carthami, Puccinia chrysanthemi, Puccinia circaeae, Puccinia graminis, Puccinia komarovii and Uromyces trifolii are additions to the rust flora of Fairy Meadows, Northern Areas, Pakistan.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Byal camp, carex curta, fairy meadows, Hunza, Nanga Parbat, Northern areas.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A comparative study of ethanol production from various agro residues by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans

Jayant Mishra*, Deepesh Kumar, Sumeru Samanta and Manoj Kumar Vishwakarma

Abstract: In this study, ethanol produced from fruits of pineapple, orange and sweet lime was investigated. Effect of different constant times [24 and 72 h, and 8 days (in submerged fermentation)]; pH (3.5 to 8.5), temperature (78°C) and autoclave pre-treatment (121°C, 20min) were also studied to improve the yield of ethanol in fruits. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida alb cans) are used for fermentation. Fermentation process used solid state fermentation and submerged fermentation methods. The results showed that there is a substantial increase in the quantity of ethanol produced in submerged fermentation as compared to that produced by the solid state fermentation. Optimal ph and temperatures for the better yield of ethanol were 3.5 to 8.5 and 78°C respectively. Autoclave pre treatment protected the samples from contamination and increased the volume of ethanol. Key word: Ethanol, fruits, sugar concentration, Saccharomyces crevasse and Candida albicans.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ethanol, fruits, sugar concentration, Saccharomyces crevasse and Candida albicans.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Volatile components of aroma hops (Humulus lupulus L.) commonly used in beer brewing

Marcelina R. Nance and William N. Setzer

Abstract: The essential oils from seven different aroma (finishing) varieties of hops (Humulus lupulus L.), “Cascade”, “Hallertauer”, “Northern Brewer”, “Saaz”, “Sterling”, “Vanguard”, and “Willamette”, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. A total of 98 compounds were identified with myrcene and α-humulene dominating the profiles. “Cascade” and “Northern Brewer” were rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons, chiefly myrcene, while sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, mostly α-humulene, dominated “Hallertauer”, “Saaz”, “Sterling”, and “Vanguard”. “Willamette” had an even distribution of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Chemical composition, aroma hops, cascade, Hallertauer, Northern Brewer, Saaz, Sterling, Vanguard, Willamette.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Production of alcohol from cassava flour hydrolysate

F. C. K. Ocloo* and G. S. Ayernor

Abstract: Alcohol was produced from cassava flour hydrolysate (CFH) with standard glucose and sucrose solutions used as controls. The conversion efficiency of sugar to alcohol, rate of fermentation and types of alcohol produced were determined. The effects of yeast concentrations (5, 15 and 20%) and fermentation time (24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h) on yield of alcohol from CFH were also studied. Results showed that the maximum carbon dioxide evolved during fermentation was 8.57 g recorded by CFH. The conversion efficiency of sugars to alcohol was 248.4, 99.51 and 95.37% for CFH, standard glucose and sucrose solutions respectively. Alcohol produced was mostly ethanol with traces of methanol. Yeast concentrations were found not to have any significant effect (p > 0.05) on the alcohol yield, however, fermentation time was found to have had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on alcohol yield. The study suggests that high yield of alcohol could be produced from CFH.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Alcohol, cassava flour hydrolysate, fermentation, yield.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Morphology and taxonomy of Sarcoscypha ololosokwaniensis sp. nov.: A new Ascomycota species from Serengeti National Park-Tanzania

Donatha Damian Tibuhwa

Abstract: Traditional taxonomy emphasizes the morphological features to characterize a taxon. Sarcoscypha is a genus in Sarcoscyphaceae family which display wide array of morphological variations. The genus is widespread in northern hemisphere and boreal regions, but also occurs in sub tropical areas and in the southern hemisphere. Both macro and micromorphological features including (ascocarp size, colour, shape, exterior surface of the fruit body, asci size, shape, as well as ascospore size, ends and lipid bodies) were used in a conventional taxonomic analysis of fresh Sarcoscypha material collected from southern hemisphere in Tanzania. Results showed that compared with similar species from northern hemisphere, Tanzanian materials were relatively smaller, smooth, vivid sharp red inside a saucers-shaped ascocarp, sessile to substipitate, microscopically unsheathed ascospores with two lipid bodies, distinctive geographical distribution, and unique season of fructification. Furthermore, a dichotomous identification key constructed for the six close similar species proved that Tanzanian material differed from other close species compared. Therefore based on conventional morphological taxonomy Tanzanian material from Serengeti National Park is described for the first time as a new Ascomycota; Sarcoscypha ololosokwaniensis sp.nov.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ascocarp, Ascomycota, Sarcoscypha, Serengeti, Tanzania.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antifungal effects of the essential oil from Thymus vulgaris L. and comparison with synthetic thymol on Aspergillus niger

M. Moghtader

Abstract: The antifungal effects of the essential oil from Thymus vulgaris L. and comparison with synthetic thymol on Aspergillus niger growth was studied. The chemical composition of the essential oil of T. vulgaris, the aerial parts of this plant which is grown in a village in Kerman Province at full flowering stage in June 2012 were collected. The sample was cleaned, dried in the shade and hydro distillation method was performed for the extraction of essential oil. The main oil content from the plant of T. vulgaris was 2.25% (v/w). Essential oil was analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) using flame ionization (FID) and capillary gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for detection. Thirty-two compounds were identified in the essential oil of T. vulgaris that concluded 99.56% of the total oil. The major components were Thymol (32.67%), P-cymene (16.68%), γ-terpinene (12.65%) and Carvacrol (8.32%). The study of antifungal effects of the oil sample was tested against strain of A. niger (PTCC=5223) fungi by disc diffusion method via average inhibition zone. The results show that essential oil from Thymus plant at 1, 1/2 and 1/4 oil dilutions exhibits strong antifungal activity than Streptomycin sulphate (72% SP) and gentamycin (8 mg/ml) antibiotics on A. niger and that exhibited on strong synthetic thymol was at 10% dilution. The high percentage antifungal activities of Thymus oil are related with thymol is a natural monoterpene phenol as the main compound.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Thymus vulgaris L., Aspergillus niger, essential oil, antifungal activity, fungal growth, thymol.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Dermatophytoses in rural school children associated with livestock keeping in Plateau State, Nigeria

I. D. Chukwu, O. O. C. Chukwu*, Chuku A., Israel B., and B. I. Enweani

Abstract: This article describes a study undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of dermatophytoses among one hundred and ten children between the ages of 3 to 14 years in rural primary school children of Barkin-Ladi Local Government Area, in association with the family livestock keeping, family hygiene level, environmental conditions of the schools and identify interventions to improve environmental health. Out of the number sampled, 108 (98.2%) were positive for fungal infections and 2 (1.8%) were negative was found to be highly significant at 5 and 10% level of probability at (P = 0.01 and P = 0.05). Of these 108 fungal isolates, 91(84.3%) were dermatophytes while 17 (15.7%) were non-dermatophytes. Among the pupils investigated, 56.5% fungal isolates were from males while 43.5% from females. From the site of fungal infections on the body of the pupils screened, 90 (83.4%) were from the head (hair) which is significant at 5 and 10% level of probability at (P = 0.01 and P = 0.05) compared to, 13 (12%) from the body trunks and 5 (4.6%) from the face. The dermatophytes isolates were; Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 26 (24%), Trichophyton violaceum, 11 (10.2%) Microsporum audouinii 10 (9.3%), Trichophyton verrucosum 8 (7.4%), Microsporum ferrugineum 8 (7.4%), Microsporum canis 7 (6%), Trichophyton tonsurans 6(5.5%), Trichophyton concentricum 4 (3.7%), Trichophyton schoenleinii 3 (2.8%) and Trichophyton megninii 2 (1.9%) and Trichophyton rubrum 6 (5.5%). The non-dermatophytes were; Aspergillus fumigatus 4 (3.7%), Mucor species 3 (2.8%), Penicillium species 2 (1.9%), Aspergillus niger 2(1.9%), Aspergillus flavus 2(1.9%), Candida albicans 2 (1.9%), Trichoderma species 1 (0.9%) and Alternaria species 1 (0.9%). The results showed the role of family hygiene standards and environmental sanitary quality in dermatophytoses among rural primary school children.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Dermatophytoses, school children, livestock, environmental hygiene.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Modeling the action of technical mashing enzymes on extracts and free-amino nitrogen yields of the Madjeru sorghum cultivar

Zangué S. C. Desobgo, Emmanuel J. Nso* and Dzudie Tenin

Abstract: The action of three technical mashing enzymes (hitempase 2XL, bioglucanase-TX and brewers protease) on yields of extract and free amino nitrogen (FAN) of the worts of mashes of unmalted and malted Madjeru sorghum was modeled and analyzed using the response surface methodology. The analysis showed that increasing amounts of hitempase 2XL considerably increased yields of extract during mashing of unmalted Madjeru sorghum grist. The use of bioglucanase-TX was not indispensable, while Brewers’ protease contributed very little. Increasing amounts of hitempase contributed approximately 45% of the free amino nitrogen, while Brewers’ protease influence amounted to not more than 15%. Bioglucanase’s action was globally nil. Addition of the three enzymes into malted Madjeru sorghum mashes had no significant effect on the yields of extracts and FAN, but the milling operation singularly liberated more than 50% of FAN for both mash types. Optimization of the concerted actions of the three enzymes for extract yield for unmalted Madjeru sorghum mash gave a combination of (1960.5 U; 132.61 BGU and 28.86 mg) for hitempase, bioglucanase and brewers protease respectively). This gave a maximal extract yield of 16.55 °P. This combination was: 2610 U; 0 BGU and 40.44 mg for malted Madjeru sorghum mash, giving a maximal extract yield of 16.35 °P. Optimization for free amino nitrogen for unmalted Madjeru sorghum mash gave a combination of: 3000 U; 0 BGU and 100 mg for hitempase, bioglucanase and brewers protease respectively). This gave maximal FAN of 93.55 mg/L. The combination was: 3000 U; 0 BGU and 100 mg for malted Madjeru sorghum mash, giving a maximal FAN of 144.48 mg/L.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Modeling, technical mashing enzymes, yields of extract, free-amino-nitrogen, Madjeru, optimization.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Review

Yeasts in marine and estuarine environments

Kathiresan Kandasamy*, Nabeel M. Alikunhi and Manivannan Subramanian

Abstract: Yeasts and other fungi are prevalent in marine and estuarine ecosystems where they play an important role in the food web. Marine yeasts are unique in performing fermentations under high salt concentrations. The mechanism underlying the high salt tolerance involves the ability to accumulate high concentrations of sodium without becoming intoxicated, and the exclusion of excessive sodium from the cytoplasm. Overall, the yeasts play major roles in fermentation, enzyme technology, pollution control, micro sensors, and in some medicinal and medical applications.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Marine yeast, deep sea, estuarine, mangrove, association.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antimicrobial activity and physicochemical properties of oils from tropical macrofungi

David, O. M.*, Fagbohun, E. D., Oluyege, A. O. and Adegbuyi, A.

Abstract: Nutriceutics potential and physicochemical properties of the oil extract from five species of macrofungi which include Ganoderma lucidium, Pleurotus tuberregium, Termytomyces robustus, Schizophyllum commune and Trametes versicolor were investigated using standard chemical and microbiological methods. The oil was extracted using Soxhlet method of extraction. Disc diffusion and agar dilution methods were used to test for the antibacterial and antifungal properties of the samples respectively. The extracted oils were tested against five clinical bacterial isolates: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Serratia marcescens, Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli. The susceptibility of three fungi genera to the oil samples was also tested. The potency of the extracts oils was determined at different concentrations. All the oils extracted from the mushroom were liquid at room temperature. The acid values of the oils ranged between 0.9 and 6.7 mg KOH/g in T. robustus and T. versicolor respectively. The high iodine values ranged between 39.8 in T. versicolor and 127.0 mg I2/100 g. The saponification value was above 100 mg KOH/g except T. robustus. The aromabiogram of the oils from the mushroom had a pronounced effect on the Gram negative bacteria. Oil from S. commune has the least inhibitory effect on the bacteria. The antifungal assay of P. tuberregium was most effective against Aspergillus parasiticus, followed by that of G. lucidium. The least effective was oil from T. versicolor. The performance of oil from G. lucidium was the best out of all the samples. The inhibitory activities of the oils were concentration dependent. The oils tested were good sources of antimicrobials.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mushroom, oil, nutriceutics, antimicrobial, pathogens, macrofungi.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Gasteroid mycobiota of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: Boletales

Vagner G. Cortez* , Iuri G. Baseia and Rosa Mara B. Silveira

Abstract: Boletales is an order of the subclass Phallomycetidae, which comprises of a wide variety of morphological types of macrofungi, including the boletes and earthballs. In this paper, the gasteroid members of the Boletales from Rio Grande do Sul State, in southern Brazil, were revised. Specimens were collected during the years 2006 to 2009, analyzed macro and microscopically and the collections are preserved at the herbarium ICN. The following taxa were recorded: Rhizopogon roseolus (Rhizopogonaceae), Calostoma zanchianum, Pisolithus arhizus, Scleroderma albidum, Scleroderma bovista, Scleroderma citrinum, Scleroderma dictyosporum, Scleroderma fuscum, Scleroderma laeve and Scleroderma verrucosum (Sclerodermataceae). Scleroderma dictyosporum and S. laeve are reported for the first time from Brazil. A key for the identification of the species of Scleroderma is provided and colour photographs and line drawings of the basidiospores are presented for all taxa studied.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Basidiomycota, calostomataceae, ectomycorrhizal fungi, Eucalyptus, Pinus, pisolithaceae, taxonomy.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Survey of Spilocaea oleagina, causal agent of olive leaf spot, in North of Iran

S. J. Sanei* and S. E. Razavi

Abstract: Olive leaf spot or peacock spot, caused by the fungal pathogen Spilocaea oleagina, can cause reduced growth and yield in olive trees (Olea eurapaea). Investigations were carried out during 2007-2010 to measure the prevalence and severity of olive leaf spot in the northern olive growing regions of Iran. The susceptibility of ten cultivars (Amygdalifolia, Blaidy, Koronakei, Mary, Manzanillo, Mission, Rooghany, Valatolina, Wild olive, Zard) to the disease was assessed. Olive scab was found in all study areas and with the worst affected in high relative humidity (Y= -21.058 + 0.794X, p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Peacock spot, Spilocaea oleagina, disease prevalence, disease severity, Iran.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Sensory assessment of sorghum brew adjunct and barley brew lager beer

Olu Malomo*, Ogunmoyela O. A. B., Oluwajoba S. O., Adigun M. O. and Daniel ‘Toyosi

Abstract: The type and strain of yeast used in fermentation has a great influence on the taste and character of beer produced. Apart from brewing, sorghum has been used extensively in food industries. The essence of this study is to investigate the behavior of yeast in a sorghum/barley brew and also to investigate the sensory acceptability of such a combination. The study showed that the assessors were unable to detect if there were differences below a 40/60 blend, sorghum and barley mix respectively, beyond which all the organoleptic parameters presented became objectionable.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Organoleptic, fermentation, assessors, brewing, sorghum, barley.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Anti-mycobacterium activity from culture filtrates obtained from the dematiaceous fungus C10

João V. B. de Souza*, Alita M. Lima, Eveleise S. de J. Martins, Julia I. Salem

Abstract: The aim of this work was to increase the concentration of substances with anti-mycobacterium activity in culture filtrates obtained from the dematiaceous fungus C10. An experimental design was employed to study the effect of glucose, potato infusion and Senna reticulata infusion. The anti-mycobacterium activity was determined by evaluating the growth of bacteria in culture medium containing “culture filtrate” (the products of the submerged fermentation of the fungus). It was observed that the concentrations of glucose 30 g/L, potato infusion 50% v/v and S. reticulata infusion 0% v/v (a better result was obtained not using S. reticulata infusion) were the best conditions for metabolites production. The influence of each variable was determined and it was possible to produce a mathematical model and a surface response to demonstrate the influence of the studied variables. In conclusion, we note that the culture medium had a great importance in the production of culture filtrate with anti-mycobacterial activity and that the experimental design showed to be a functional statistical tool for studying the influence of culture medium composition.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Culture medium, Senna reticulata, endophytic fungi, experimental design.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Paraquat used as a catalyst to increase the percentage of alcohol distillated in illicit brewing industry of Sri Lanka

R. Shavindra Dias

Abstract: Illicit brew contaminated with Paraquat, bipridyl non -selective contact herbicide, resulting in an epidemic of paraquat poisoning was investigated in Sri Lanka. It was found that the brewers use to hang the paraquat bottle with the lid pierced over the distilling cocktail. Brewers believe that condensed particles act as a catalyst, increasing the concentration and quality of the distillate. Clinical data, biochemical and histopathological data were used to confirm the poison. In-depth interviews and group discussions were used to elucidate the mechanism used by the illicit brewers. Due to an accident the paraquat bottle had slipped into the distilling cocktail resulting in this epidemic of paraquat poisoning.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Paraquat, Illicit, brewers, cocktail.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Studies on wine production from coconut (Cocos nucifera)

Idise, Okiemute Emmanuel

Abstract: Wine was produced at 1:4 (must: sugar) from coconut (Cocos nucifera) using natural yeast (Recipe A), natural yeast augmented with granulated sugar (Recipe B), natural yeast augmented with Baker’s yeast, granulated sugar (Recipe C), a control consisting of granulated sugar and Baker’s yeast (Recipe D). On fermentation for 120 h, pH values were 4.68±0.191, 4±0.029, 4.08±0.023, 3.65±0.058, temperature values (°C) were 28.75±0.61, 27.75±0.26, 28.25±0.43, 27.5±0.58, specific gravity values were 1.003±0.0006, 1.012±0.00171, 1.001±0.0006, 0.99±0.0023, optical density values were 0.6918±0.019, 0.715±0.017, 0.774±0.0023, 0.752±0.005, % alcohol (v/v) values were 1.359±0.002, 1.371±0.006, 1.357±0.007, 1.354±0.008,% titratable acidity values were 0.16±0.001, 0.809±0.044, 0.302±0.002, 0.382±0.015, Rf values were 4.7±0.017, 4.9±0.058, 4.25±0.052, 4.95±0.058 and total aerobic counts were 7.308±0.036, 7.183±0.067, 6.72±0.046, 7.175±0.014 for Recipes A to D respectively. Malo-lactic fermentation after 48h was evident. Taste testing showed very little differences in wines from Recipes A to C. Statistical analyses at 95% confidence level showed no significant differences in coconut wine produced with different recipes for the tested parameters. The wine from the control had similar taste and characteristics with natural palm wine. Coconut wine could thus be produced for immediate consumption within 48 h using the Recipes A - C.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Coconut, flora, fermentation, sugar, wine, flavor, yeast.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A study on the effect of thermal treatments on composition and some properties of camel milk

Hattem H. E.*, Manal A. Naeim, Hanaa S. Sakr and Elham H. Abouel-Einin

Abstract: The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of different thermal treatments on the composition and chemical properties of camel milk. The rennet clotting time of camel milk was also investigated. Camel milk samples were thermal treated at 63, 80 and 90°C for 30 min and 72°C for 15 s, whereas raw milk sample was served as a control. We found that the fat content was not affected by the applied treatments (3.2±0.189%), but the protein contents average ± SD values were found to be 3.2±0.148, 3.4±0.136, 3.4±0.149, 3.3±0.049 and 3.1±0.157%, respectively. The ash contents were also affected by the thermal treatments and their average ± SD values were 0.70±0.065, 0.71±0.056, 0.73±0.052, 0.71±0.088 and 0.68±0.096%, respectively. The thermal treatments affected also the total solids in the samples; 10.0±1.168, 10.10±1.057, 10.16±1.089, 10.05±1.055 and 9.9±1.189%, respectively. The non protein nitrogen (NPN), non casein nitrogen (NCN) and whey protein nitrogen (WPN) gradually decreased as thermal treatments were increased but casein number and the percentage of denaturation were increased. Rennet clotting time in the presence of different concentrations of CaCl2 (0 to 20 mg /100 ml) was found to be increasing by raising the temperature. However, increasing the amount of calcium chloride was found to be decreasing the rennet clotting time at all thermal treatment. Incubation of milk with yoghurt culture at 40°C for 12 h revealed a significant increase to the acidity level and a substantial decrease in the pH level at all the applied thermal treatments.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Camel milk, heat treatments, chemical composition, some properties.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Occurrence and identification of yeast species isolated from Egyptian Karish cheese

Neveen S. M. Soliman and Salwa A. Aly*

Abstract: This study aims at identifying the diversity and abundance of yeast associated with Egyptian Karish cheese, employing comparison between conventional laboratory techniques and API20 kits techniques in yeast identification. A total of one hundred samples (fifty each) of Egyptian raw and pasteurized Karish cheese milk were randomly collected from farmers and markets in Cairo and Giza Districts. The occurrence of yeast in raw and pasteurized Karish cheese milk were 100 and 38% with a mean value of 7 ± 1.1 l and 1 ± 0.31 log10 cfu g−1, respectively. Yeast strains isolated from both raw and pasteurized karish cheese samples were identified and characterized using both conventional methods and API 20 C AUX as a commercial identification system. The most prevalent isolates belonged to Trichosporon cutaneum (25%), Candida catenulata (23%), Yarrowia lipolytica (13%), Debaryomyces hansenii (13%), Kluyveromyces lactis (6%), Geotrichum candidum (7%), Candida zeylanoides (5%), Candida lambica (3%), Candida albicans (2%), Cryptococcus formans (1%), Rhodotorula glabrata (1%) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1%). There was no significant difference (P 0.05) between the conventional method and the API20 kits test. However, the results of this study reveal that API 20 kits are simple, highly useful and are commercially available kits that considerably shorten the time required for the identification of yeast in cheese.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Yeast identification, Karish cheese, API 20 kits.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Chemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Syzigium aromaticum (clove)

G. A. Ayoola*, F. M. Lawore, T. Adelowotan, I. E. Aibinu, E. Adenipekun, H. A. B. Coker and T. O. Odugbemi

Abstract: Steam distillation of the dry flower buds of Syzigium aromaticum (clove) yielded 7% (w/w) of the pure light yellow oil. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the oil revealed that the components were eugenol, caryophyllene, eugenol acetate and alpha-humelene, with eugenol being the main component. The antimicrobial sensitivity of the volatile oil against some Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella paratyphi, Citrobacter spp. and Enterobacter cloacae), a Gram-positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923), and a fungus (Candida albicans) showed a broad spectrum of activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for each organism as 2.4, 1.6, 0.27, 0.016, 0.23, 1.63, 0.73 and 0.067 mg/ml for S. aureus ATTC 25923, E. cloacae, S. paratyphi, K. pneumoniae, E. coli ATTC 35218, E. coli, Citrobacter spp. and C. albicans, respectively. Antioxidant screening of clove oil with 2,2-diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH) was positive, indicating the presence of free radical scavenging molecules which can be attributed to the presence of eugenol, a phenolic compound.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Syzigium aromaticum, clove oil, antimicrobial, antifungal, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, Gas chromatography, mass spectrometry.

2011, 10(1), 1-6;

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