MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial evaluation of Andrographis lineata Nees leaves and stem extracts

Chinnappan Alagesaboopathi

Abstract: The present investigation was designed to evaluate the antibacterial, antifungal properties and physiochemical screening of the various leaves and stem extracts of Andrographis lineata. Acetone, ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether and chloroform extracts of shade dried plant leaf and stem of A. lineata were tested for antibacterial, antifungal and phytochemical analysis. The antibacterial properties of various extracts of leaves and stem of A. lineata were assayed using the standard disc diffusion method, against five strains of bacterial species, namely, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Klebsiela pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among different solvent extracts studied, the methanol leaf extract showed highest antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus (19.41 mm); followed by petroleum ether extract (18.30 mm). The highest inhibition zone observed for acetone extract of A. lineata leaves against P. vulgaris was 17.40 mm followed by ethanol extract (16.10 mm). The highest activity of chloroform extract against K. pneumoniae was 14.07 mm. Phytochemical investigation confirmed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, gums and mucilages, triterpenoids, steroids, glycosides, phenolic compounds and tannins. The acetone leaf extracts of A. lineata showed highest antifungal activity against Penicillium pinophilum (13.40 mm). The methanol leaf extracts showed maximum activity against Aspergillus niger (12.15 mm). The petroleum ether leaf extracts showed highest activity against P. pinophilum (12.11 mm). The ethanol leaf extracts showed significant activity against Aspergillus flavus (11.24 mm). The chloroform leaf extracts showed higher activity against A. niger (9.75 mm). The leaf extract showed more inhibitory effect than the stem extracts. The present research justifies the claimed uses of this herb in the traditional system of medicine to treat different diseases.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Andrographis lineata, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, phytochemicals, agar well diffusion method.

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Effects of acute twelve minute run test on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities

Nazmi Sarita *, Fatma Uyanik, Zuhal Hamurcu and Bekir Çoksevim

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 min run test on oxidative stress, some antioxidant enzyme activities, and muscle and DNA damage. Twenty two healthy and well trained male athletes were recruited to this study. The12 min run test, cooper test, was applied to the participating athletes. The blood samples were taken before, immediately after and 24 h after the run test, and sera and plasma were separated and then stored at –80°C until the analysis. Serum MDA and NO levels as the indicators of oxidative damage; serum SOD and CAT, plasma GPx activities as the indicators of antioxidant defense system; serum 8-OHdG as the indicator of DNA damage, CK and LHD enzyme activities as the indicators of muscle damage, and glucose level were measured. Serum SOD, NO, CAT, and 8–OHdG levels showed no significant changes before, immediately after and 24 h after the run rest. There was a significant decrease in serum MDA level immediately after exercise, which is returned to baseline level after 24 h–rest period (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antioxidant enzymes, exercise, oxidative stress, twelve minute run test.

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Resistin as a new molecule

Iclal GEYIKLI,* and Muslum AKAN,

Abstract: Adipose tissue, in addition to storing energy, secretes numerous factors implicated in modulating insulin, sensitivity and energy balance, such as leptin, adiponectin, TNF- and resistin. Resistin, is a hormone that is produced by fatty cells, a recently described adipokine belonging to the cysteine-rich secretory protein family, was originally described as an adipocyte-derived polypeptide that links obesity and insulin resistance in mice. However, in humans, resistin is expressed at very low concentrations in adipose cells, but at high levels in mononuclear leukocytes, macrophages, spleen cells and bone marrow cells. In recent years, several studies have showed that resistin may play a role in cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and also inflammation and process of inflammation – related diseases. This review will summarize the results of studies related with resistin.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Adipose tissue, resistin, disease.

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Chemical composition and antioxidant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic activities of the essential oil of Thymus Fallax Fisch. Mey

Ismihan Goze*, Ahmet Alim, Senay Akkus Cetinus, Nedim Durmus, Nilufer Vural and Hamdi Murat Goze

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate radical scavenging, antimicrobial and antiospasmodic activities in vitro and the composition of Thymus fallax Fisch. Mey. (labiatte) essential oil. The oil of T. fallax was analyzed by the GS-MS method. The sample was subjected to screening for possible antioxidant activity by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and -carotene-linoleic acid assays. Antimicrobial activities of the essential oil were determined on 9 micro-organisms using the agar-disc diffusion method. In rat ileum, direct effect of T. fallax essential oil was investigated on spontaneous contractions. GS/MS analysis of the oil resulted in the identification of 18 compounds, representing 92.41% of the oil; carvacrol (46.15%) was the main component. The essential oil exhibited strong antioxidant activity. It has antimicrobial activity on 8 of 9 microorganisms using the agar-disc diffusion method. T. fallax oil exhibited spontaneous contractions in rat ileum at 100% level at 0.1 mg/mL level. The essential oil of T. fallax has a strong antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antispazmodic activities as studied in our laboratory settings. T. fallax may therefore be regarded as a resourceful plant that can be used in the pharmaceutical and food industries.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Thymus fallax, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-spazmodic activity.

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Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Rivea hypocrateriformis

M. R. Brahmbhatt*, J. M. Patel , V. B. Patel and A. K. Saluja

Abstract: The ethanolic extract of the leaves of Rivea hypocrateriformis obtained by soxhlet extraction method was evaluated for analgesic action by Radiant Heat Tail Flick method and was tested for anti-inflammatory action by carrageenan induced paw edema. The ethanolic extract in doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg of Body weight showed 64.83 and 100% inhibition of paw edema, respectively at the end of three hours compared to that of standard Ibuprofen (87.04%). In the Radiant Heat Tail Flick model, the ethanolic extract at high dose 400 mg/kg of Body weight increased the pain threshold significantly after 30 min, 1, 2 and 4 h of administration. The ethanolic extract showed dose-dependent action in all the experimental models. The results were analyzed for statistical significance using two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnel’s test. A P value < 0.05 is considered significant.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Carrageenan induced paw edema, ethanolic extract Rivea hypocrateriformis, Tail flick method.

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Hypotensive effects of 3, 4- dihydroxybenzyaldehyde isolated from the stem bark of Musanga cecropioides

B.A. Ayinde*, E.K.I. Omogbai and D.N. Onwukaeme

Abstract: Previous works on the stem bark of Musanga cecropioides R. Brown (Moraceae) reported the hypotensive effects of aqueous extract at 10 - 40 mg/kg. This present work was carried out to examine the hypotensive effects of 3, 4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde isolated from the stem bark. Using pentobabitone sodium anaesthetized normotensive rabbits; the effects of the compound on blood pressure were tested at doses of 2.5 - 10 mg/kg. Also, the probable mechanism of action of the compound was examined using atropine, promethazine and the direct effect of the compound on isolated heart. At 2.5 mg/kg, the compound lowered the arterial blood pressure by 12.61 ± 2.45 mmHg. The blood pressure was further lowered by 17.88 ± 0.73 mmHg at 10 mg/kg. The hypotensive effect of the compound was observed to be unaffected by prior administration of either atropine (0.5 mg/kg) or promethazine (0.25 mg/kg). Similar to the mechanism of action of the crude aqueous extract, 3, 4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde induced negative inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart as it dose-dependently reduced the force and rate of contractions of the heart from 0.5 - 2 mg/ml. The reductions observed at 1 mg/ml were effectively reversed by 10 g/ml adrenaline. However, the effects of 2 mg/ml were not reversed by administration of the adrenaline. The compound seems to be one of the constituents responsible for the hypotensive effect of the aqueous extract of M. cecropioides stem bark earlier reported.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Hypotensive effects, Musanga cecropioides, stem bark, 3, 4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde.

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Pharmacognostic study of male leaves of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. with special emphasis on microscopic technique

Saurabh Singh, Lalit Machawal* and M. G. Chauhan

Abstract: Today sophisticated modern research tools for evaluation of the plant drugs are available but microscopic method is one of the simplest and cheapest methods to start with for establishing the correct identity of the source materials. Pharmacognostic investigation of the fresh, powdered and anatomical sections of the leaves of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. was carried out to determine its macro-and microscopical characters and also some of its physical constants. Externally, the leaves possess a cordate base, a sinuate and dentate margin, acute to acuminate apex and both surfaces are very rough with rigid hairs surface. Internally, its shows the presences of an anomocytic stomata, unicellular, both glandular and simple covering trichomes are scattered as such throughout or attached with the cells of the epidermis. Majority of the glandular trichomes are with 4 to 5 celled uniseriate stalk and unicellular head very few are short and with uni- to bi-cellular stalk and uni- to multi-cellular head especially from that of petiole region. Simple covering multicellular uniseriate thick walled trichomes are of various sizes and usually of the cells of both simple and glandular trichomes are often embedded with cystolith. Phytochemical studies of the powdered leaves revealed the presences of alkaloids, resins, glycosides, flavonides and some carbohydrates. The pharmacognostic profile of the leaves will assist in standardization for quality, purity and sample identification.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Trichosanthes dioica, pharmacognostic standardization, male leaf morphology.

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Argyreia speciosa Linn. f. : Phytochemistry, pharmacognosy and pharmacological studies

Ashish J. Modi*, S. S. Khadabadi, U. A. Deokate, I. A. Farooqui, S. L. Deore and M. R. Gangwani

Abstract: Many herbal remedies have been employed in various medical systems for the treatment and management of different diseases. The plant, Argyreia speciosa Linn. f. (Syn: Argyreia nervosa) belongs to family convolvulaceae has been used in different system of traditional medication for the treatment of diseases and ailments of human beings. It is reported to contain various alkaloids, glycosides, falconoid glycoside and steroids. It has been reported as antimicrobial, antidiarrhoeal, hepatoprotective, nootropic, anticonvulsant, central nervous system, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, nematicidal, aphordiasic, immunomodulatory, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Many isolated constituents from A. speciosa lack the reports of pharmacological activities, which support its further pharmacological studies.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Argyreia speciosa, pharmacognosy, pharmacology, traditional uses.

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In vitro evidence of anti-infective activity of crude aqueous extract obtained by boiling ripe stem-bark of Bridelia ferruginea Benth

H. O. Dada-Adegbola*, O. A. Oluwatoba, O. E. Adebiyi and A. N. Odikagbue

Abstract: The prevalence of multiple antibiotics resistance has prompted efforts to explore for more efficacious antimicrobial agents. The extract obtained by boiling the bark of Bridelia ferruginea Benth. is used traditionally for treating oral thrush called ‘Efu’. For this reason the in-vitro effectiveness and range of activities of crude extract obtained by boiling, ripe-stem-bark of Bridelia ferruginea have been carried out. The extract was tested against various microorganisms collected from clinical specimens. Bacterial isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, and other Candida species were tested for susceptibility using 0.5 McFarland turbidity standards of pure isolates on Mueller Hinton agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar. Ditches of 6 mm diameter were made on the media and 0.1 mls (9 drops) of the extract was added to each. For bacterial isolates, 3 or 4 standard antibiotic discs were added for comparison. The zone of inhibition around the extract ranged between 10 - 24 mm in diameter for bacterial and 14 - 25 mm for Candida (fungus). These results led to validate the activity both for fungal and bacterial agents of the crude extract obtained by boiling of the ripe stem bark of B. ferruginea as used traditionally.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bridelia ferruginea, boiling, fresh, stem bark, Candida, bacteria.

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Physico-chemical analysis of XIMENIA AMERICANA.L seed oil and structure elucidation of some chemical constituents of its seed oil and fruit pulp

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Abstract: In this study, fixed oil was extracted from the seeds of XIMENIA AMERICANA. The study covered the percentage yield, physical and chemical properties of the extracted oil. The highest oil obtained was 51% w/v. The physical properties of the oil were found to be reactive index (1.477), density (0.9376 g/ml), boiling point (157°C) and viscosity 42 at 70°C and 227.58 at 25°C. The chemical properties of the oil were : iodine value (47.59), acid value (0.2805), peroxide value (30), saponification value (11.43), ester value (9.82), and the ratio value (35.009). The molecular weight of the major component of the oil was 604. The major component of the oil (C40H76O3) was identified as methyl-14,14- dimethyl – 18-hydroxy heptatriacont-27,35-dienoate [CH3OCO(CH2)12C(CH3)2(CH2)3CHOH(CH2)8CH=CH(CH2)6CH=CHCH3]. A compound was isolated from the fruit pulp, and purified using column and thin layer chromatography, with a molecular weight of 578, molecular formula (C35H62O6) and was identified as dimethyl - 5- Methyl – 28,29 - dihydroxy dotriacont-3,14,26 - triendioate. These compounds were not reported before from X. AMERICANA seeds or fruit pulp[CH3OCOCH2CH=CHCH(CH3(CH2)8CH=CH(CH2)10CH=CH(CHOH)2(CH2)2COOCH3].[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ximenia americana, seeds, oil, fruit pulp.

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