MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Effects of aqueous leaf extract of Cajanus cajan on litter size and serum progesterone in pregnant rats

Luqman Aribidesi Olayaki*, Ibiyemi Olatunji-Bello, Ayodele Olufemi Soladoye, Olusegun Rabiu Jimoh, Olaide Ghazal and Martins Ighodalo

Abstract: Aqueous leaf extract of Cajanus cajan is consumed by pregnant women in our locality. However, its effect on pregnancy has not been studied. C. cajan is known to contain genistein and diadzein which are potent phytoestrogens. We studied the effect of aqueous leaf extract of C. cajan on litter size and serum progesterone in pregnant rats. Oral administration of C. cajan on timed-pregnant rats increased litter size from 7.2 ± 1.1 in the control gorup to 10.1 ± 1.5 (p < 0.01) and 10.6 ± 0.8 (p < 0.003) in 100 and 200 mg/kg respectively. Serum progesterone increased from 98.6 ± 3.5 ng/ml in the control group to 112.4 ± 5.3 ng/ml (p < 0.003) and 114.2 ± 3.7 ng/ml (p < 0.002) in the 100 and 200 mg/kg treated groups respectively. There was reduction in litter weight from 6.93 ± 0.2 g in the control group to 4.60 ± 0.3 g (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cajanus cajan, litter size, serum progesterone.

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Formulation of health drinks using natural sweetener, its HPTLC method development and validation

S. B. Bhise and V. R. Salunkhe*

Abstract: Ashwagandha, Tulsi, Mulethi, Awala, Shatavari, Gokharu, Arjun, Giloy, Safed musli, Kalimirchi, Haldi, Jaiphal was used as an active ingredients and aqueous extract of Stevia rebaudiana as natural sweetener with nutraceutical in health dinks. The product was developed by treating concentrates of each crude drug with purified water. TLC profile, HPTLC method development and validation were carried out using Gallic acid as a standard. A new simple, sensitive, selective, precise and robust HPTLC method for analysis of Gallic acid in health drink was developed. Precoated silica health drink aluminium plate 60F-254 (20 × 10 cm) with 200 µm thickness was used as stationary phase while toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid: ethanol (6: 4: 0.3: 0.4) system was developed as a mobile phase. Spectrum analysis showed the same Rf values and spectrum pattern of standard and sample. The method was validated by using accuracy, precision, linearity, robustness, ruggedness and recovery as applicable parameters. The developed method was quite good and most sensitive for the present products. The unpleasant and bitter taste of the product was masked by different concentrations of aqueous extract of Stevia. Sweetness potency was determined by taste evaluation method. 1% Stevia extract is sufficient to produce most palatable and acceptable sweet preparation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Formulation, TLC profile, HPTLC method development, validation, gallic acid, health drinks, Stevia rebaudiana.

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Phytochemical and phytotherapeutic evaluation of Mallotus peltatus (Geist.) Muell. Arg. var acuminatus and Alstonia macrophylla wall ex A. DC: Two ethno medicine of Andaman Islands, India

G. Arunachalam*, Paromita Bag and D.Chattopadhyay

Abstract: We have evaluated the phytochemical and bioactive nature of the leaves of Mallotus peltatus (Geist.) Muell. Arg. var acuminatus and Alstonia macrophylla Wall ex A. DC, the two major ethno medicines of the Onge, Nicobarese and other tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, on the Bay of Bengal, India. Three major compounds were isolated from the polar fractions of the methanol extracts of A. macrophylla leaf namely β-sitosterol (fraction A), ursolic acid (fraction B) and β-sitosterol β-D-glucoside (fraction C), along with a minor fraction containing alkaloid and fatty acids. On the other hand polar fractions of methanol extract of M. peltatus leaf yielded two major compounds, ursolic acid (fraction A) and β-sitosterol (fraction B), along with a minor fraction containing fatty acids. The earlier studies reveal that both the extracts have antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities, but the present study showed that the activities are due to fractions A and B of both the plants. Moreover, the extracts of both the plants had significant dose dependent antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity at nontoxic concentrations. It can be thus concluded that the terpenoid and - sitosterol, along with other minor constituent of the bioactive parts had a dose dependent therapeutic efficacy, justifying their use. However, further study can help to elucidate their mechanism of action.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ethnomedicine, Alstonia macrophylla, Mallotus peltatus, pharmacology and phytochemistry, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiinflammatory activity.

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New and sensitive spectrophotometric method for determination of xipamide in pure and dosage forms by complexation with Fe(III), Cu(II), La(III), UO2(II), Th(IV) and ZrO(II) ions

Mohamed Gaber, Abdalla M. Khedr*, Ahmed S. El-Kady

Abstract: A new, rapid, sensitive and selective method for the spectrophotometric determination of xipamide in pure and dosage forms is proposed. The method is based on the reaction of xipamide with Fe(III), Cu(II), La(III), UO2(II), Th(IV) and ZrO(II) ions to form stable colored complexes. The formed complexes have maximum absorbance at 500, 390, 335, 445, 325 and 333 nm for Fe(III), Cu(II), La(III), UO2(II), Th(IV) and ZrO(II), respectively. Optimum conditions for determination, stoichometry and stability of the formed complexes have been determined. Beer's law is obeyed up to concentration range 54.64-1995.75 µg ml-1 of xipamide with apparent molar absorptivities ranging from 0.43 x 103-7.20 x 103 l mol-1 cm-1. The proposed method has been applied successfully for the determination of xipamide in pure form and representative pharmaceutical formulations with high precession and good accuracy. Keywords: Xipamide; Spectrophotmetric determination; Fe(III), Cu(II), La(III), UO2(II), Th(IV) and ZrO(II); complexation.[...] Read More.

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Phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of petroleum ether extract of the African Mistletoe (Loranthus micranthus Linn) leaves

*Nwankwo, N. Emeka, Egbuonu A.C. Cemaluk

Abstract: The leaf of the African Mistletoe (Loranthus micranthus Linn) parasitic on Kola acuminata in Nsukka, Eastern Nigeria was studied. The crude petroleum ether extract (CPE) and ethanol extract of the CPE residue (EER) of Loranthus micranthus Linn were subjected to phytochemical and antimicrobial evaluation. Results of the phytochemical screening showed that EER had proteins, carbohydrates and reducing sugars while CPE had none of these metabolites. Flavonoids was absent, while tannins, steroids, saponins and terpenes were present in CPE and EER. Results of the antimicrobial activity revealed that CPE, EER and even standard antibiotic, gentamycin did not elicit any activity against A. niger and C. albicans. CPE and EER were active against S. aureus, S paratyphyi, B. subtilis and K. spp. Furthermore, the highest inhibition was noted in CPE (25.00) against S. aureus while the least was observed in EER (14.00) against P. aeruginosa. Altogether, the study suggests that CPE and EER extracts of leaf of Loranthus micranthus Linn parasitic on Kola acuminata in Nsukka area of Eastern Nigeria may serve as source for therapeutic compounds, thereby justifying its use in alternative medicine and potential for development into orthodox drugs.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Phytochemical, antimicrobial, pharmafood, Loranthus micranthus Linn, Kola acuminata.

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Medication errors associated to notification of drug allergies: Effect of computerized order entry on their prevention

Elena Villamañán, Yolanda Larrubia, Margarita Ruano, Marta Gallego, Manuel Vélez, Alicia Herrero, Rodolfo Álvarez-Sala

Abstract: Some adverse drug reactions are due to hypersensitivity reactions. Drug allergy related errors in a handwritten treatment compared with those in an electronic prescribing system, characteristics of reported allergies and economic impact were analyzed. Prospective, observational study was carried out in two phases. 1st Phase (manual prescriptions), errors due to drug allergy were detected when pharmacists registered allergies and then warned the physician. 2nd Phase (electronic prescription) physicians registered allergies and entered treatments in a computerized physician order entry. The program warned avoiding prescription error. 3,682 patients were included. In phase 1, the incidence of prescription errors due to drug allergy was 13.7%, while in phase 2, it was 1.5% (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Computerized prescription order entry; drug allergy; prescription errors.

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Making aquatic weed as potential feed for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) and its impact on fatty acid profile

Mukti Pada Bag, Subhas Chandra Mahapatra, Pavuluri Srinivasa Rao, Debajyoti Chakrabarty

Abstract: A study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional potentials of three commonly available, aquatic weeds namely, lemna (Lemna minor), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Crassipes ) and azolla (Azolla pinnata) for ascertaining their suitability as complementary fish feed with the aim to reduce the cost of traditional feeds. Three isonitrogenous (30% crude protein approximately) and isocaloric (4.0 kcal g−1 approximately) diets were formulated including lemna, water hyacinth and azolla as principal ingredient. Three groups of juvenile fish of fifty (50) number per group (Average wt.5.5 g;Average length 4.5 cm) were fed with three different types of feeds with lemna meal (LNM), water hyacinth meal (WHM) and azolla meal (AZM) for 90 days duration. Significant difference (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aquatic weed, Complementary fish feed, Isonitrigenous, Isocaloric, Juvenile fish, Protein efficiency ratio.

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Elemental analysis and Anti-microbial potentials of the leaf extract of Cassia arereh Del

Adeyanju Olusola*, Olajide Olutayo, Afolayan Michael, Fatokun Olakunle, Edah A. O

Abstract: The phytochemical analysis, elemental analysis, antimicrobial activities and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Cassia arereh Del. were carried out. Phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, saponins, glycosides, tannins, carbohydrates and terpenes. Elemental analysis revealed the presence of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), Manganese (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn). Manganese was present at a higher concentration (11.50 µg/g) followed by Zinc (3.35 µg/g). Antimicrobial studies showed that the ethanolic extract had considerable inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogen, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentery and Eschenchia coli. Ethanolic extract had higher zone of inhibition (32 mm) against salmonella typhi at (0.5 µg/ml) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 8 x 102 µg/ml. The MIC ranges from 4 x 102 µg/ml to 5 x 104 µg/ml for other bacteria. Keywords: Cassia arereh, Caesalpiniceae, Medicinal plant, phytochemical, antimicrobial activity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cassia arereh, Caesalpiniceae, Medicinal plant, phytochemical, antimicrobial activity.

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Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of mixed ligand complexes of Co (II) and Cu (II) with N, O/S donor ligands and amino acids

Alka Choudharya, Renu Sharmaa, Meena Nagara*

Abstract: A series of new mixed ligand complexes of Co(II) and Cu(II) with thiosemicarbazones/semicarbazone {(±)-5-isopropenyl-2-methylcyclohex-2-enthiosemicarbazone (IPMCHTSC, L1H), 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2,2,1]heptanethiosemicarbazone (TBHTSC, L2H) and 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [2,2,1]heptanesemicarbazone (TBHSC, L3H)} and amino acids {glycine (A1H) or DL-alanine (A2H)} have been synthesized by the reaction of metal dichloride with ligands IPMCHTSC, TBHSC or TBHTSC and A1H or A2H in a 1:1:1 molar ratio in refluxing ethanol. The newly synthesized complexes (1-12) have been characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductance, electronic, IR, FAB mass spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. On the basis of these spectral data, a square pyramidal geometry was proposed for all of these complexes. FAB mass spectroscopic studies of (1), (3) nd (4) suggest their monomeric nature. The ligands and their complexes have been screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against bacterial strains E. coli, S. aureus, P. vulgaris and fungal strains A. niger and C. albicans. The results of these studies show the metal (II) complexes to be more antibacterial/ antifungal against one or more species as compared to the uncomplexed ligands. Keywords: Thiosemicarbazone, semicarbazone, amino acid, FAB mass, thermogravimetric analysis, antimicrobial activity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Thiosemicarbazone, semicarbazone, amino acid, FAB mass, thermogravimetric analysis, antimicrobial activity.

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Pharmacoepidemiology of psychoactive medication in adult patients in the psychiatric department of Durango General Hospital

Edgar Cano-Torres, *, Ismael Lares- Asseff , Martha Sosa- Macías, Carlos Salas Hernández, Alberto Allegre-Alonso, Carlos Galaviz-Hernández, Alexis Lares López, Verónica Loera Castañeda

Abstract: Psychiatric diseases have become a public health problem owing to their increased prevalence. An option for their treatment is psychoactive medications, which are associated with multiple adverse effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacoepidemiology of psychoactive medication and the prevalence of psychiatric disease in adult patients seen at the Psychiatry Department at Durango General Hospital. Clinical histories of the patients were reviewed for patients over 18 years of age that were seen at the outpatient clinic of the Psychiatry Department at Durango General Hospital that were diagnosed at this hospital with psychiatric conditions requiring psychoactive medication for their treatment. The study was conducted between January 2009 and February 2010. The most commonly diagnosed conditions were the neurotic disorders, stress related disorders, and somatization disorders (42.9%), with the most common sub-classification being major depression with anxiety (26.3%). Seventy six percent of patients received more than one medication for their treatment. The most commonly prescribed medications were the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, with fluoxetine being the most prescribed medication (42.2%). Anxiolytics were the second most prescribed group, with clonazepam being the most prescribed medication within this group (67.8% of patients). Contrasting with the clinical practice guidelines, in which single drug therapy is recommended for most of the psychiatric diseases, only 23.24% of the patients received single drug therapy. The age group with most prescriptions was between 30 and 59 years of age. Keywords: psychoactive medication, psychiatric disease, pharmacoepidemiology, adults[...] Read More.

Keywords: psychoactive medication, psychiatric disease, pharmacoepidemiology, adults

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