MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Elemental analysis and Anti-microbial potentials of the leaf extract of Cassia arereh Del

Adeyanju Olusola*, Olajide Olutayo, Afolayan Michael, Fatokun Olakunle, Edah A. O

Abstract: The phytochemical analysis, elemental analysis, antimicrobial activities and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Cassia arereh Del. were carried out. Phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, saponins, glycosides, tannins, carbohydrates and terpenes. Elemental analysis revealed the presence of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), Manganese (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn). Manganese was present at a higher concentration (11.50 µg/g) followed by Zinc (3.35 µg/g). Antimicrobial studies showed that the ethanolic extract had considerable inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogen, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentery and Eschenchia coli. Ethanolic extract had higher zone of inhibition (32 mm) against salmonella typhi at (0.5 µg/ml) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 8 x 102 µg/ml. The MIC ranges from 4 x 102 µg/ml to 5 x 104 µg/ml for other bacteria. Keywords: Cassia arereh, Caesalpiniceae, Medicinal plant, phytochemical, antimicrobial activity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cassia arereh, Caesalpiniceae, Medicinal plant, phytochemical, antimicrobial activity.

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Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of mixed ligand complexes of Co (II) and Cu (II) with N, O/S donor ligands and amino acids

Alka Choudharya, Renu Sharmaa, Meena Nagara*

Abstract: A series of new mixed ligand complexes of Co(II) and Cu(II) with thiosemicarbazones/semicarbazone {(±)-5-isopropenyl-2-methylcyclohex-2-enthiosemicarbazone (IPMCHTSC, L1H), 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2,2,1]heptanethiosemicarbazone (TBHTSC, L2H) and 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [2,2,1]heptanesemicarbazone (TBHSC, L3H)} and amino acids {glycine (A1H) or DL-alanine (A2H)} have been synthesized by the reaction of metal dichloride with ligands IPMCHTSC, TBHSC or TBHTSC and A1H or A2H in a 1:1:1 molar ratio in refluxing ethanol. The newly synthesized complexes (1-12) have been characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductance, electronic, IR, FAB mass spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. On the basis of these spectral data, a square pyramidal geometry was proposed for all of these complexes. FAB mass spectroscopic studies of (1), (3) nd (4) suggest their monomeric nature. The ligands and their complexes have been screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against bacterial strains E. coli, S. aureus, P. vulgaris and fungal strains A. niger and C. albicans. The results of these studies show the metal (II) complexes to be more antibacterial/ antifungal against one or more species as compared to the uncomplexed ligands. Keywords: Thiosemicarbazone, semicarbazone, amino acid, FAB mass, thermogravimetric analysis, antimicrobial activity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Thiosemicarbazone, semicarbazone, amino acid, FAB mass, thermogravimetric analysis, antimicrobial activity.

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Pharmacoepidemiology of psychoactive medication in adult patients in the psychiatric department of Durango General Hospital

Edgar Cano-Torres, *, Ismael Lares- Asseff , Martha Sosa- Macías, Carlos Salas Hernández, Alberto Allegre-Alonso, Carlos Galaviz-Hernández, Alexis Lares López, Verónica Loera Castañeda

Abstract: Psychiatric diseases have become a public health problem owing to their increased prevalence. An option for their treatment is psychoactive medications, which are associated with multiple adverse effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacoepidemiology of psychoactive medication and the prevalence of psychiatric disease in adult patients seen at the Psychiatry Department at Durango General Hospital. Clinical histories of the patients were reviewed for patients over 18 years of age that were seen at the outpatient clinic of the Psychiatry Department at Durango General Hospital that were diagnosed at this hospital with psychiatric conditions requiring psychoactive medication for their treatment. The study was conducted between January 2009 and February 2010. The most commonly diagnosed conditions were the neurotic disorders, stress related disorders, and somatization disorders (42.9%), with the most common sub-classification being major depression with anxiety (26.3%). Seventy six percent of patients received more than one medication for their treatment. The most commonly prescribed medications were the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, with fluoxetine being the most prescribed medication (42.2%). Anxiolytics were the second most prescribed group, with clonazepam being the most prescribed medication within this group (67.8% of patients). Contrasting with the clinical practice guidelines, in which single drug therapy is recommended for most of the psychiatric diseases, only 23.24% of the patients received single drug therapy. The age group with most prescriptions was between 30 and 59 years of age. Keywords: psychoactive medication, psychiatric disease, pharmacoepidemiology, adults[...] Read More.

Keywords: psychoactive medication, psychiatric disease, pharmacoepidemiology, adults

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Antihypertensive effect of an aqueous extract of CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA (Rutaceae) (Christm.) Swingle, on the arterial blood pressure of mammal

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA is used in African folk medicine for the management of hypertension. In order to provide a scientific basis for this use, we studied the effects of an aqueous extract of CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA (Ecita) on arterial blood pressure and on isolated heart and aorta activities. Rabbits were used for the study on the arterial blood pressure using a Ludwig manometer. Albino Wistar rats were used for the studies regarding the isolated heart and aorta activities using isolated organ bath systems. Ecita (4mg/kg-16mg/kg b.w) produced a dose-dependent and significant decrease in rabbit blood pressure (p0.05). Ecita (4mg/kg-16mg/kg b.w) dose-dependently reduced hypertension evoked by adrenalin (30 µg/kg b.w.). Ecita (10-8mg/ml-10-2mg/ml) induced both negative inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart contractile activity. The plant extract (10-8mg/ml-10-2mg/ml) induced a dose-dependent relaxation of contractions produced by adrenalin (3.10-3mM) or by KCl (80mM). Ecita-evoked vasorelaxant effects were totally abolished by removal of the endothelium layer or by a pre-treatment with L-NAME (mg/ml). It was concluded that the extract possesses an antihypertensive activity which could be related to both cardiodepression and the vasorelaxation. Endothelium-dependent mechanisms might be involved.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Citrus aurantifolia, blood pressure, heart, aorta, hypertension.

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In vitro antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activity of three Bangladeshi Bridelia species

Adeeba Anjum, Mohammad R. Haque, Mohammad S. Rahman, Choudhury M. Hasan, Md. Ekramul Haque and Mohammad A. Rashid,*

Abstract: The organic soluble extractives of three Bridelia species, B. verrucosa, B. stipularis and B. tomentosa growing in Bangladesh were subjected to screening for antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities. All extractives showed moderate to strong antimicrobial activity against 13 Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains and three fungi where the stem bark of B. tomentosa demonstrated highest inhibition of growth with zone of inhibition of 23.2 mm against Bacillus cereus and 17.5 mm against Candida albicans. The crude extractives of all three plants of Bridelia species exhibited cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp nauplii having significant LC50 and LC90. Keywords: Antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, bridelia, brine shrimp nauplii.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, bridelia, brine shrimp nauplii.

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Modulatory effect of sweet almond extract on serum lipids, lipid peroxidation and histology of pancreas in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

¹Etim O.E, ²Bassey E.I*, ³Ita, S.O, Udonkang, I.C, Etim, I. E and Jackson, I.L

Abstract: The modulatory effects of sweet almond extract on lipid peroxidation, serum lipids, and histology of pancreas in alloxan-induced diabetic wistar rats was studied. Serum lipids and lipid peroxidation levels were determined using appropriate chemical techniques. Total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) activities significantly increased in the diabetic groups of animals treated with 300mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 500mg/kg body weight of sweet almond extract in a dose dependent fashion while high density lipoprotein (HDL) showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease. Triglyceride (TG), very low density lipoprotein (V L D L) and lipid peroxidation (LP) decreased significantly. Modulatory activity of sweet almond on the histology of the pancreas of diabetic wistar rats treated with 300 mg/kg and 400mg/kg body weight of sweet almond extract was significant and pronounced compared to the untreated diabetic group of animals. There was a corresponding regeneration of acinar cells and the islet cells of Langerhans with prominent nuclei, an indication of restored function. The anti-lipid peroxidation and serum lipid modulatory activities of sweet almond extract shows ability to protect, reduce pancreatic damage and risk of diabetic complication.[...] Read More.

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Peptide nucleic acid: Current perspectives and application for future therapeutics

Manoj G Tyagi

Abstract: Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mimic based on a polyamide backbone first synthesized and reported by Peter Nielsen in 1991. PNA shows remarkable hybridization properties and has many exciting applications. It is chemically and biologicaly stable and can readily conjugate with peptides and other useful molecules. The search for new chemical modification of the PNA is a very active field of research and new structures are continuosly proposed. Conjugation of an oligonucleotide to some peptides that can move through the cell membrane would facilitate the passage of this conjugate across for delivery into the cell’s cytosol. Oligonucleotides can also be conjugated to lipids to yield derivatives with lipophilic properties that are capable to pass across the cell membrane. Thus, PNA can have multiple roles to perform in molecular biology, antigene therapy, molecular diagnostics and nano-biotechnology.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Peptide nucleic acid, oligonucleotide, electroporation, ribonucleic acid, polyamide

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Computational simulations integrating inhibition kinetics of tyrosinase by oxalic acid

Li Yan, Shang-Jun Yin, Daeui Park, Yue-Xiu Si, Zhi-Jiang Wang, Hae Young Chung, Jun-Mo Yang, *Guo-Ying Qian, *Yong-Doo Park,

Abstract: Tyrosinase inhibition studies are important for agricultural and medicinal applications. Computational predictions and enzymatic assays via kinetics may be used to detect effective inhibitors of tyrosinase. We predicted the 3D structure of tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus, used a docking algorithm to simulate binding between tyrosinase and oxalic acid (OA), and studied the reversible inhibition of tyrosinase by OA. Simulations were successful (binding energies for Dock6.3 = -18.76 and AutoDock4.2 = -2.47 kcal/mol), suggesting that OA interacts with the LYS224 residue that is predicted by both programs. OA inhibited tyrosinase in a mixed-type manner with a Ki = 3.16 ± 1.8 mM and IC50 = 8.0 ± 0.5 mM. Measurements of intrinsic and ANS-binding fluorescences showed that OA induced changes in the active site structure. Our results suggest that the strategy of predicting tyrosinase inhibition based on carboxyl groups and orientation may prove useful for the screening of potential tyrosinase inhibitors.[...] Read More.

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Arterial oxygen saturation and heart rate during a meal in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Rachel de Aguiar Cassiani, Carla Manfredi dos Santos, José Antonio Baddini Martinez, *Roberto Oliveira Dantas

Abstract: Patients with chronic pulmonary diseases may have difficulties with breathing during meals. Our objective in this investigation was to evaluate oxygen saturation and heart rate during a meal in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We evaluated 16 patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a stable phase of the disease and 15 healthy volunteers. The oxygen saturation and heart rate were measured by pulse oximetry for 10 minutes before the ingestion of a solid meal with 1800 calories, during the ingestion, and 10 minutes after the ingestion. Mean oxygen saturation was always lower in patients than in the normal volunteers. Healthy volunteers had no significant change in mean oxygen saturation during the meal, but oxygen saturation decreased after the meal (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, oxygen saturation, heart rate, swallowing, digestion, respiration

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Thermosensitive poloxamer-based injectables as controlled drug release platforms for veterinary use: Development and in-vitro evaluation

Bermudez J.M.* and Grau R.

Abstract: The aim of this work was to explore the potential of combining two different poloxamers (P407 and P188) with κ-carrageenan and sodium chloride for their utilization in the design of thermosensitive injectable depot systems for drug release. These delivery platforms were designed by combination of two different poloxamers (P407 and P188) with κ-carrageenan and sodium chloride. The addition of 10-15% w/w P188 in the poloxamer solution containing 28% w/w P407 allowed optimal gelation temperatures (24-28 °C) and a quick gelation process (30 s). The addition of 0.1% w/w of κ-carrageenan increased 3-fold the gel strength and did not change gelation temperature, compared with P407/P188 (28/15% w/w) alone. On the other hand, sodium chloride increased the gel strength and decreased the gelation temperature as a function of its concentration. In IN-VITRO release experiments, κ-carrageenan decreased the release rate of progesterone and reduced significantly the gel erosion in 48 h. This study demonstrates that addition of κ-carrageenan and sodium chloride into poloxamers blends can be considered a useful tool to design thermosensitive platforms, if added in suitable amounts. In conclusion, this system offers a promising alternative to development of injectable depot controlled drug release platforms for veterinary use. Keywords: Drug delivery, In situ forming gel, injectable depot, poloxamer; veterinary use[...] Read More.

Keywords: Drug delivery, In situ forming gel, injectable depot, poloxamer; veterinary use

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